Comparative blood biochemistry of Amur sturgeon, Acipenser schrenckii, and Chinese surgeon, Acipenser sinensis

This study compared Amur sturgeon (Acipenser schrenckii) and Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis) on several biochemical parameters including glucose (GLU), urea, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH-L), activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), direct bilirubin (D.BILI), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), cholesterol (CHOL), triglyceride (TGL), creatinine (CREA), total protein (TP), and total bilirubin (T.BILI). The results showed that there were great differences in these parameters between the two species. The concentrations of GLU, UREA, LDH-L, ALT, AST, D.BILI, ALP, CHOL, TGL, CREA, and T.P for the Amur sturgeon were significantly higher than those for Chinese sturgeon.The T.BILI level of the Amur sturgeon was, however, significantly lower than that for the Chinese sturgeon.     

茯苓、白芍、鱼腥草及大黄复方药用植物添加剂对施氏鲟生长性

在水温(22±2)℃下,通过8周的生长实验,研究了饲料中添加含药用植物茯苓(Poria)、白芍(Radix Paeoniae Alba)、鱼腥草Herba Houttuyniae)及大黄(Radix et Rhizoma Rhei)的混合添加剂对初始体质量为(137.61±22.26)g的施氏鲟(Acipenser schrenckii)生长性能和血液生化指标的影响.药用植物添加剂配比:茯苓、白芍、鱼腥草、大黄质量比为7:5:4:4(干粉).将施氏鲟饲养在室内圆形水族箱(半径44 cm,水深50 cm)中,每箱8尾,每日3次饱食投喂添加上述药用植物的饲料,添加量为饲料总质量的0％(对照组)、0.5％、1％和2％,每组3个平行.结果表明,当药用植物添加量为0.5％时,施氏鲟的摄食量、增重率、特定生长率以及蛋白质表观消化率最高(分别为385.76 g、241.46％、2.19％/d和75.59％),显著高于对照组(P＜0.05).当添加量为1％时,施氏鲟血浆酸性磷酸酶活性显著高于对照组(P＜o.05),0.5％及1％添加量可显著提高血浆总蛋白和球蛋白的含量(P＜0.05).植物性添加剂使施氏鲟血浆中总胆固醇、甘油三酯含量均显著低于对照组(P＜0.05).当添加量达到2％时,施氏鲟血浆谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶以及乳酸脱氢酶活性显著升高(P＜0.05).饲料中添加0.5％的植物添加剂可以显著降低施氏鲟血浆中皮质醇含量(P＜0.05);0.5％～1％添加量可以显著提高血浆甲状腺素含量(P＜0.05).饲料中添加适量的药用植物对施氏鲟具有一定的促生长、缓解应激、提高免疫力及降低血脂的作用.     

饥饿和补偿生长对史氏鲟幼鱼摄食、生长和体成分的影响

报道了饥饿和再投喂对史氏鲟幼鱼摄食、生长以及生化组成的影响.22±2℃条件下,随着饥饿时间延长,幼鱼白肌的RNA/DNA比值不断减小,体重逐渐下降,后者与同期对照组之间存在极显著性差异(P<0.01).饥饿7d,鱼的肝糖原和肌糖原含量显著降低(P<0.05),但随着饥饿时间的延长,肝糖原和肌糖原含量则出现不同程度的回升;脂肪含量和蛋白质含量分别在饥饿14d和21d时下降幅度最大,提示史氏鲟幼鱼动用储存物质的顺序依次是糖原、脂肪和蛋白质.而饥饿过程中鱼体水分和灰分含量则有所上升.恢复投食后,饥饿幼鱼的摄食强度增大,生长加快,其中7d、14d饥饿组幼鱼的RNA/DNA比值达到或接近正常投喂组水平,但21d饥饿组的比值仍明显低于正常投喂组(P<0.05).恢复投食30d后,7d和14d饥饿组幼鱼体重接近对照组(P>0.05),21d饥饿组的终体重未能赶上对照组(P<0.05),这表明史氏鲟幼鱼的补偿生长随饥饿时间不同而异.试验结束时,各处理组鱼体生化组成与正常投喂组没有显著差异(P>0.05).     

Starvation before slaughtering as a tool to keep freshness attributes in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata)

Instrumental quality parameters related to freshness were evaluated for gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) after different storage periods on ice (2, 4, 7 and 11 days of storage) for one, four and eight days of pre-slaughter starvation. The study was carried out on 360 gilthead sea bream from five different groups reared on a commercial fish farm. Starvation period had a significant effect on fish texture: the force necessary to compress 4 mm of flesh after two days ice storage in 1 day starved fish (16.50 ± 0.59 Newtons) was less than that for four day (18.98 ± 0.63 Newtons) and eight day starved fish (20.43 ± 1.12 Newtons). Significant differences in flesh puncture and flesh compression were not detected, although these values did increase with increasing starvation period. A significant increase in pH and myofibrilar protein solubility was also detected for fish starved for one day.     

中华鲟幼鱼循环饥饿后的补偿生长和体成分变化

研究中华鲟(Acipenser sinensis)幼鱼循环饥饿后的补偿生长和体成分变化。实验设4个循环饥饿组(T1:饥饿1 d,饱食投喂3 d;T2:连续饥饿2 d,饱食投喂4 d;T3:连续饥饿4 d,饱食投喂6 d;T4:连续饥饿7 d,饱食投喂8 d)和1个对照组(T0:每天饱食投喂)。结果显示:在水温21.5～25.4℃条件下,T1组末重和特定生长率均超过对照组,表现为超补偿生长;T2组末重和特定生长率均接近对照组,表现为完全补偿生长,T1、T2组食物转化率均显著高于对照组;T3、T4组实际摄食水平均明显高于对照组,但表现为不能补偿生长。4个循环饥饿组幼鱼肝体比及脏体比均显著高于对照组。各组肌肉蛋白质和脂肪含量下降,同时水分和灰分含量上升;从饥饿2 d组开始,蛋白质和脂肪含量显著低于对照组,且蛋白质含量比脂肪含量下降幅度更大。     

Effects of stocking density and food deprivation‐related stress on the physiology and growth in adult Scortum barcoo (McCulloch & Waite)

Two consecutive experiments were conducted to investigate the physiological responses of Jade perch (Scortom barcoo) to different stocking densities over a 30‐day period and to stress resulting from food deprivation over a 10‐day period. Groups of Jade perch were reared in recirculating tanks at three stocking densities (120, 180 and 270 fish m^?3). Fish were weighed and blood samples were taken at the beginning of the experiment (P1) and after 30 days (P2). Feeding was then stopped and fish were sampled again 10 days later (P3). Blood samples were analysed for serum level of cortisol (COR), glucose (GLU), total protein (TP), triglycerides (TG), lysozyme (LYS) activity and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. Significant changes were observed in average body weight and serum COR, TG, LYS and ALP activity in response to stocking density. No significant difference was found between stocking density treatments concerning the serum TP and GLU. The results showed that fish performed better at a stocking density of 180 fish m^?3. Food deprivation for 10 days resulted in significant changes in ALP activity and LYS activity, TP and GLU concentrations and final average body weight but not in COR and TG levels.     

Effect of starvation on survival and biochemical profile of newborn juvenile lined seahorses,Hippocampus erectus (Perry, 1810)

This study assessed the effect of starvation on survival and nutritional status of newborn juveniles H. erectus (<10 days) to optimize rearing protocols, thereby helping to reduce wildlife exploitation. Maximum starvation time (MST) was estimated through the survival of juveniles continuously starved from birth. Resistance to starvation and the effect of food re‐introduction after 1, 2, 4 and 6 days of starvation on survival and metabolite concentrations (total proteins, total lipids, acylglycerides, cholesterol, glucose) were also determined. Survival amongst continuously starved animals decreased from 6.6 ± 0.5 to 0% from days 9 to 10 of starvation. Seahorses under different starvation–refeeding treatments all had 100% survival up to day 5 of experiments. After 10 days, however, a 4‐day starvation period followed by refeeding showed negative effects with <50% survival. During continuous starvation, lipids were the first energy reserve used to maintain basal metabolism, followed by proteins. Except for cholesterol, all metabolite concentrations differed between continuous starvations and feeding. Despite high seahorse survival after 5 days in the absence of food, the recovery of the metabolic status is possible after a starvation period of no more than 2 days, since irreversible physiological changes compromising the ultimate survival of the organisms take place after this time.     

恩诺沙星对小体鲟和史氏鲟体内SOD活力影响的比较研究

在水温23℃、pH值6．5、溶氧10mg／L、氨氮含量小于0．1mg／L和亚硝酸盐含量小于0．001mg／L的条件下,将恩诺沙星按照0、20、40、60、80和100mg／kg浓度,连续口服给平均体重50．0±5．0g的小体鲟（Acipenser ruthenus Linnaeus）及史氏鲟（Acipenser schrenckii Brandt）5d,停药2d后测定其血浆及肝脏组织中过氧化物岐化酶SOD的活力,以期掌握不同恩诺沙星给药浓度下,两种鲟两种组织中SOD活力变化趋势,探讨分析该酶在药物代谢过程中的作用机制。结果表明：两种鲟两种组织内均含有一定量的SOD酶,且在对照组及所有给药组肝脏中酶活力均高于血浆中。不同给药浓度下,两种鲟两种组织中SOD活力均先受诱导升高,而后被抑制降低的变化趋势,且在40mg／kg浓度组达到最大值。血浆中SOD活力受给药浓度影响较小,起伏较平稳,而小体鲟SOD活力始终高于史氏鲟。肝脏中SOD活力变化较剧烈,在低浓度组（〈40mg／kg）史氏鲟肝脏中SOD活力明显高于小体鲟,而在高给药浓度组（〉40mg／kg）则小体鲟略高于史氏鲟。     

Estimating the ideal dietary indispensable amino acid pattern for growth of white sturgeon, Acipenser transmontanus (Richardson)

Juvenile white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus, Richardson) were fed or starved for 4 weeks, and their whole body amino acid composition determined at the beginning and the end of the study. The amino acid compositions of muscle, liver, gill and gastrointestinal tract, and the free amino acids in plasma of fed and starved fish were also determined. Very little variation was observed in the amino acid compositions of all the tissues examined after starvation. However, the plasma free amino acids were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased following starvation. On the basis of the amino acid composition and nitrogen retention values of the whole fish, daily indispensable amino acid requirements for protein accretion and obligatory nitrogen losses (mg amino acid 100 g body weighr^?1 day^?1) were estimated. The pattern of indispensable amino acids required for each of these is different, with the pattern for protein accretion containing much higher levels of lysine, but lower levels of tryptophan and sulfur amino acids. Individual amino acid retention rates varied from 33.3% of dietary tryptophan to 80.2% for arginine. The estimated dietary indispensable amino acid pattern for young growing white sturgeon (expressed as a percentage of total indispensable amino acids plus cystine and tyrosine) is: arginine, 14.0; histidine, 6.6; isoleucine, 8.8; leucine, 12.5; lysine, 15.8; methionine (plus cystine), 6.6; phenylalanine (plus tyrosine), 15.5; threonine, 9.7; tryptophan, 0.8; and valine, 9.7.     

Effects of starvation and feeding on the fatty acid profiles of Stage I phyllosoma of the spiny lobster, Jasus edwardsii

Fatty acid analyses were conducted on newly hatched and 8‐day‐old‐starved and fed Stage I phyllosoma larvae of the spiny lobster, Jasus edwardsii. Fed animals were offered excess 1.5 mm juvenile Artemia (enriched using the alga Isochrysis galbana, Tahitian isolate, T. iso.). After 8 days, there were significant increases in larval dry weight and the proportion of lipid in fed phyllosoma, whereas these parameters decreased in starved phyllosoma. The abundance of the saturated fatty acids 16 : 0 and 18 : 0 increased in both starved and fed phyllosoma, whereas the main monounsaturated fatty acids 16 : 1n‐7, 18 : 1n‐9 and 18 : 1n‐7 increased with feeding but decreased with starvation. There were no significant differences in the relative proportions of the highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs) arachidonic (AA, 20 : 4n‐6), eicosapentaenoic (EPA, 20 : 5n‐3) and docosahexanoic (DHA, 22 : 6n‐3) acids between newly hatched and starved animals, whereas quantitatively DHA decreased with starvation and feeding. The DHA/EPA ratio was significantly lower in the starved and fed phyllosoma (0.5) compared with that found in the newly hatched phyllosoma (0.9). The lipid profiles of the newly hatched, starved and fed phyllosoma contained large amounts of n‐6 fatty acids resulting in low n‐3 : n‐6 ratios (2.8, 2.7 and 1.6 respectively). The importance of these results and the ability of enriched Artemia to provide a suitable fatty acid profile for this species are discussed.     

Confinement stress and starvation modulate the induction of EROD activity after dietary exposure to PCB 126 in the Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus)

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are environmental pollutants, accumulating in the food chain and inducing cytochrome P450 1A (CYP P450 1A) monooxygenase enzymes. This study aimed to investigate the influence of dietary PCB 126 exposure on cytochrome P4501A-associated enzyme activities in head kidney, liver, gill and intestine of unstressed and stressed tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) before and after starvation. Fish were fed diets containing 0 μg (control), 0.5 μg (low) or 50 μg (high) PCB126 per kg body weight per day for 7 days. After the PCB-exposure each treatment group was sampled directly, or was subsequently exposed to confinement stress. Replicate groups remained undisturbed, starved for 3 weeks and were thereafter sampled directly or after confinement. Catalytic activity of CYP P4501A was determined as 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity. Directly after PCB exposure and after starvation, EROD activities in liver, gill and head kidney increased with higher PCB dose. Intestinal EROD activities were not detectable at any sampling point. Confinement, known to evoke a stress response increased EROD activities in livers (only directly after PCB exposure) and in head kidneys (directly after PCB exposure and after starvation) but only in fish fed the low PCB-diet. We suggest that stressing tilapia induces EROD activities at non-saturating PCB concentrations and that this effect is more pronounced in nourished than in starved fish. These data show that the cytochrome P450 1A response to toxicants in fish is also influenced by non-chemical factors. This should be considered when EROD activities are used as a biomarker for environmental monitoring studies. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

饥饿和恢复投喂对翘嘴鲌幼鱼摄食、生长及体成分的影响

研究了在20.3~24.8℃条件下分别饥饿0 d、4 d、8 d、12 d和16 d后恢复投喂16 d对翘嘴鲌(Culter al-burnus)幼鱼摄食、生长及体成分的影响。结果显示:随着饥饿时间延长,幼鱼体质量损失率显著增大;肝体指数变小,水分和灰分含量逐渐升高;粗脂肪含量在饥饿前期下降较快,饥饿后期下降速率降低,各饥饿组与对照组差异显著(P<0.05);粗蛋白含量饥饿前期下降缓慢,饥饿4 d、8 d组与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05),饥饿后期下降明显,饥饿12 d、16 d组与对照组有显著差异(P<0.05);比能值不断下降,除饥饿4 d组外,各饥饿组与对照组都有显著差异(P<0.05)。恢复投喂后,各饥饿组鱼体生化组成和鱼体比能值均恢复至对照组水平,恢复投喂期间各饥饿处理组的摄食率显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。结果表明:饥饿4 d、8 d组翘嘴鲌幼鱼具有完全补偿生长能力;饥饿12 d、16 d幼鱼仅有部分补偿生长能力。     

Compensatory growth in Atlantic halibut: Effect of starvation and subsequent feeding on growth, maturation, feed utilization and flesh quality

A group of juvenile Atlantic halibut (mean, SD, 199.5 g, 44.7) was split into two experimental groups: one group was fed in excess twice a day and later five days a week (i.e. Control group), and the other group was starved for 5 weeks and then subsequently re-fed for 10 weeks (i.e. 5/10 starvation/re-fed group). This treatment was repeated for three years until the fish were harvested (mean final weight, 4.4 kg). A size +specific compensatory response was seen; partial compensation was observed in halibut weighing less than 500 g whereas full recovery growth was seen in halibut over 2 kg. Food consumption and feed conversion efficiency was measured during two full 5/10 starvation/re-fed cycles. The Control group consumed 86% more food in the measurement period, whereas the FCE 40% higher in the 5/10 starvation/re-fed group (FCE = 0.95) compared to the Control group (FCE = 0.68). In males lower gonadosomatic index (2.2 vs. 3.0) and plasma 11-ketotestosterone (0.22 vs. 1.26 ng ml^− 1) levels in the 5/10 starvation/re-fed group were observed during late winter and spring of 2006 (age 3 years) indicating higher age at 1st maturity. Starvation had a significant effect for improving the quality as starved fish had higher muscle pH (6.4 vs. 6.2), less gaping (0.1 vs. 0.3) and harder texture (61.4 vs. 57.6 N). Overall, the rearing on a repeated 5/10 starvation/re-fed regime for 3 years led to full growth compensation, higher feed conversion efficiency, lower male maturation and improved flesh quality.     

Growth performance and plasma metabolites in juvenile Siberian sturgeon <Emphasis Type="Italic">Acipenser baerii</Emphasis> (Brandt, 1869) subjected to various feeding strategies at different sizes

The effect of various feeding strategies was evaluated on growth performance and biochemical parameters in two sizes of Siberian sturgeon (465.75?±?11.18 and 250.40?±?12 g) during 45 days. Fish were distributed into six experimental treatments including large fish with satiation feeding (LA), small fish with satiation feeding (SA), large fish with 50% satiation feeding (LR), small fish with 50% satiation feeding (SR), large starved fish (LS), and small starved fish (SS). Differences in final weight between LA and LR treatments were not noticeable, whereas SA and SR treatments showed significant differences. Growth parameters were more affected in small fish. In condition factor and weight gain in starved treatments, a considerable reduction occurred by interaction between feeding strategies and fish size, so the lowest values were obtained in SS treatment. Glucose levels significantly decreased in small fish during the starvation. Interaction between feeding strategy and fish size indicated the highest and lowest albumin level in SA and SS treatment, respectively. Cholesterol, triglyceride, total protein, and globulin showed no significant differences. It can be deduced that small fish are more sensitive to starvation than the large fish. Since glucose and albumin showed significant decrease in starved small fish, these parameters can help to monitor nutritional status and feeding practices. It was indicated that in both sizes of Siberian sturgeon, feeding 50% satiation reduced the food cost without negative impact on physiological condition, and it can be considered as an appropriate strategy to face unfavorable circumstances.     

Apomorphine-induced growth hormone-release in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) is related to the animal's nutritional status

In African catfish the dopamine agonist apomorphine (APO) stimulates in vivo growth hormone (GH) release. The present study demonstrates that the potency of APO to stimulate plasma GH levels is affected by the nutritional status of the fish. The effect of starvation on APO induced GH release was investigated in sexually mature and immature catfish. Administration of APO clearly stimulated plasma GH levels in mature catfish that had been starved for 3 and 5 weeks, while no effect could be observed prior to starvation. This increased responsiveness to the GH stimulating action of APO was also demonstrated in fasted immature fish, though it was only evident in fish starved for a prolonged period (19 days or more). The importance of the duration of the starvation period suggests that the enhanced responsiveness is the result of physiological adaptations to starvation rather than an acute effect of food deprivation.     

饥饿期间中华鲟幼鱼血液与肝脏酶活力的变化

将中华鲟幼鱼持续饥饿43 d,每隔6 d采样1次,研究饥饿期间中华鲟幼鱼血液与肝脏7项酶活力指标的变化。结果表明,饥饿期间中华鲟幼鱼血液丙氨酸转氨酶活力波动范围为42.1~134.6 U/L,在第13天与第37天均出现显著下降;天冬氨酸转氨酶活力在饥饿19 d后出现下降,最低值与最高值分别为310.1±52.4 U/L与420.8±83.4 U/L;溶菌酶活力呈现上升趋势,饥饿43 d组与饥饿前期的4个组之间具有显著差异;总抗氧化能力在饥饿19 d后下降至较低水平,饥饿13 d组显著高于饥饿37 d组;肝脏Na+-K+-ATP酶活力在饥饿前期下降,在饥饿37 d后显著升高,与饥饿前期的4个组之间具有显著差异;乳酸脱氢酶活力在饥饿13 d后显著下降,波动范围为5.101~3.154 U/g;碱性磷酸酶活力呈现上升趋势,饥饿19~43 d的5个组显著高于饥饿1 d组。从总体上看,中华鲟幼鱼生理指标在饥饿19~25 d后产生较大变化,这可能与其新陈代谢与能量供应水平下降有关,在人工养殖与救护工作中应防止中华鲟幼鱼受到长期的饥饿胁迫。     

三种中药方剂对施氏鲟抗氧化能力的影响

在水温22℃下,将平均体质量为0.08±0.10 kg的施氏鲟（Acipenser schrenckii）在室内水族箱（0.90 m×0.50 m×0.45 m）中预饲两周后,每日口灌给药一次中药贯众、方剂一和方剂二水煎剂,剂量分别为9、175和36g.50kg-1体质量,口灌蒸馏水为对照组,连续给药14d。然后,取部分鱼高温30℃热刺激2h后,与常温22℃给药的实验组共同采样,测定血液和肝脏内超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、一氧化氮合酶（NOS）的活性及丙二醛（MDA）和一氧化氮（NO）含量。结果表明,三种中药方剂均能提高施氏鲟抗氧化能力。贯众能有效提高施氏鲟组织中SOD活性,在热刺激情况下,促进鱼体快速应答,降低鱼体内MDA含量,但可能对肝脏造成一定负担,需慎重给药。方剂一能有效降低鱼体内MDA含量,促进机体对热应激做出快速有效应答反应;方剂二抗氧自由基效果较好,受高温热刺激影响不大。     

长江口中华鲟幼鱼血液水分、渗透压及离子浓度的变化规律

为了研究长江口中华鲟幼鱼盐度适应过程及其调节规律,将7月龄幼鱼直接转入0(淡水对照),5,10,15等4个盐度组中养殖32天,分别在0.5,1,2,4,8,16,和32 d 检测幼鱼血液水分、血清渗透压和血清Na 、Cl-、K 的浓度,结果显示：试验过程中,淡水和盐度5组中华鲟幼鱼血液各项指标始终保持一致,未呈现显著性差异。盐度10和15组,中华鲟幼鱼血液水分含量呈先下降后上升趋势,下降程度与盐度呈正相关,16 d时各组幼鱼血液水分无显著性差异。中华鲟幼鱼转入盐度10和15条件下,其血清渗透压与Na 和Cl-浓度的变化趋势一致,表现为先上升后下降,最后达到新的平衡;12 h是其上升和下降的拐点。而血清K 浓度的变化趋势与血清渗透压和Na 、Cl-离子不同,呈现先下降后趋于平稳的趋势。从结果可以看出,中华鲟幼鱼与其他广盐性鱼类一样,其盐度适应过程可分为2个阶段,即临界期和调整期。     

低温胁迫对七带石斑鱼幼鱼血清生化指标的影响

研究了体质量为(300±20)g的七带石斑鱼幼鱼从12.4℃海水直接转入到8.0℃的海水中,低温胁迫不同持续时间(0、1、2、5、10 d)血清生化指标的变化。结果表明,低温导致AKP活性呈不规则变动,2 d时其活性显著高于同期对照。GGT活性先升后降,2 d时酶活性最高,10 d酶活性最低。GOT和GPT活性随低温胁迫时间延长呈增加态势,10 d时与同期对照组之间活性差异显著。LDH活性在胁迫前及实验时期差异均不显著。TP含量随低温胁迫时间延长而下降。GLU胁迫前期变化未达显著性差异,但10 d时含量与对照组差异显著。TG含量先降后升,胁迫前与实验结束时所测得的含量无显著性差异。CREA含量的变化趋势与TP相似,也随胁迫时间而降低,10 d时只有胁迫前(48.57 34.96)mmol/L含量的22%。低温胁迫对血清离子浓度变化未产生大的影响,实验前、至低温胁迫10 d的测试结果均未达到显著性差异的水平。研究认为,实验幼鱼能适应跳跃式降温胁迫;低温胁迫对七带石斑鱼幼鱼的胁迫有累积效应。在实际生产越冬期间8.0℃低温时间不宜超过10 d。