中国出口蜂蜜残留情况与改进措施——在国际蜂联大会上的发言（摘录）

(一)我国蜂蜜中氯霉素残留情况及其发生的原因 包括蜂蜜在内的动物源食品药物残留问题困惑着世界各国。我国检验检疫部门对出口蜂蜜中氯霉素残留加强了检测工作。从检测情况来看,我国部分蜂蜜中确有微量氯霉素残留存在。根据调查,我国蜂蜜产生氯霉素污染的原因主要是:     

中国出口蜂蜜残留情况及改进措施—在国际蜂联大会上的发言（摘录）

1　我国蜂蜜中氯霉素残留情况及其发生的原因包括蜂蜜在内的动物源食品药物残留问题困惑着世界各国。我国检验检疫部门对出口蜂蜜中氯霉素残留加强了检测工作并进行了调查。从检测情况来看 ,我国部分蜂蜜中确有微量氯霉素残留存在的情况。根据调查我国蜂蜜产生氯霉素污染的原因主要是 :ａ .虽然农业部已发布禁止使用氯霉素的决定 ,但有少数蜂农不了解氯霉素被禁用的情况 ,同时 ,由于氯霉素价格低廉 ,且对腐臭病、白垩病等细菌性疾病疗效明显 ,原来存有的氯霉素仍有可能被用来防治蜂病。ｂ .蜂蜜收购流通环节造成污染扩大化。目前我国还存在…     

蜂蜜原料中氯霉素和四环素族的快速检测技巧

蜂蜜中的氯霉素和四环素族残留超标是较常见的问题,检测蜂蜜原料中的这两项指标多数是用氯霉素和四环素残留免疫胶体金快速检测试剂条,该试剂条检测快速高效,但是检测成本过高。通过改进取样技巧,采用购货单位分组和蜂蜜的感官性状分组两步骤法,能够节约检测成本,又能简单快速地检测出氯霉素和四环素族残留超标蜂蜜。     

蜂蜜中氯霉素残留来源与变化研究

研究模拟大田养蜂生产,在花期蜂蜜生产过程中通过对照实验,跟踪检测使用氯霉素的生产蜂群的蜂蜜中氯霉素残留量变化趋势,揭示以氯霉素为代表的抗生素残留在蜂群中残留量的变化规律,评估了不同管理水平下氯霉素残留量衰减率,以发现有效消除蜂群氯霉素残留的方法。研究证明,在养蜂生产中一次氯霉素的使用会对蜂蜜品质造成长期影响,同时取蜜次数、蜂群群势及用药剂量均与蜂蜜氯霉素残留量变化相关。生产中取蜜次数与氯霉素残留量负相关,强群势蜂群有助于加快蜂蜜中氯霉素残留量递减速度,但当蜂蜜中氯霉素残留量降至1.5μg/kg后,增加取蜜次数对蜂蜜氯霉素残留量影响不明显。大用药剂量将导致蜂蜜中氯霉素残留量激增,降解时间延长。使用清洁蜂箱和巢脾能有效消除蜂蜜生产中氯霉素的残留。     

水产品中氯霉素类药物残留检测技术的研究进展

氯霉素类药物是一类广泛应用于畜禽、水产养殖中的抗生素,它在水产品中的残留将会影响水产品出口和人体健康。作者综述了氯霉素类药物在水产品中的前处理技术和残留检测方法,包括微生物法、免疫分析法、色谱分析法和其他方法,并分别对其检测方法的优缺点进行了综述,最后对氯霉素类药物多残留检测方法的发展趋势进行了展望。     

动物源性农产品中氯霉素的残留状况及检测方法比较

笔者阐述了动物源性农产品中氯霉素的残留状况和氯霉素残留检测的主要方法进行综述,指出了各种方法的特点及氟霉素检测的发展方向.     

氯霉素残留ELISA检测方法

2002年农业部第235号公告《动物源性食品中兽药最高残留限量》中明确规定氯霉素禁止使用,在动物性食品中不得检出。所以建立检测动物源性食品中痕量氯霉素残留的分析方法具有重要的意义。目前常用于氯霉素残留的检测方法有微生物法、免疫分析方法、色谱法等,比较常用的是酶联免疫法和色谱法。酶联免役法（EUSA）因其具有操作简便、快速等优点,成为畜产品中农药残留、毒素、农药、微生物检测中最重要的检测技术之一。本文旨在建立畜产品中氯霉素残留的快速检测方法,并为进一步研制开发氯霉素残留检测试剂盒奠定基础。     

蜂蜜中药物残留检测的质量控制

2002年1月,欧盟以从我国进口的水产品中发现氯霉素残留和动物源性食品残留监控体系不健全为由,全面停止从我国进口包括蜂蜜在内的动物源性产品.农业部发文禁止使用氯霉素,并对四环素、链霉素等的使用有了更严格的要求,各蜂蜜生产企业,也从历次质量事件中吸取教训,在有关部门的指导下,建立起了蜂农用药管理制度,产品溯源制度等,加强实验室检测手段,添置酶标仪、液相色谱仪、气相色谱仪等,以提高蜂产品中农、兽药残留的检测能力.     

水产品中氯霉素残留检测技术综述

氯霉素是一种光谱杀菌的抗生素,之前广泛应用于渔业养殖中。因其残留可在水产品中富集,食用时会对人体健康造成严重损害,已经被禁止使用,但在实际生产中还有不少养殖户违规使用。为了有效检测和控制水产品中的氯霉素,本文综述了水产品中氯霉素的检测技术,包括免疫分析法、微生物法、色谱分析法等,并对多种技术的优缺点进行了分析,以期通过这些检测技术减少或杜绝水产品中氯霉素残留。     

我国蜂蜜出口受阻控制药残迫在眉睫

20 0 2年初 ,欧盟以中国蜂蜜氯霉素等抗生素残留超标为由 ,中止了进口中国的蜂蜜。美国、日本、加拿大等国也效仿欧盟 ,相继提高了对中国蜂产品药物残留的检出限量要求。按照欧盟的新标准 ,蜂蜜中氯霉素含量不得超过 0 1ｐｐｂ ,即 10万吨蜂蜜中含有的氯霉素不得超过 1克 ,比原有标准提高了10 0倍。由于检测标准提高到了十分苛刻的程度 ,使我国蜂产品出口严重受阻 ,遭受重大损失。受此影响 ,吉林省蜂蜜出口也大幅度减少。吉林省养蜂历史悠久 ,特别是东部山区半山区蜜源十分丰富 ,西部草地蜜源也较好 ,不仅当地养蜂户众多 ,而且每年还吸引大…     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -