基于底拖网调查的东海区小黄鱼资源密度不同估算方法差异比较

单位捕捞努力渔获量（catch per unit effort,CPUE）是衡量资源丰度的相对指标,其均值的估算是渔业资源评估与管理中一项极为重要的基础性工作。文章以2004年～2006年东海区底拖网大面定点调查渔获的小黄鱼（Larimichthys polyactis）为例,利用算术平均值法、重抽样估值法、对数正态分布法、Δ-分布的最小方差无偏估计法和Finney-Sichel估值法分别对小黄鱼资源密度数据进行标准化处理,并评估不同方法的相对优劣性和稳健性。结果表明,基于对数正态分布的3种方法的均值估值较大,尤以Δ-分布法最大,而算术平均值法和重抽样估值法估值较小,且均值较接近;两两配对样本t检验显示,Δ-分布法的估值显著高于其他方法的结果（P〈0.05）,而其余4种估值结果并无显著性差异（P〉0.05）;Δ-分布法和重抽样估值法的变异系数较接近,均小于其他结果;结合小黄鱼空间分布的特征及大面积调查自身特点,Δ-分布法被认为是5种估值方法中适用性和稳健性最好的方法。     

Effects of stratification and misspecification of covariates on species distribution models for abundance estimation from virtual line transect survey data

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of stratification of the survey region on the performance of species distribution models (SDMs) described by generalized linear models or generalized additive models when estimating school abundance by using a line transect survey. True covariates that define spatial school distribution are not always obtainable explanatory variables. When the true covariates differ from explanatory variables in the model, the explanatory variables are determined to be misspecified. We evaluated the performance of SDMs in abundance estimation with misspecified covariates by using dummy datasets for which the true abundance was known. Simulated replicates of spatial distributions of a whale school and sighting data were generated from possible scenarios motivated by the spatial school distribution of Antarctic minke whales Balaenoptera bonaerensis. This distribution was obtained from the Japanese Whale Research Program under Special Permit in the Antarctic. Our results showed that the relative bias of the abundance estimators was large when covariates were misspecified and a survey region was stratified. Although stratification of the survey region is intended to produce a conventional line transect estimator with a smaller variance than that of non-stratified survey region, it also acts to increase the bias of the abundance estimate obtained from SDMs.     

Effects of different dietary carbohydrate‐to‐lipid ratios on growth,plasma biochemical indexes,digestive and immune enzymes activities of juvenile orange‐spotted grouper Epinephelus coioides

An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary carbohydrate‐to‐lipid (CHO:L) ratios on growth, liver and muscle glycogen content, haematological indices, and liver and intestinal enzyme activity of juvenile grouper (Epinephelus coioides). Five isonitrogenous (496.0 g/kg protein) and isoenergetic (21.6 KJ/g gross energy) diets with varying CHO:L ratios of 0.65 (D1), 1.31 (D2), 2.33 (D3), 4.24 (D4) and 8.51 (D5), respectively, were fed to triplicate groups of 20 fish (average 10.02 ± 0.1 g) for 8 weeks. Results showed that the weight gain rate, specific growth rate and protein efficiency ratio (PER) of juvenile grouper increased first and then decreased with the increase in CHO:L ratio, reaching a maximum value in the D4 (CHO:L = 4.24) diet. The trend for the feed conversion ratio was opposite to the PER. Along with the diet CHO:L ratios, the apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of crude lipid and energy for the juvenile groupers decreased gradually, while the ADC of dry matter, liver and muscle glycogen level increased gradually. Total protein, triglycerides and cholesterol in serum were all maximized in the D4 diet and glucose in the D5 (CHO:L = 8.51) diet. Digestive enzyme activity in the intestine was significantly affected by dietary CHO:L ratio. Liver hexokinase, phosphofructokinase and glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase activity increased significantly as CHO:L ratio increased. Liver lysozyme and acid phosphatase activity in the groupers fed the D3 (CHO:L = 2.33) diet was significantly higher than that of other diets. Liver fructose‐1,6‐bisphosphatase and alkaline phosphatase activity reached a maximum value in the D4 diet and was significantly higher than that in the D1 diet. Taking the above results together, it can be concluded that an optimal dietary CHO:L ratio of 2.33 is suitable for grouper culture concerning growth performance and health.     

Genetic evaluation of interindividual relatedness for broodstock management of the rare species barfin flounder Verasper moseri using microsatellite DNA markers

ABSTRACT:   The barfin flounder has been recently declared to be rare, as the number of wild individuals in Japan has greatly reduced since 1975. The Japanese National Center for Stock Enhancement started the stocking program for this species on 1987. In the present study, microsatellite DNA loci were applied in order to determine the pedigree of the hatchery-produced juveniles for stock enhancement. Additionally, using six polymorphic microsatellite markers, the accuracy to assign dyads to categories of kinship was estimated using the relatedness estimator ( R _XY), similarity indexes (individual genetic identity [GI] and proportion of shared alleles [ P _S]), identification of kin groups using unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) clustering based on interindividual genetic distances (1- R _XY, 1- P _S, and 1-GI), a likelihood ratio approach, and partition methods to separate individuals into cohorts. The results were compared with the pedigree relationship previously obtained from parentage analysis. Estimation of the kinship relationship between individuals could be better inferred by means of UPGMA dendrogram clustering based on 1-GI or 1- P _S as interindividual genetic distances, or using computer software to perform partitioning of set of individuals.     

基于对数正态分布理论上的小黄鱼三种资源密度估算方法比较

海洋生物的空间分布通常是不均匀的,表现为资源密度的频数分布是偏斜的,这给资源密度的估算带来一定的难度。本文基于Δ-分布模型法,结合2008年夏季、秋季和冬季东海区渔业资源底拖网大面调查中小黄鱼(Larimichthys polyactis)的渔获资料,发现三个季节小黄鱼的资源密度依次服从均值为5 068.74 g/h、73 811.34 g/h、4 282.19 g/h,标准误为2 703.61、33 522.19、1 632.95的对数正态分布。根据不同季节小黄鱼的资源密度分布特征做Monte Carlo模拟试验,利用Matlab软件随机生成12个不同的样本尺度下各1 000组资源密度值,分别计算不同样本尺度下的算术平均值、Finney-Sichel均值和几何均值,通过均方根误差(RMSE)和偏倚(BIAS)两个指标,比较三个不同的估计值与Δ-分布均值间的离散程度后发现,几何均值估算总体时的精度和准度相对较高,且随着样本尺度的增加,几何均值表现的更加稳健。特别地,几何均值受极端值影响较小。因而建议用几何均值来估算总体,来降低资源评估的误差。     

Index‐based analysis of climate change impact on streamflow conditions important for Northern Pike,Chub and Atlantic salmon

Climate change is expected to affect the flow regime, cause loss of habitat, change community composition and behavioural habits of fish. This study assessed the impact of climate change on ecologically relevant streamflow conditions for fish migration and spawning in the Vistula and the Odra river basins. Streamflow simulations obtained with the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) for the historical period and two future horizons were driven by nine bias‐corrected EURO‐CORDEX Regional Climate Models under two greenhouse gas concentration trajectories. This study identified a subset of Indicators of Hydrological Alteration (IHA) that are relevant for pike, Esox lucius L., chub, Squalius cephalus (L.), and Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. IHA indicators were calculated and compared for different scenarios. An index‐based framework identified that all considered species will be impacted by climate change, with Atlantic salmon facing the largest impact. The model's uncertainty was addressed through an aggregation method that assessed inconsistencies in the model's response.     

The interactive effects of paternal size and offspring feeding strategy on offspring fitness of an Indian major carp Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822)

Parental condition‐dependent offspring fitness is a well‐discussed issue in animal breeding research, while offspring environment and its interaction with parental condition are currently another very interesting topic to investigate the plasticity of phenotypic traits across an environmental gradient. The present study was, therefore, conducted following a half‐sib breeding design to test the effects of (a) paternal body size, (b) offspring feeding strategy (everyday and every other day) and (c) their interactions on fitness‐related traits (e.g., survival, total length and body area) of offspring of a commercially important aquaculture species, the Indian major carp (Labeo rohita). The analysis revealed that paternal body size had significant effects on offspring survival rate and total length, while no significant influence was found in body area. The study also showed that the offspring feeding strategy significantly affected all offspring traits. Interestingly, the study unveiled the significant interactive effects of paternal condition and offspring feeding for offspring survival rate and total length. These findings suggest that paternal size, offspring rearing environment and their interactions can influence offspring fitness‐related traits which are very essential information for the sustainable production of good quality larvae under variable dietary conditions.     

Evaluation of a novel pentaplex microsatellite marker system for paternity studies in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.)

Five Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) microsatellites (Gmo8, Gmo19, Gmo35, Gmo37 and Tch11) were selected for parentage assignment. All markers were co‐amplified using dye‐labelled primers and sized by automated sample processing in a 3130xl Genetic Analyser. The genotyping of samples was reproducible and alleles from all loci could be genotyped confidently (precision and accuracy above 99.7 and 99.1% respectively). The number of alleles, observed allelic and genotypic frequencies were calculated. A population database was established for fish originating from randomly selected wild‐caught Norwegian coastal‐ and North‐East Arctic cod. Combined paternity exclusion and the probability of match were 99.97 and 1.5 × 10^?9 respectively. The multiplex assay system was used successfully for parental assignment of 2336 juveniles from different mass spawning breeding tanks. Of all offspring, 91.2% were assigned to a single parental pair. In total, 523 different matings were recorded, and 69 of 70 dams and all of the 30 sires contributed to the offspring.     

Comparison of density estimates derived from strip transect and distance sampling for underwater visual censuses: a case study of Chaetodontidae and Pomacanthidae

Despite its wide use in terrestrial ecology, distance sampling is as yet rarely used in underwater visual censuses. The present study attempts to compare density estimators based on distance sampling and on strip transects. Three stations with increasing densities of Chaetodontidae and Pomacanthidae were sampled twice by two divers of unequal experience, using two different transect types. A total of 96 transects and 2 970 records of Chaetodontidae and Pomacanthidae were analysed. Nine estimators based on distance sampling were calculated and only the best fit (DT estimator) was kept for comparison with other estimators. These were either based on the average distance of the fish to the transect (AD estimator), or a 3-m- or 5-m-wide strip transect estimator (FW3 and FW5, respectively). There were no significant differences between the means found by DT, AD and FW3. Lower density estimates were given by FW5 in all cases. FW3 and FW5 did not detect several significant differences between stations which were otherwise detected by DT or AD. The number of transects needed to detect a significant difference between stations was four to ten times higher with FW3 or FW5 than with DT or AD. Diver experience was found to be a significant factor in density estimates. However, this factor was less important than the choice of the density estimator. Transect type or the day of sampling had no consequence for the estimates. The distance distributions of fish were divided into three different patterns which may be explained by a combination of detectability function and a behavioural component.     

Natural mortality estimators for information‐limited fisheries

The 29 estimators of natural mortality (M) that have been proposed for ‘information‐limited’ fisheries are reviewed, together with a new alternative presented here. Each is applied to 13 example populations for which well‐founded estimates are available of both M and the estimators' parameters. None of the 30 can provide accurate estimates for every species, and none appears sufficiently precise for use in analytical stock assessments, while several perform so poorly as to have no practical utility. If the growth coefficient K has been reliably estimated, either M = 1.5 K or Pauly's long‐established estimator can provide useful estimates of M, but they fail with species that have long adult lives after swift juvenile growth, with those that never reach their asymptotic lengths and with species that otherwise deviate from archetypal teleost life histories. If a pre‐exploitation maximum observed age (T_max) can be established, M can be estimated for both teleosts and sharks using M = 4.3/T_max but that seriously underestimates when the effective sample size (n_e) is large and overestimates with species showing pronounced senescence. The new estimator presented here addresses n_e but is upset by even mild senescence. Some estimators of M‐at‐size, particularly ones recently advanced by Gislason et al. and Charnov et al., also show promise but require further examination. It is recommended that fisheries scientists measure M by more advanced methods whenever possible. If ‘information‐limited’ estimators must be used, their uncertainties should be acknowledged and their errors propagated into management advice.     

Modelling giant red shrimp larval dispersal in the Sardinian seas: density and connectivity scenarios

The connectivity and three‐dimensional (3D) dispersion of the larvae of giant red shrimp, potentially released from known spawning areas along the Sardinia slope in the western Mediterranean Sea, were assessed using Lagrangian simulations forced by a 3D submesoscale permitting a regional ocean model. Biophysical simulations using the hydrodynamic conditions of the year 2012 were run to track propagules released from known spawning areas during the spawning period (May to September). Passive transport (PT) and vertical migration (VM) scenarios were tested, each with two possible pelagic larval durations (PLDs) of 21 or 42 days. Dispersion of propagules in the PT and VM scenarios differed in terms of travelled distance, export out of the domain (larger for VM), and depth distribution (shallower and bimodal for VM due to the larger variability of encountered currents). Connectivity patterns were investigated among eight release areas, and four predetermined Eco‐Regions, and results showed strong connectivity among the North‐Western (NW), Western (W), and Southern (S) regions of Sardinia, whereas the Eastern region was more segregated. Differences in connectivity patterns among scenarios were related mainly to the tendency of greater retention of propagules in the release area for the PT scenarios. This finding, together with existing hypotheses of vertical migration likely occurring during first egg‐larval phases, suggest that the VM scenarios are the most probable of the two hypotheses tested. Strong connectivity between the W and S sides of Sardinia and the relative isolation of the E side could have significant implications for the protection of this important resource.     

Accuracy of pairwise methods in the reconstruction of family relationships, using molecular information from turbot (Scophthalmus maximus)

Many estimators and algorithms have been developed to infer the genealogical relationships from molecular marker data when there is no pedigree information. Most pairwise methods provide estimates in a continuous range that needs to be converted into genealogical relationships (namely full-sibs, half-sibs and unrelated) if there is a previous knowledge of the population structure. Transformations are usually based on arbitrary thresholds, but the possibility of correcting the coancestry estimates via explicit pedigree reconstruction methods has been suggested. Using molecular data for ten highly polymorphic microsatellite loci on a population of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) with a known genealogy, the behaviour of four pairwise marker-based coancestry estimators and the molecular coancestry has been evaluated. The population consisted on 138 families with 4 full-sib individuals each and one family with 8 full-sib individuals (up to 15 half-sib families were also present due to the sharing of parents between some of the full-sibs families). Our results suggested that transforming the pairwise estimators and the molecular coancestry to family relationships through the establishment of thresholds performs slightly better than the explicit pedigree reconstruction method, when accuracy is measured in a pairwise basis. However, if joint relationships between more than two individuals were tested at a time, the threshold methods led to a high percentage of incongruous triads of full-sib individuals, with Mendelian incompatibilities appearing in congruous full-sib families (more than 70% and 60% in our study, respectively). The explicit pedigree reconstruction approach, due to its nature, is free from such problems. Therefore, the pedigree reconstruction approach seems to be a valuable tool to provide a congruent and compatible pedigree when the pairwise marker-based coancestry matrices or the molecular coancestry need to be transformed.     

Application of systematic adaptive cluster sampling for the assessment of black sea bass <Emphasis Type="Italic">Centropristis striata</Emphasis> abundance

In this study, we applied systematic adaptive cluster sampling (SACS) to assess the abundance of black sea bass Centropristis striata on hard bottom habitats in the Mid-Atlantic Bight (MBA; USA). We used a remote underwater video system to obtain video recordings of black sea bass from 25 June to 6 August 2013 within a 25-square nautical mile (nmi²) sampling region. Data in the form of fish counts were collected from video recordings and used to estimate parameters including sample means and population totals of black sea bass for two adaptive cluster sampling estimators and a single systematic sampling estimator. The precision and relative efficiencies of the parameter estimates were also calculated and compared. In total, two adaptive cluster samples were encountered within the sampling region. Sample means and population totals were largest for the systematic sampling (SS) estimator while the adaptive sampling estimators produced parameter estimates with the lowest variances and highest precision. Our results indicated that SACS was more efficient and advantageous with respect to sampling costs [i.e., sampling time (hours) and travel distance (kilometers)] than SS alone for assessing the abundance of clustered populations of C. striata on hard bottom habitats in the MBA.     

似刺鳊鮈耗氧率和窒息点的初步研究

试验测定了似刺鳊鮈（Paracanthobrama guichenoti）的耗氧率和窒息点,并对耗氧率的昼夜变化规律以及体重对其窒息点的影响进行了研究。结果表明,似刺鳊鮈的耗氧率与温度和体重之间有极显著复相关关系。在试验温度（15～30℃）条件下,似刺鳊鮈的耗氧率随温度的升高而增大,随体重的增加而降低;耗氧率（R0）与温度（T）和体重（W）的二元线形回归方程是：R0=0.0160T＋0.0002W-0.1600,复相关系数为0.9460;似刺鳊鮈的耗氧率具有昼夜节律性,耗氧高峰出现在7∶00,低谷在21∶00;似刺鳊鮈的窒息点与体重显著相关,窒息点A（mg/L）与体重W（g）的关系为：A=0.3463W0.2835,r=0.9050。研究结果可为似刺鳊鮈养殖生产中制定合理的放养密度和养殖工艺提供参考依据。     

Jackknife method for estimating the variance of the age composition using two-phase sampling with an application to commercial catches of swordfish (Xiphias gladius)

An estimate of the age composition of a commercial swordfish catch and its variance was obtained using the replicate full jackknife estimator for two-phase sampling where the sampling units in the first phase are clusters (vessel-trips) and the units of the second phase are individual fishes. The jackknife variance estimator was compared with an analytical estimator of variance commonly used in fisheries studies which ignores the clustering, and assumes simple random sampling of individual fish. The application of these naïve estimators to the Chilean South Pacific swordfish fishery results in an underestimation of the variance. This is a consequence of using an inappropriate primary sampling unit of analysis in the first-phase sample where the vessel-trip unit is replaced by an individual fish unit, thus ignoring the intra-cluster correlation in age samples. The jackknife estimator of variance is an alternative useful for complex two-phase sampling designs.     

Performance comparison of traditional sampling designs and adaptive sampling designs for fishery-independent surveys: A simulation study

We compared the performance of two traditional sampling designs with three adaptive sampling designs using simulated data based on fishery-independent surveys for yellow perch in Lake Erie. Traditionally, the fishery-independent survey has been conducted with a stratified random sampling design based on basin and depth strata; however, adaptive sampling designs are thought to be more suitable for surveying heterogeneous populations. A simulation study was conducted to compare these designs by examining the accuracy and precision of the estimators. Initially in the simulation study, we used bias, variance of the mean, and mean squared error (MSE) of the estimators to compare simple random sampling (SRS), stratified random sampling (StRS), and adaptive two-phase sampling (ATS). ATS was the best design according to these measurements. We then compared ATS, adaptive cluster sampling (ACS), adaptive two-stage sequential sampling (ATSS), and the currently used stratified random sampling design. ATS performed better than the other two approaches and the current stratified random sampling design. We concluded that ATS is preferable for yellow perch fishery-independent surveys in Lake Erie. Simulation study is a preferred approach when we seek an appropriate sampling design or evaluate the current sampling design.     

Differences in early developmental rate and yolk conversion efficiency in offspring of trout with alternative life histories

Partial migration, in which some individuals of a population migrate while other individuals remain resident, is generally associated with ontogenetic shifts to better feeding areas or as a response to environmental instability, but its underlying mechanisms remain relatively unknown. Brown trout (Salmo trutta) exhibit partial migration, with some individuals remaining in freshwater (freshwater resident) while others undertake an anadromous migration, where they spend time at sea before returning to breed in freshwater (migrant). We reared full‐sibling groups of offspring from freshwater‐resident and anadromous brown trout from the same catchment in the laboratory under common garden conditions to examine potential differences in their early development. Freshwater‐resident parents produced eggs that were slower to hatch than those of anadromous parents, but freshwater‐resident offspring were quicker to absorb their yolk and reach the stage of exogenous feeding. Their offspring also had a higher conversion efficiency from the egg stage to the start of exogenous feeding (so were larger by the start of the fry stage) than did offspring from anadromous parents despite no difference in standard metabolic rate, maximal metabolic rate or aerobic scope. Given these differences in early development, we discuss how the migration history of the parents might influence the migration probability of the offspring.     

Population estimation methods to quantify temporal variation in fish accumulations downstream of a weir

Abstract  Temporal changes in the population sizes of seven migratory species were assessed over a 2-year period prior to the construction of a fishway on the Murrumbidgee River, Australia. Mark-recapture (Chapman–Petersen) and Jackknife removal methods were used at 3-month intervals to determine the composition and sizes of migratory fish populations. No difference in population size estimate was detected between the two methods. However, the Jackknife removal estimator generally provided less variable estimates for a greater number of species. Population sizes were greatest during summer and autumn when bony herring, Nematalosa erebi Günther, and common carp, Cyprinus carpio L., dominated the migratory community. Both estimators provided data essential to further the development of an appropriate fish passage facility and could be applied to other sites where the size of migratory fish populations is of interest.     

Maintenance of genetic variation in hatchery stocks of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L.: experiences from the River Bush, Northern Ireland

Abstract. An examination of biochemical-genetic variation at seven polymorphic loci was carried out among five year classes of wild Atlantic salmon, Salar L., in the R. Bush and in a hatchery strain derived from the wild population. Within some of the year classes, gene frequencies at several loci differed significantly between wild and artificially reared salmon. Highly significant temporal variation in gene frequencies was detected among successive year classes of the hatchery strain, while this was less significant among the wild salmon. Samples of wild salmon taken as 0+ and 1 + parr in the river showed no significant temporal variability in allelic frequencies. Heterozygosity levels among the wild and hatchery-reared salmon were comparable, averaging 0·185 and 0·176 respectively. The genetic variability of the artificially reared salmon is discussed in relation to numbers of broodstock and breeding regime used at the hatchery.     

长江合江段中华沙鳅的年龄与生长研究

根据2011～2012年在长江上游合江段采集到的273尾中华沙鳅(Botia superciliaris)样本,研究了其年龄与生长特征。结果表明:星耳石是鉴定中华沙鳅年龄的良好材料;所采集的中华沙鳅由1～5龄共5个年龄组组成,2～3龄占78.4%;体长与耳石半径呈直线相关,表达式为L=14.458R+0.434 4(R2=0.952 9,n=167);体重与体长呈幂函数关系,表达式为W=0.033 8L2.521 5(R2=0.803 4,n=273);生长规律用Von Bertalanffy方程表示,分别为Lt=16.71[1-e-0.1194(t+1.6209)],Wt=59.07[1-e-0.1194(t+1.6209)]2.5215;生长拐点年龄为6.12龄,此时体长为11.02 cm,体重为16.54 g。根据本研究,长江上游中华沙鳅处于不合理的开发状态,应控制捕捞,加强资源保护。