基于潜在蒸散和干燥度指数的河北省农业气候区划

基于Penman-Monteith模型的潜在蒸散和降水量之比计算得到的干燥度指数作为衡量区域干湿状况的重要指标,已成为全球变化研究中的重要气候指标之一.本文利用温度气候带和以干燥度指数划分的干湿气候区作为二级气候区划指标,开展区域尺度的河北省农业气候分区,将河北省农业气候区划分为暖温带半湿润区,冀北中山中温带半湿润偏旱区、太行山暖温带半湿润偏旱区和滨海平原暖温带半湿润偏旱区,冀北高原中温带半干旱区、太行山北段中温带半干旱区和冀中、南平原暖温带半干旱区,中温带半干旱偏旱区.该分区为合理配置农业生产、改进耕作制度以及引入和推广新品种提供气候依据,同时也为相关部门采取应对措施减轻旱涝灾害及其不利影响提供参考.     

内蒙古东北部天然牧草生态气候适应性研究

应用积分回归、模糊数学中隶属函数和地理信息系统,对内蒙古东北部的天然牧草进行分区生态气候适应性综合评价。分析表明:牧草的自然生态适应性在半干旱、干旱环境中明显不如湿润、半湿润地区;对天然牧草的资源总量、生态系统进行了系统辩识;以定量、客观的方法分析和评价牧草气候资源区域分布特征,揭示出了资源的总体状况和各气候生态要素间的相互匹配情况。可为制定畜牧业发展规划提供决策依据。     

西藏参考作物蒸散量时空变化特征与影响因素

为深入认识西藏参考作物蒸散量(ET_0)的变化特征,采用联合国粮农组织1998年推荐的Penman-Monteith公式计算西藏37个气象站点32 a(1981—2012年)的逐日ET_0,通过联合国防治荒漠化公约提出的全球干旱指数(UNEP)进行气候评价,利用空间插值及Mann-Kendall趋势检验法对西藏及各气候区ET_0时空变化特征进行分析,并通过偏相关分析法对其主要影响因素进行探讨,结果表明:西藏共分为特干旱、干旱、半干旱、干旱半湿润、湿润半湿润和湿润气候区,主要为半干旱气候区。近32 a参考作物蒸散量整体呈减小趋势,变化趋势为-1.508 mm·a~(-1),可将32 a分为3个时段,1981—1989年处于高蒸散阶段,1989年后处于低蒸散阶段,2005年起又持续回升。西藏西部到东部,年际ET_0呈减小趋势。各气候区气象因子的影响基本符合平均气温日照时数平均风速相对湿度,且平均气温、日照时数及平均风速在干旱区的影响较湿润区更为显著。     

战胜沙漠化,应该做些什么

沙漠化是干旱、半干旱及半湿润地区生态系统的退化过程。在此过程中,土地生产力丧失或减弱:草场退化,灌溉土地由于盐渍化而荒芜,水灾和其它形式的土壤退化,使干旱区的农业生产歉收。其实,干旱与半干旱地区的陆地生态系统本来就维持着一种脆弱的平衡,经常遭受干旱、虫灾袭击及其它自然界变化的威胁。但是,在自然条件下,如能有效地利用科学知识,     

陇东黄土高原冬小麦生产农业气象要素分析

对陇东黄土高原半湿润半干旱气候区旱地冬小麦生长期光、热、水三要素与产量进行了相关分析,得出对冬小麦产量起决定作用的农业气象要素为:孕穗—成熟期光照时数,≥0℃积温,开春土壤含水量 返青—孕穗期降水量(R2 3H)。建立了逐步回归方程,Y=-317.138 0.6317X1 0.4647X2。     

荒漠草原区不同林龄柠条林物种多样性研究

开展对荒漠草原区固沙人工柠条林生长过程中地上植被的物种多样性变化特征研究,对于分析种植人工柠条林对退化荒漠草原治理效果评价具有重要的指导意义。文中采用时空替代法,以天然草地为对照,对7a、16a、25a、37a柠条林组成的序列进行地上植被的物种多样性研究,并用方差分析和LSD多重比较的方法研究了植物群落间多样性指数的差异程度。研究表明:1)在退化荒漠草原区,种植柠条林后比未种植前的半固定沙丘地上植被物种数目明显增加,种植柠条林对干旱半干旱荒漠草原区退化荒漠草原具有显著的生态恢复效应。2)不同林龄柠条林物种多样性存在显著差异。3)种植柠条林后,相邻生态系统之间地上植被物种逐渐被新物种替代,而建林末期与初期相比物种组成发生了较大变化,约有42%的物种被其他物种替代。4)建议研究区在建植20年左右时,对其进行平茬处理。     

试论旱区的干旱及其防御

本文阐述了旱区所处的地位及干旱对农业的影响;讨论了干旱的形成;分析了我国北方干旱发生的规律;进行了北方旱区湿润状况分类及评价,分别对西北干旱牧区和绿州农业区、东北西部风沙半干旱区、内蒙古中南部、黄土高原北部半干旱地区、华北平原中北部半湿润易旱区的干旱气候特征及干旱的时空分布规律进行了分析。最后从防御干旱的战略对策提出了几点意见。     

中国干旱半干旱地区湿地研究进展

西北干旱半干旱地区湿地在我国湿地中占有较大比重,它在调节气候、涵养水分、碳氮循环以及生物多样性保护等方面均有不可替代的作用,深入探其研究现状对该地区生态保护和环境管理意义重大。从湿地形成演变、类型和分布,植物群落,景观格局变化的生态效应及驱动力研究,碳氮循环以及退化与恢复5个方面评述了西北干旱半干旱地区湿地研究进展,指出了现有研究的不足。在此基础上,对西北干旱半干旱地区湿地未来研究方向进行了分析,提出了加强植物群落的动态研究;定量研究湿地景观格局动态变化,加强湿地动态过程对驱动力的响应机制研究;加强碳氮循环研究;加强湿地退化与修复的理论与技术体系研究4方面的建议。     

甘肃东部气候变化及冬小麦生长发育响应特征

分析发现1971年以来陇东黄土高原变暖特征明显,其中西峰半湿润塬区1971～2005年增温线性趋势0.0525℃/a,环县半干旱川区增温线性趋势0.0367℃/a,平凉半湿润半干旱过渡地区增温线性趋势0.0411℃/a.除了环县川区夏季增温不明显,其余各区域四季增温均比较显著,西峰塬区四季增温幅度最大,增温趋势最明显,平凉次之.增温表现出夏季、秋季、春季、冬季依次增强的趋势.西峰半湿润塬区年降水量呈减少的趋势,环县半干旱川区年降水量呈增加的趋势,处于半湿润和半干旱过渡带的平凉年降水量则没有明显变化,不同区域秋季降水量均呈现出减少的趋势.气候变暖对陇东不同气候区域冬小麦生态影响既有相同之处,也有不同之处,相同之处主要表现在停止生长期和乳熟期均没有明显变化,起身期提前趋势明显.不同之处体现在西峰播种期明显推迟,返青期明显提前,而环县和平凉播种期和返青期均没有明显变化;西峰、平凉分蘖期明显推迟,抽穗期明显提前,而环县分蘖期和抽穗期没有明显变化;西峰、环县成熟期显著提前,全生育期日数显著缩短,而平凉成熟期和全生育期日数则没有明显变化;另外,西峰、平凉冬前及早春分蘖减少,越冬死亡率大幅度下降,产量显著增高,西峰、环县灌浆期显著延长,成熟期显著缩短,环县越冬死亡率较高时段对应秋春季降水偏少时段,产量增幅不大,增产趋势不明显.综合分析认为,西峰半湿润塬区气候变暖特征最明显,气候变暖对冬小麦的生态影响最显著.     

中亚荒漠生态系统中的关键种——柽柳（Tamarix spp.）

生物多样性是一个综合的具有复杂相互关系的概念，研究内容极其多种多样。不同生态系统关键种（Ｋｅｙｓｔｏｎ ｓｐｅｃｉｅｓ）的确定及其生态作用与经济开发的研究是生物多样性研究的主要方向之一。本文从柽柳在荒漠生态系统中的生态学地位和对分布区人群经济生活中的重要作用角度，说明这类植物是干旱荒漠区生态系统中的关键种之一，在生物多样性保护中要给予更多的关注。     

Assessing ecological vulnerability in western China based on Time-Integrated NDVI data

Arid and semi-arid areas are the most vulnerable regions to climate change.Clear understanding of the effects of climate change on ecosystems in arid and semi-arid regions and the ecosystem vulnerability is important for ecosystem management under the background of climate change.In this study,we conducted a vulnerability assessment on various ecosystems from 1982 to 2013 in western China with large areas of arid and semi-arid lands based on the Time-Integrated Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(TINDVI)data and climate data.The results indicated that grasslands were the most vulnerable ecosystem to climate change in western China,especially for those in Tibetan Plateau.Croplands in oases were not vulnerable to climate change compared to rain-fed croplands in semi-arid regions(e.g.Gansu and Inner Mongolia),which was attributed to the well-developed drip irrigation technology in oases.Desert and Gobi ecosystems were slightly vulnerable to climate change during the past several decades.The assessment results,as revealed in this study,can provide a reference for taking appropriate actions to protect the ecosystems in western China.     

Global Dryland Ecosystem Programme(G-DEP): Africa consultative meeting report

In order to enhance and restore the ecosystems of natural capital in African arid regions, the Global Dryland Ecosystem Programme(G-DEP) consultative meeting was hosted in Dakar, Senegal, from 23 to 25 September 2019. This paper details the first African meeting of the G-DEP. Consultative meeting reviewed preceding dryland ecosystems case studies, identified vulnerable arid and semi-arid regions, and proposed sustainable solutions to problems. It also identified the successes and failures of previous attempts to improve vulnerable ecosystems and ultimately formed an action plan to improve these attempts. Climate, ecosystems, and livelihoods for Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs), Great Green Wall Initiative(GGWI) for Sahara and Sahel, and China-Africa cooperation on science, technology, and innovation are three extra main sections concerned of the meeting. Separately, more specific topics as the complicated relationship between these natural processes and human activity, including pastoralism, soil restoration, and vegetation regenerate techniques, were fully discussed. Consultative meeting also identified the positive effects international collaboration can have on dryland regions, specifically in the capacity of sharing information, technology, and innovation on purpose to develop a joint proposal for long-term research programs in African arid and semi-arid areas. Moreover, meetings that review the progress made on ecosystem management for the sustainable livelihoods in Africa, identification of priority areas, and the development and implementation of ecosystem programs for proper research and collaboration in African arid and semi-arid zones, have been proposed as strategic recommendations to enhance the global partnership for sustainable development. Furthermore, as the outcomes of the workshop, there are three steps proposed to handle African dryland climate changes, several aspects suggested to solve current dilemmas of the GGWI, and a series of actions recommended for G-DEP related activities in Africa.     

Effects of grazing intensity on seed production of Caragana stenophylla along a climatic aridity gradient in the Inner Mongolia Steppe,China

As the increases of climatic aridity and grazing intensity,shrubs play an increasingly important role in grassland ecosystem in arid and semi-arid regions,and its abundance also generally increases.However,the effects of climatic aridity and grazing intensity on sexual reproduction of shrubs in grassland remain largely unclear.In order to understand the effects of grazing intensity and climatic drought stress,and their interaction on seed production of shrub species,we examined the seed number,seed weight and seed yield of Caragana stenophylla under three grazing intensities(fenced,mild grazing and severe grazing) across a climatic aridity gradient(semi-arid,arid,very arid and intensively arid zones) in the Inner Mongolia Steppe,northern China during 2012–2013.The seed number,seed weight and seed yield gradually increased from the semi-arid to the very arid zones,but decreased from the very arid to the intensively arid zones in fenced plots.The seed number and seed yield decreased from the semi-arid to the intensively arid zones in mild and severe grazing treatment plots,therefore,grazing enhanced the suppression effect of climatic aridity on seed production of C.stenophylla.The seed number and seed yield gradually decreased as grazing intensity increased.The seed weight was highest in severe grazing plots,followed by the mild grazing plots and then the fenced plots.Precipitation varied interannually during the study period.We observed that the seed number,seed weight and seed yield were lower in the low precipitation year(2013) than in the high precipitation year(2012).As climatic drought stress increased,the negative effects of grazing on seed production of C.stenophylla also gradually increased.Our results indicated that climatic drought stress may contribute to the encroachment of C.stenophylla shrub in arid zones by promoting its seed production.However,grazing had negative effects on sexual reproduction of C.stenophylla,and the combined effects of drought stress and grazing seriously suppressed sexual reproduction of C.stenophylla in the intensively arid zone.     

Spatiotemporal changes of typical glaciers and their responses to climate change in Xinjiang,Northwest China

Glaciers are highly sensitive to climate change and are undergoing significant changes in mid-latitudes. In this study, we analyzed the spatiotemporal changes of typical glaciers and their responses to climate change in the period of 1990-2015 in 4 different mountainous sub-regions in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of Northwest China: the Bogda Peak and Karlik Mountain sub-regions in the Tianshan Mountains; the Yinsugaiti Glacier sub-region in the Karakorum Mountains; and the Youyi Peak sub-region in the Altay Mountains. The standardized snow cover index (NDSI) and correlation analysis were used to reveal the glacier area changes in the 4 sub-regions from 1990 to 2015. Glacial areas in the Bogda Peak, Karlik Mountain, Yinsugaiti Glacier, and Youyi Peak sub-regions in the period of 1990-2015 decreased by 57.7, 369.1, 369.1, and 170.4 km², respectively. Analysis of glacier area center of gravity showed that quadrant changes of glacier areas in the 4 sub-regions moved towards the origin. Glacier area on the south aspect of the Karlik Mountain sub-region was larger than that on the north aspect, while glacier areas on the north aspect of the other 3 sub-regions were larger than those on the south aspect. Increased precipitation in the Karlik Mountain sub-region inhibited the retreat of glaciers to a certain extent. However, glacier area changes in the Bogda Peak and Youyi Peak sub-regions were not sensitive to the increased precipitation. On a seasonal time scale, glacier area changes in the Bogda Peak, Karlik Mountain, Yinsugaiti Glacier, and Youyi Peak sub-regions were mainly caused by accumulated temperature in the wet season; on an annual time scale, the correlation coefficient between glacier area and annual average temperature was -0.72 and passed the significance test at P<0.05 level in the Karlik Mountain sub-region. The findings of this study can provide a scientific basis for water resources management in the arid and semi-arid regions of Northwest China in the context of global warming.     

Modeling and analyzing supply-demand relationships of water resources in Xinjiang from a perspective of ecosystem services

Water shortage is one bottleneck that limits economic and social developments in arid and semi-arid areas.As the impacts of climate change and human disturbance intensify across time,uncertainties in both water resource supplies and demands increase in arid and semi-arid areas.Taking a typical arid region in China,Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,as an example,water yield depth(WYD)and water utilization depth(WUD)from 2002 to 2018 were simulated using the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs(InVEST)model and socioeconomic data.The supply-demand relationships of water resources were analyzed using the ecosystem service indices including water supply-demand difference(WSDD)and water supply rate(WSR).The internal factors in changes of WYD and WUD were explored using the controlled variable method.The results show that the supplydemand relationships of water resources in Xinjiang were in a slight deficit,but the deficit was alleviated due to increased precipitation and decreased WUD of irrigation.WYD generally experienced an increasing trend,and significant increase mainly occurred in the oasis areas surrounding both the Junggar Basin and Tarim Basin.WUD had a downward trend with a decline of 20.70%,especially in oasis areas.Water resources in most areas of Xinjiang were fully utilized and the utilization efficiency of water resources increased.The water yield module in the InVEST model was calibrated and validated using gauging station data in Xinjiang,and the result shows that the use of satellite-based water storage data helped to decrease the bias error of the InVEST model by 0.69×10⁸m³.This study analyzed water resource supplies and demands from a perspective of ecosystem services,which expanded the scope of the application of ecosystem services and increased the research perspective of water resource evaluation.The results could provide guidance for water resource management such as spatial allocation and structural optimization of water resources in arid and semi-arid areas.     

我国干旱半干旱地区治理环境资源问题的技术规范初探

落后的生产技术以及不遵循自然规律开发利用环境资源,使生态环境本就脆弱的干旱半干旱地区旱灾更广泛外,还表现出诸如土地荒漠化、水土流失、草原退化等日趋严重的环境资源问题。干旱半干旱地区发展经济需要注重生态效益与经济效益并举,科技进步是关键,为使科学技术在生产实践中规范化运作,在干旱半干旱地区法制建设中应制定治理环境资源问题的技术规范,包括生态技术规范、生产技术规范、节水技术规范、预测技术规范。     

Potential responses of vegetation to atmospheric aerosols in arid and semi-arid regions of Asia

Changes in atmospheric aerosols have profound effects on ecosystem productivity, vegetation growth and activity by directly and indirectly influencing climate and environment conditions. However, few studies have focused on the effects of atmospheric aerosols on vegetation growth and activity in the vulnerable arid and semi-arid regions, which are also the source areas of aerosols. Using the datasets of aerosol optical depth(AOD), normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI) and multiple climatic variables including photosynthetically active radiation(PAR), surface solar radiation(SSR), surface air temperature(TEM) and total precipitation(PRE), we analyzed the potential responses of vegetation activity to atmospheric aerosols and their associated climatic factors in arid and semi-arid regions of Asia from 2005 to 2015. Our results suggested that areas with decreasing growing-season NDVI were mainly observed in regions with relatively sparse vegetation coverage, while AOD tended to increase as NDVI decreased in these regions. Upon further analysis, we found that aerosols might exert a negative influence on vegetation activity by reducing SSR, PAR and TEM, as well as suppressing PRE in most arid and semi-arid regions of Asia. Moreover, the responses of atmospheric aerosols on vegetation activity varied among different growing stages. At the early growing stage, higher concentration of aerosol was accompanied with suppressed vegetation growth by enhancing cooling effects and reducing SSR and PAR. At the middle growing stage, aerosols tended to alter microphysical properties of clouds with suppressed PRE, thereby restricting vegetation growth. At the late growing stage, aerosols exerted significantly positive influences on vegetation activity by increasing SSR, PAR and TEM in regions with high anthropogenic aerosols. Overall, at different growing stages, aerosols could influence vegetation activity by changing different climatic factors including SSR, PAR, TEM and PRE in arid and semi-arid regions of Asia. This study not only clarifies the impacts of aerosols on vegetation activity in source areas, but also explains the roles of aerosols in climate.     

西北地区生态建设中的水资源容量问题

本文依据生态系统中水分平衡理论 ,针对西北干旱、半干旱地区水资源短缺的特点 ,较详细地探讨了区域生态建设中水资源特点以及对植被建设的影响 ,提出应依据西北地区水资源时空分布的特点来建设不同类型的植被 ,并以此做为区域生态建设可持续发展的基础     

生物土壤结皮结构、功能及人工恢复技术

生物土壤结皮作为典型的有机地被层,广泛分布在干旱半干旱地区.由于其具有良好的水土保持及土壤稳定等功能,可有效控制土地沙漠化,防治水土流失,因此,生物土壤结皮恢复被看作是荒漠生态系统修复和重建的关键.本文系统综述了国内外学者在生物结皮领域开展的研究工作,包括生物土壤结皮的生物组成、演替过程、生态功能、干扰响应、人工培育及...