再生水灌溉对草坪草生长速率、叶绿素及类胡萝卜素的影响特征

为节约城市清洁水源,扩大再生水利用力度,确保高质量的草坪,以草地早熟禾为研究对象,探讨了不同灌溉水源及再生水灌溉不同水分梯度下草坪草生长速率及叶绿素的变化特征。试验采用7种水分处理：清水适宜灌、混合水适宜灌、再生水充分灌、再生水适宜灌、再生水轻微干旱胁迫、再生水中度干旱胁迫、再生水重度干旱胁迫,灌水下限分别70%fc(田间持水量)、70%fc、80%fc、70%fc、60%fc、50%fc、40%fc,灌水定额相同。研究表明：不同灌溉处理下草坪草生长速率差异明显,再生水灌溉促进了草坪草的生长,草坪草生长速率与供水量成正相关;再生水灌溉下草坪草叶绿素及类胡萝卜素含量显著高于清水适宜灌处理下草坪草叶绿素及类胡萝卜素含量,而再生水灌溉草坪草叶绿素及类胡萝卜素含量在处理间差异不显著。     

再生水灌溉对草坪草生长和土壤的影响

随着城市绿地与人争水的问题日益突出,再生水作为替代水资源在草坪草上的应用日益广泛。本试验于2003-2005年用3种类型灌溉水(清水、“清水+再生水”、再生水)处理5种草坪草(草地早熟禾、高羊茅、结缕草、野牛草和山麦冬),从观赏品质和生长指标方面进行耐污性评价,并分析再生水对土壤的影响。结果表明:本研究使用的再生水对所供测试绿化草种的颜色、覆盖度、质地和均匀性无不良影响,再生水灌溉条件下,高羊茅表现出了最强的综合耐污能力,其次是结缕草和野牛草。灌溉水类型对于草坪草的生长指标的影响具有种的特异性。再生水灌溉和“清水+再生水”交替灌溉提高了土壤的阳离子交换量(CEC)和总孔隙度,有利于土壤物理性状的改善。     

污泥垃圾复混肥对油菜及土壤的影响

随着城市化进程的加快、城市人口的增加,工业废水与生活污水的排放量日益增多,污泥的产出量迅速增加.据有关资料统计,目前美国所积累的干污泥总量已达1 000万t,欧洲各国总计达660万t,日本为240万t左右.     

生物复混肥对土壤微生物功能多样性及土壤酶活性的影响

在温室盆栽条件下,采用Biolog微平板技术,研究了玉米施用等养分量的无机肥、有机无机复混肥、生物复混肥后土壤微生物群落功能多样性及土壤酶活性的动态变化。结果表明,生物复混肥处理的微生物群落平均颜色变化率（AWCD）、微生物群落Shannon指数（H）、丰富度指数（S）和Shannon均匀度指数（E）均为最高;微生物群落主成分分析表明,不同施肥处理土壤微生物群落碳源利用特征有一定差异,PC1将生物复混肥与其他处理明显区分,生物复混肥处理分布在PC1的正方向,其他处理分布在PC1的负方向;起分异作用的主要碳源有糖类、羧酸类和氨基酸类;土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶活性均以生物复混肥处理最高,分别为72.74 mg glucose·g-1·（24 h）-1和1.15 mg NH3-N·g-1·（3 h）-1。研究表明,生物复混肥的施用比等养分量的有机无机复混肥处理能显著提高土壤微生物群落碳源利用率、微生物群落的丰富度和功能多样性,增强土壤蔗糖酶和脲酶活性。     

生活污泥对滩涂土壤性质和苏丹草生长及重金属累积的影响

滩涂盐土农业利用的主要障碍是盐分含量过高和缺乏有机质。施用生活污泥可快速提高滩涂土壤有机质含量,加快土壤熟化,但由于担心污泥含有一定量的重金属,其施用受到一定的限制。采用盆栽苏丹草的试验方法,研究滩涂盐土施用不同量的生活污泥后对土壤性质、植物生长和对重金属累积的影响。结果表明,生活污泥施用于滩涂盐土后降低了土壤pH值,提高了EC值和总盐含量;苏丹草的出苗率、株高和鲜重增加;施用污泥提高了苏丹草植株中全氮、全磷及叶绿素的含量,且随施用量的增加而增大,但对植株中全钾的含量无显著影响;苏丹草中Zn、Cd含量随着污泥施用量增加呈增长的趋势,但Pb、Ni、Cu含量变化不大。在试验条件下,所施用污泥中重金属向苏丹草体内转移的比例介于0.13%-13.44%之间。就该种土壤而言,要更为注意含Pb量较高的污泥施用,而Cu则是最为安全的。总体考虑,一次性施用干污泥应控制在8t·667m^-2以下。     

生物干化污泥对马尼拉草坪生长性状和环境效应的影响

为使城市生活污泥得以无害化、资源化综合利用,研究了经无害化处理的生物干化污泥对马尼拉草坪生长状况和土壤效应的影响。结果表明,随着生物干化污泥施用量的增加,马尼拉草叶绿素含量和生物量逐渐提高,但施用量超过1 250 g.m-2后,对马尼拉草的促进作用不再显著。生物干化污泥对马尼拉草坪具有较好的培肥效应,草坪土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶活性显著提高。施用生物干化污泥还可提高土壤全氮、全磷、无机氮和速效磷含量,施用后不会造成土壤重金属污染。在园林绿地草坪使用,只要将施用量控制在1 250 g.m-2以下,是基本安全的,这为生物干化污泥在园林草坪上的推广应用提供科学依据。     

灌溉水质对草坪草生理生化特性及质量的影响

为了大面积利用再生水灌溉，加大污水资源化力度，确保高质量的都市草坪，在永乐店试验站进行了不同灌溉水源灌溉草坪的试验研究。试验采用3种水源灌溉盆栽草坪：清水灌溉；清水和再生水1：1混合灌溉；再生水灌溉。各处理的灌水时间、灌水次数相同。试验结果表明：再生水灌溉在一定程度上能提高草地早熟禾出苗率，与清水适宜灌相比出苗率提高达29％，能获得较为密致的草坪，确保草坪细腻的质地。当外界气温较高时，与清水灌溉处理相比，再生水灌溉会促使草坪草叶片细胞膜透性、过氧化氢酶活性及脯氨酸含量增大；当外界气温转低时，水质对生理生化指标影响减弱，而温度成为影响草坪草生理生化指标的主导因素。     

沼渣有机无机复混肥对土壤养分含量和酶活性的影响

通过盆栽试验研究了不同沼渣有机无机复混肥对土壤养分及酶活性的影响。结果表明:与无机肥处理相比,沼渣有机无机复混肥处理土壤有机质、全氮和有效磷含量分别提高了12.4%~26.3%、0.1%~10.3%、10.1%~30.1%,且以秸秆沼渣有机无机复混肥效果较好。有机肥处理对提高土壤过氧化氢酶活性效果显著,而沼渣有机无机复混肥处理对提高土壤脲酶活性效果较好。     

北京地区常用草坪草的耗水规律及适宜灌溉量研究

研究了在北京地区不同供水条件下，草地早熟禾、高羊茅、多年生黑麦草、野牛草、结缕草和狗牙根整个生长季的蒸散量差异和耗水规律。结果表明，蒸散量主要与草坪草的生物学特性有关，受水分条件影响；冷季型草坪草中多年生黑麦草耗水最少，暖季型草坪草中结缕草耗水最少；通过比较坪草和北方主要农作物的K_C值，得出草坪与大田作物的需水量相当；北京地区常用草坪草整个生长季的适宜灌溉量为：高羊茅(391.8 mm)>草地早熟禾(368.3 mm)>多年生黑麦草(315.1 mm)>狗牙根(300.7 mm)>野牛草(184.0 mm)>结缕草(110.5 mm)。     

放牧对小嵩草草甸土壤酶活性及土壤环境因素的影响

观测了放牧对高寒小嵩草草甸土壤酶活性及土壤环境因素的影响,结果表明:①随着放牧压力的增大,植被盖度、地上生物量、土壤有机质、全氮、硝态氮、全磷、有效磷、土壤水分明显下降,而地下生物量、土壤容重、pH及根土比呈现增大趋势,不同放牧处理间植物群落特征及土壤理化特性显示出明显的差异(P0.05);②纤维素分解酶、多酚氧化酶、脲酶、蛋白酶、碱性磷酸酶和蔗糖酶活性均随放牧压力增大而下降,只有过氧化氢酶以轻牧最高,各处理间上述土壤酶活性差异程度不同;③随着土壤深度的增加,土壤水分含量、地下生物量、根土比、土壤有机质及氮、磷养分等明显下降,而土壤容重和pH逐渐增大,且不同层次之间存在显著的差异(P0.05);④除过氧化氢酶和多酚氧化酶外,其它土壤酶活性随土壤深度的加深显著减小。     

Effects of N-enriched sewage sludge on soil enzyme activities

Sewage sludge is increasingly used as an organic amendment to soil, especially to soil containing little organic matter. However, little is known about utility of this organic amendment with N-enriched or adjusted C:N ratios in soil. We studied the effects of adding of different doses (0, 100, 200 and 300 t ha⁻¹) and C:N ratios (3:1, 6:1 and 9:1) of sewage sludge on enzyme activities (β-glucosidase, alkaline phosphatase, arylsulphatase and urease) in a clay loam soil at 25 °C and 60% soil water holding capacity. Nitrogen was added in the form of (NH₄)₂ SO₄ solution to the sludge to reduce the C:N ratio from 9:1 to 6:1 and 3:1. The addition of different doses and C:N ratios of the sludge caused a rapid and significant in the enzymatic activities in soils, this increase was specially noticeable in soil treated with high doses of the sludge. In general, enzymatic activities in sludge-amended soils tended to decrease with the incubation time. All activities reached peak values at 30 days incubation and then gradually decreased up to 90 days of incubation. Sewage sludges also the increased available metal (Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) contents in the soils. However, the presence of available soil metals due to the addition of the sludge at all doses and C:N ratios did negatively affect all enzymatic activities in the soils. This experiment indicated that all doses and C:N ratios of sewage sludge applied to soil would have harmful effects on enzymatic activity. Some heavy metals found in sewage sludge may negatively influence soil enzyme activities during the decomposition of the sludge.     

壳聚糖对不同种源柠条种子发芽及其酶活性的影响

用不同浓度壳聚糖乙酸溶液分别对陕西省的吴起县和榆林市榆阳区两个产地的柠条种子浸种处理,以清水浸种处理为对照,调查种子发芽及幼苗生长特性,并测定了萌发过程中种子α-淀粉酶、脱氢酶、过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶活性。结果表明,壳聚糖能促进柠条种子的萌发,缩短发芽时间;随着处理浓度的增大,各项发芽指标及各种酶活性先升高后降低,且不同种源柠条种子对壳聚糖浓度的反应不同。当壳聚糖浓度为0.5%时,榆阳柠条种子的发芽率是对照的1.2倍,平均发芽速率缩短0.9d,各种酶活性比对照显著提高,处理效果最佳。当壳聚糖浓度为1.0%时,吴起柠条种子发芽率比照提高13%,平均发芽速率缩短1.7d,各种酶活性比对照显著提高,处理效果最佳。当壳聚糖浓度达到1.5%时,对榆阳柠条种子的萌发有一定的抑制作用,而对吴起柠条种子萌发无抑制作用。壳聚糖对柠条幼苗的生长也有一定的影响,表现在幼苗的根长、苗高、干重、鲜重和叶绿素含量均显著高于对照,吴起柠条和榆阳柠条最佳的处理浓度分别为1.0%和0.5%。     

Effect of an artificial soil mix from coal fly ash and sewage sludge on soil microbial activity

An artificial soil mix was prepared from coal fly ash and sewage sludge and an experiment was performed to evaluate their effects on soil microbial respiration. Coal fly ash at 0%, 5%, 10%, 35% and 50% w/w was mixed with dewatered sewage sludge and then each ash-sludge mixture was incubated with a sandy soil at 1:1 v/v at 28°C for 42 days. All treatments showed the same carbon dioxide production pattern with a peak production at day 7 to day 14. Addition of ash-sludge mixtures to soil resulted in an increase in carbon dioxide production but the production rate decreased according to the ash amendment rate. The high pH of coal fly ash and the dilution effect of the sludge were the major reasons for the decrease. However, the ecological dose 50% values sharply increased from 26% at day 3 to 39% ash at day 14. This indicates the rapid acclimatization of microorganisms to the fly ash-sludge mixtures. Therefore, a brief stabilization period may be required for the establishment of soil microbial populations in soil amended with ash-sludge mixtures.     

Influence of sewage sludge and heavy metals on nematodes in an arable soil

Summary The abundance of nematodes was investigated in agricultural plots treated in three different ways, the first with no treatment, the second with 300 m³ ha^-1 a^-1 raw sewage sludge and the third with 300 m³ ha^-1 a^-1 sewage sludge with the addition of heavy metals. The nematodes were determined down to the genus and were assigned to five feeding groups. Total nematode numbers were highest in the site treated with sewage sludge and heavy metals. The smallest total numbers were found in the control site. The plant-feeding nematode genera showed different patterns of abundance depending on the sludge treatment and heavy metal content. For the mycophagic and bacteriophagic nematodes, numbers increased with the amount of sludge, especially in the sites with a higher heavy metal content. The family Rhabditidae was the most numerous group in the sludge plus heavy metals treatment. In contrast to these findings, the omnivorous nematodes were very rare in the sludgetreated plots and were completely absent in plots treated with sludge plus heavy metals, whereas predatory nematodes were numerous only after the application of sludge alone.     

风化煤复合包裹控释肥对小麦生长发育及土壤酶活性的影响

通过田间试验,研究了风化煤复合包裹控释肥对小麦产量、叶片净光合速率(Pn)、植株干重及养分和土壤速效养分及酶活性的影响。结果表明,施用控释肥均较不施肥（CK）和氮磷钾配施（NPK）小麦产量提高,结构改善。与NPK相比成穗数降低,千粒重和穗粒数提高;等养分量控释肥增产6.69%~16.92%。控释肥使冬小麦中后期叶片Pn、植株干重、全N和全K含量提高;等养分量控释肥较NPK处理子粒蛋白质含量提高。与NPK处理相比,控释肥处理土壤速效养分在冬小麦生长发育前期低、中后期高,同时提高了土壤酶活性,有利于小麦养分吸收与运转,使得肥料利用率提高。供试控释肥中以水玻璃控释材料包裹的控释肥（WCRF）效果最好,明显激活了土壤酶活性,使土壤养分供应充足,小麦生长发育后期叶片Pn、干重及养分含量及子粒产量最高。     

Impact of landspread sewage sludge and earthworm introduction on established earthworms and soil structure

Summary Sewage sludge was applied to twelve 4-m² plots in two forest (mixed hardwood, Norway spruce plantation) site and one old field site. The earthworm Eisenia fetida was introduced to half the control and half the treated plots. Earthworm populations were sampled by formalin extraction and hand-sorting five times in the year following treatment. One year after treatment, soil samples were wet-sieved and water-stable aggregate size-class arrays were determined.The dominant earthworm in the study site, Lumbricus terrestris, increased in density and mean individual biomass in response to sludge treatment in mixed hardwood and old field plots. In the Norway spruce plots, L. terrestris increased in individual biomass but decreased in density following sludge application. The density of the introduced E. fetida rapidly declined in all control plots. One year after introduction, E. fetida was found only in the sludge-treated Norway spruce plot. The introduction of E. fetida with sludge decreased the density and biomass of L. terrestris in the hardwood plots.Sludge treatment increased the percentages of 4-mm diameter water-stable aggregates in old field and hardwood plots. The addition of E. fetida with sludge in the hardwood plots generated no increase in 4-mm water-stable aggregates. In the old field, sludge + E. fetida increased the 4-mm water-stable aggregates. Little change in water-stable aggregates in response to either treatment combination was seen in the Norway spruce site.     

Vermicomposting of sewage sludge: Effect of bulking materials on the growth and reproduction of the earthworm Eisenia andrei

The effect of different residual bulking agents (paper, cardboard, grass clippings, pine needles, sawdust and food wastes) in mixtures with sewage sludge (1:1 dry weight) on the growth and reproduction of Eisenia andrei, Bouché 1972 was studied in smallscale laboratory experiments with batches of sixty earthworms. The maximum weight achieved and the highest growth rate were attained in the mixture with food waste (755±18 mg and 18.6±0.6 mg day⁻¹ respectively) whereas the smallest size and the lowest growth rate was achieved in the mixture of sewage sludge with sawdust (572±18 mg and 11±0.7 mg day⁻¹ respectively). The earthworms showed much higher reproductive rates in the paper and cardboard mixtures (2.82±0.39 and 3.19±0.30 cocoons earthworm⁻¹ week⁻¹ respectively) compared to the control with sewage sludge alone (0.05±0.01 cocoons earthworm⁻¹ week⁻¹).     

施肥对河北荆芥生长生理及产量和药用品质的影响

为明确药用植物荆芥人工栽培的适宜施肥模式,提高人工栽培荆芥的产量和质量,采用单因素随机区组设计的田间试验,研究了不同施肥处理荆芥的生长、生理、产量和有效成分总黄酮含量的变化。试验设置高、中、低量有机肥(腐熟鸡粪)和与有机肥氮磷钾含量相等的高、中、低量化肥及不施肥对照共7个处理。测定了不同施肥处理不同生育时期荆芥叶片光合色素、可溶性蛋白质和不同部位的总黄酮含量,并在收获期测定了不同处理荆芥的干物质产量。结果表明,在该试验条件下,施用有机肥和化肥的荆芥产量和光合色素含量均显著高于对照,有机肥或化肥的3个水平间差异显著,均为高水平>中水平>低水平,有机肥和化肥两种肥料的同一水平间差异不明显;施用有机肥促进荆芥茎、叶、穗中总黄酮的积累,其含量以低水平>中水平>高水平,施用无机肥降低荆芥茎、叶、穗中的总黄酮含量;有机肥高水平处理整株产量和总黄酮量都高于对照及其他处理,差异达显著水平。根据研究结果认为,氮磷钾无机肥料可显著提高荆芥的产量,但降低其总黄酮含量和药用品质,而有机肥料(腐熟的鸡粪)可显著提高荆芥产量,且荆芥中总黄酮含量也较高。因此建议在进行河北省荆芥的人工栽培时,重施有机肥料,最佳有机肥(腐熟的鸡粪)的施用量为15 750 kg.hm 2。     

紫茎泽兰和黄顶菊入侵对土壤微生物群落结构和旱稻生长的影响

为比较入侵植物与本地植物对土壤微生态影响的差异, 探索外来植物入侵的土壤微生物学机制, 本研究通过同质园试验, 比较分析了2种入侵菊科植物(紫茎泽兰、黄顶菊)和2种本地植物(马唐、猪毛菜)对土壤肥力和微生物群落的影响, 并通过盆栽反馈试验验证入侵植物改变后的土壤微生物对本地植物旱稻生长的反馈作用。同质园试验结果表明: 2种入侵植物和2种本地植物分别对土壤微生态产生了不同的影响, 尤其是紫茎泽兰显著提高了土壤有效氮、有效磷和有效钾含量,紫茎泽兰根际土壤中有效氮含量为39.80 mg·kg^-1,有效磷含量为48.52 mg·kg^-1。磷脂脂肪酸指纹图谱结果表明, 2种入侵植物与2种本地植物相比, 较显著增加了土壤中放线菌数量, 而紫茎泽兰比其他3种植物显著增加了细菌和真菌数量。盆栽结果表明: 黄顶菊生长过的土壤灭菌后比灭菌前旱稻株高增加113%, 紫茎泽兰也使旱稻的株高增加17%。由以上结果可知, 紫茎泽兰和黄顶菊可能通过改变入侵地土壤的微环境, 形成利于其自身生长扩散的微生态环境从而实现其成功入侵。     

土壤因子对链霉菌S506定殖和促生功能的影响

链霉菌S506是从植物根际分离获得的具有促生、防病和降解根系毒素功能的根际微生物,为了解土壤环境条件对其在根际定殖和功能表达的影响,以链霉菌S506为试材,研究了土壤质地、环境温度和土壤湿度对S506在番茄根际土壤定殖及番茄植株生长的影响.结果表明,适宜链霉菌S506在番茄根际定殖和促生作用发挥的土壤质地为壤土,其次为砂土和黏土;试验所设温度梯度中,利于S506在根际定殖的环境温度为30℃,其次为22.5℃和15℃,而利于目的菌株促生功能表达的环境温度则依次为22.5℃、30℃和15℃;适宜于目的菌株在根际定殖和促生功能发挥的土壤相对湿度为20%、25%,其次为15%和30%.