胭脂鱼仔鱼开口饵料的初步研究

以全人工繁殖的胭脂鱼仔鱼为试验鱼 ,随机分为蛋黄、轮虫、丰年虫三个饵料组。结果表明 :仔鱼体长增长差异显著 ,体长和体重的增长为轮虫组 >丰年虫组 >蛋黄组。可以认为 :用天然饵料轮虫作为胭脂鱼仔鱼开口饵料能够提高仔鱼成活率和生长速度。     

长江胭脂鱼饵料转口培育试验

在长江胭脂鱼开口饲料的研究中我们发现，长江胭脂鱼开食时更喜食鲜活饵料，用人工配合饲料投喂开口率明显低下。但在高密度集约化的养殖条件下，完全依靠天然鲜活饵料养成不太可能做到，而用配合饲料养殖具有使用安全方便。     

鲇仔鱼开口饵料的研究

取脱膜 4d的鲇仔鱼进行开口试验 ,分别喂以轮虫、枝角类、蛋黄、豆浆等饵料 ,结果发现 ,鲇仔鱼开口时口裂宽为 0 90～ 1 0 0mm ,开口摄食枝角类的机会最多。分组喂养 10d的结果显示 ,使用枝角类喂养的鲇仔鱼 ,其生长速度、养殖成活率均高于其他饵料组。     

哲罗鱼开口饵料试验

试验分别在三个流水槽和一个网箱中进行,每个流水槽放苗500尾哲罗鱼仔鱼,分别投喂水丝蚓粉、鱼粉、三福配合饲料(VITACARE牌智利产);网箱放苗20 523尾,投喂以活体水丝蚓为主,辅喂复合粉(鱼粉+水丝蚓粉+进口饵料)。经过35d的培育,投喂水丝蚓粉的鱼苗平均体重0.275g,平均全长3.36cm,成活率35%;投喂鱼粉的鱼苗平均体重0.371g,平均全长3.82cm,成活率65%;投喂智利进口开口饵料的鱼苗平均体重0.332g,平均全长3.49cm,成活率45%;投喂活体水丝蚓+复合粉的鱼苗平均体重0.603g,平均全长4.22cm,成活率82.8%。结果显示,投喂活体水丝蚓+复合粉是哲罗鱼比较适宜的开口饵料。     

岱海大银鱼开口饵料的研究

内蒙古凉城县岱海自1985年移植大银鱼后,产量几起几落。2000年岱海大银鱼产量又创历史新高,产量高达540ｔ,冬季人工采集大银鱼受精卵14亿粒全部投入湖中。根据这几年的研究经验,大银鱼过度高产将破坏湖中的基础饵料,造成产量大幅下降。2001年岱海大银鱼没有形成产量,浮游生物监测结果表明,2001年岱海的浮游生物量与其它年份同期相比明显偏低。开口饵料的匮乏可能是造成大银鱼早期成活率低的主要原因。为此,我们于2002年3月在岱海渔场实验室内进行了不同条件下大银鱼开口饵料食性分析。1　材料与方法1 1　材料1 1 1　试验用鱼　岱海网箱…     

长薄鳅开口饵料的研究

为寻找合适的长薄鳅仔鱼开口饵料,分别以卤虫、枝角类、蛋黄、卤虫+蛋黄、枝角类+蛋黄、卤虫+光合细菌、枝角类+光合细菌等7种不同的饵料对刚脱膜4d的仔鱼进行了饲喂试验.结果表明:(1)不同饵料对长薄鳅仔鱼的生长具有显著影响(P＜0.05),其中,枝角类+光合细菌组生长最快,绝对增重率和特定增重率分别为4.63±0.075 mg/d和19.02±0.404 ％/d;蛋黄组生长最慢,绝对增重率和特定增重率与其他各组差异显著(P＜0.05).(2)第1周投喂卤虫+光合细菌组合的饵料,仔鱼的成活率最高,为96％;蛋黄组的最终成活率最低,只有34％,且该组仔鱼个体发育较为缓慢,与其他各组差异显著(P＜0.05).根据试验结果,建议在水泥池育苗的条件下,对刚脱膜4d的长薄鳅仔鱼,第1周投喂卤虫+光合细菌,后期投喂枝角类+光合细菌,以提高仔鱼的成活率和成长率.     

三疣梭子蟹开口饵料探讨

对梭子蟹的开口饵料进行了４组对比实验,比实验中可以看出,喂轮虫加豆粉的变态率高于单一喂轮虫的变态率,喂轮虫变态率高于喂卤虫的变态率,喂卤虫的变态率高于喂蛋黄和酵母的变态率。     

鸭绿江斑鳜开口饵料初步研究

以团头鲂仔鱼、枝角类、丰年虫幼体、鱼苗宝A1和鱼苗宝C2作为开口饵料投喂斑鳜仔鱼,经7d培育,结果表明团头鲂组生长最快,平均体长达11.25mm,平均体重达14.85mg.其成活率达52%,和其它组有极显著差异;丰年虫幼体组成活率最高达54%,但生长缓慢.五种开口饵料中,以团头鲂仔鱼最好,丰年虫幼体次之,其均好于枝角类、鱼苗宝A1和鱼苗宝C2.丰年虫幼体可作短时间替代饵料.     

细鳞鲑仔鱼开口饵料的研究

选取了6种不同饵料组合对孵化14d上浮开口细鳞鲑仔鱼进行开口饵料试验研究。在相同环境条件下,经10d投喂试验,结果表明:细鳞鲑仔鱼体长增长及成活率依次为轮虫+枝角类幼体组轮虫组颗粒饵料组螺旋藻组酵母及蛋黄组;经饲养10d后最高体长增加0.45cm,仔鱼成活率最高达98%。     

鱼类的开口摄食期及其饵料

本文根据部分有关鱼类仔鱼开口摄食阶段的试验研究论文与资料,综合讨论了仔鱼开口摄食朝的形态特点、开口摄食的时间、开口摄食的饵料种类以及开口摄食的饵料数量。     

Dietary vitamin C requirement of juvenile Chinese sucker (Myxocyprinus asiaticus)

An 8‐week growth experiment was conducted to quantify the appropriate dietary vitamin C requirement of juvenile Chinese sucker (Myxocyprinus asiaticus). Triplicate groups of 30 experimental fish [initial body weight: (7.1 ± 0.3) g] were cultured in 500 L aquaria and fed with semi‐purified diets containing six levels [10.1 (unsupplemented diet), 37.4, 64.9, 125.2, 244.2 and 482.0 mg kg^?1 diet, respectively] of vitamin C (supplied as L‐ascorbyl‐2‐polyphosphate). Results showed that weight gain of Chinese sucker was significantly increased with increasing dietary vitamin C levels, but there was no significant difference of weight gain among fish fed the diets containing more than 125.2 mg kg^?1 vitamin C. As dietary vitamin C increased, the liver vitamin C content of fish showed the increasing trend firstly and then stabled, while the muscle vitamin C content significantly increased without reaching a constant level. Lower liver malondialdehyde content was observed in 125.2, 244.2 and 482.0 mg kg^?1 vitamin C groups, and higher antioxidant capacity and superoxide dismutase activities were observed in supplemented groups when compared to the unsupplemented group. Liver aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase activities were also significant affected by dietary vitamin C. Ash content of fish fed the diet with 244.2 or 482.0 mg kg^?1 vitamin C was significantly higher than that of fish fed the other diets. However, dietary vitamin C had no significant effects on whole‐body crude protein, lipid and moisture contents. The vitamin C requirement of juvenile Chinese sucker was estimated to be 84.6 and 126.1 mg kg^?1 based on weight gain and liver vitamin C concentration respectively.     

环境因子对胭脂鱼精子活力影响的研究

通过观察精子的快速运动时间和寿命,研究了6种环境因子对胭脂鱼(Myxocyprinus asiaticus Bleeker)精子活力的影响。结果表明:胭脂鱼精子对酸碱的耐受能力较强,在pH值为4~10时,精子均可以快速运动,且在pH值为8时精子的活力最强。不同浓度的NaCl、KCl、葡萄糖、CaCl2、MaCl2溶液对胭脂鱼精子运动的诱导效果不同。5种溶液最适于胭脂鱼精子运动的浓度分别为:NaCl 102 mmol/L;KCl 75 mmol/L;葡萄糖100 mmol/L;CaCl275.6 mmol/L;MgCl275.6 mmol/L。且在5种溶液低浓度时精子活力较强,超过一定浓度精子的运动开始被抑制。     

胭脂鱼仔鱼的生长和消化酶活力变化

对胭脂鱼(Myxocyprinus asiaticus)孵化后1～37 d仔鱼的体长、体重、RNA/DNA比率、胰蛋白酶、脂肪酶和淀粉酶的酶活力变化进行了测定。结果显示:胭脂鱼仔鱼1～37 d体长稳定增长。体重增加呈阶段性,在1～21 d体重增长缓慢,21～29 d体重增加较快,29～37 d体重快速增加。仔鱼从7 d开始摄食,1～6 d,RNA/DNA比率变化很小,蛋白含量逐渐降低;7～21 d,RNA/DNA比率波动较大,蛋白含量增长缓慢;21～37 d,RNA/DNA比率和蛋白质均增长迅速。生长率(GR)与RNA/DNA比率的回归方程为:GR=1.01RNA/DNA+1.6077(R2=0.8516)。从2、5和7 d开始分别检测到明显的胰蛋白酶、脂肪酶和淀粉酶活力,之后,消化酶活力随着发育先快速地上升然后波动性地下降到一个稳定水平。结果表明:胭脂鱼仔鱼从内源性到外源性营养转化过程中,不同的消化酶能够检测到明显酶活力的时间不同,到仔鱼开始摄食时已经具备消化蛋白质、脂肪和淀粉的能力;RNA/DNA比率可以作为判定仔鱼生长率的可靠指标。     

Hatching rate of Chinese sucker (Myxocyprinus asiaticus Bleeker) eggs exposed to total dissolved gas (TDG) supersaturation and the tolerance of juveniles to the interaction of TDG supersaturation and suspended sediment

Flood discharge containing excessive suspended sediments (SS) can result in total dissolved gas (TDG) supersaturation downstream of dams. It has been confirmed that high TDG levels and excessive SS cause serious threats to fish survival. To explore the effects of TDG supersaturation on the hatchability of Chinese sucker (Myxocyprinus asiaticus Bleeker) eggs, eggs were exposed to 100%, 125%, 130% and 135% TDG supersaturated water. The results showed that the hatching rates were 78.25%, 75.35%, 71.30% and 67.50% at the 100%, 125%, 130% and 135% TDG respectively. The hatching rate decreased with increasing TDG levels. Furthermore, acute lethality experiments were carried out to investigate the interaction of TDG supersaturation and SS on Chinese sucker. Half‐year‐old juveniles were exposed to TDG supersaturated water with SS concentrations of 0, 200, 600 and 1,000 mg/L, and the TDG levels were 125%, 130%, 135% and 140% respectively. The fish exhibited abnormal behaviours and signs of gas bubble disease. Mortality increased with increasing TDG levels and SS concentrations. The Chinese suckers only survived for 2.5 hr at 140% TDG and 1,000 mg/L SS. Moreover, an increase in SS in TDG supersaturated water could cause a decrease in the median lethal time (LT₅₀). When the TDG level reached 140%, the LT₅₀ declines significantly at 600 and 1,000 mg/L SS. The interaction of TDG supersaturation and SS was significant at LT₅₀ (F = 22.81, df = 9, p < 0.001). The results indicate that the combined effect of TDG and SS could be great on Chinese sucker.     

Dietary l‐lysine requirement of juvenile Chinese sucker,Myxocyprinus asiaticus

An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted to quantify the dietary l ‐lysine requirement of juvenile Chinese sucker with an initial weight of 1.81 ± 0.04 g reared in indoor flow‐through and aerated tanks. Six isonitrogenous and isoenergetic practical diets were formulated to contain graded levels of lysine (1.23%, 1.80%, 2.39%, 2.98%, 3.56% and 4.18% dry matter) at 0.6% increments from dietary ingredients and crystalline l ‐lysine. Each diet was randomly assigned to triplicate groups of 30 fish each and was fed to apparent satiation by hand three times a day (09:00, 13:00 and 17:00 hours) for 8 weeks. There were significant differences in growth performance and feed utilization among the treatments. Weight gain (WG), specific growth rate and protein efficiency ratio (PER) significantly increased with increasing lysine levels up to 2.39% of diet (P < 0.05) and remained nearly the same thereafter (P > 0.05). Feed efficiency was the poorest for fish fed the lowest lysine diet (P < 0.05) and showed no significant differences when dietary lysine level increased from 2.39% to 4.18%. The N retention (% N intake) significantly increased with dietary lysine level but did not attain a plateau (P < 0.05). Survival could not be related to dietary treatments. Whole body protein increased (P < 0.05) and whole body lipid decreased (P < 0.05) with increasing dietary lysine level. The condition factor and hepatosomatic index were significantly affected by dietary lysine levels, however, viscersomatic index, whole body moisture and ash did not differ significantly among dietary treatments. Broken‐line analysis on the basis of WG and PER showed that dietary lysine requirements of juvenile Chinese sucker were 2.43% and 2.40% dry diet (5.52% and 5.45% dietary protein) respectively. Based on the ideal protein approach and the A/E ratios determined from muscle amino acid profile an estimation of the EAA requirements of Chinese sucker juveniles were calculated.     

饲料脂肪水平对胭脂鱼幼鱼生长、体组成和抗氧化能力的影响

试验选用体重(6.73±0.21)g的胭脂鱼(Myxocyprinus asiaticus)幼鱼540尾,随机分成6个组,每组3个重复,每个重复30尾试验鱼。以大豆油为脂肪源,配制成脂肪水平为2.04%、4.43%、6.88%、9.02%、11.98%、13.39%的半精制饲料,进行为期56 d的生长试验,研究脂肪水平对胭脂鱼幼鱼生长、体组成及机体抗氧化能力的影响。结果显示:饲料脂肪水平对胭脂鱼的生长性能有显著影响(P<0.05)。脂肪水平为6.88%时,胭脂鱼增重率、特定生长率、蛋白质沉积效率最高,饲料系数最低。脂肪沉积效率随脂肪水平的增加呈下降趋势。随脂肪水平增加,胭脂鱼全鱼、肌肉和肝胰脏脂肪含量逐渐上升,至6.88%组后稳定,而全鱼水分、粗蛋白含量没有显著变化(P>0.05)。胭脂鱼机体抗氧化能力随着脂肪水平的增加呈现先升后降趋势,脂肪水平为6.88%时,总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、超氧物歧化酶(SOD)值最大,丙二醛(MDA)值最小,即抗氧化能力最强。以增重率、特定生长率和饲料系数进行回归分析并考虑脂肪水平对胭脂鱼营养组成和抗氧化能力的影响,确定胭脂鱼幼鱼适宜脂肪水平为6.62%~7.02%。     

Dietary phosphorus requirement of juvenile Chinese sucker,Myxocyprinus asiaticus

A growth trial was conducted to estimate the optimum requirement of dietary available phosphorus (P) for Chinese sucker juveniles. Triplicate groups of juveniles Chinese sucker (initial mean weight: 1.77 ± 0.02 g, mean ± SD) were fed diets containing graded levels (3.1, 5.3, 7.5, 9.6 and 11.8 g kg^?1) of available phosphorus. The basal diet (diet 1), containing 3.1 g kg^?1 available P, was supplemented with graded levels of monocalcium phosphate to formulate four experimental diets. The fish were fed twice daily (08:00 and 17:00 h) to satiation for 8 weeks. During the experimental period, the water temperature fluctuated from 27.5 to 30.5 °C and dissolved oxygen was more than 6 mg L^?1. The specific growth rate, protein efficiency ratio were all significantly increased by dietary available phosphorus up to 7.5 g kg^?1 (P < 0.05) and then levelled off beyond this level. Feed conversion ratio significantly decreased with dietary available phosphorus level up to 7.5 g kg^?1 (P < 0.05). Dietary treatments did not significantly affect feed intake (P > 0.05). Efficiency of phosphorus (P) utilization significantly decreased with dietary available phosphorus level (P < 0.05). Body composition analysis showed that the whole‐body lipid, ash, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) contents were all significantly affected by dietary available P concentration (P < 0.05); however, no significance were found for manganese (Mn) concentration and calcium/phosphorus (Ca/P) ratios in whole‐body among all the treatments (P > 0.05). Dietary phosphorus levels also significantly affected the mineralization of vertebrae and scale (P < 0.05), and Ca/P ratios in scale were not influenced by dietary P supplementation, while vertebrae Ca/P ratio decreased with dietary available P levels (P < 0.05) (quadratic effect, P < 0.001). Signs of phosphorus deficiency were characterized by poor growth, slightly reduced mineralization and an increase in body lipid content. The blood chemistry analysis showed that dietary available P had distinct effects on enzyme activities of alkaline phosphatase, as well as contents of triacyglycerol and total cholesterol (P < 0.05). Broken‐line analysis based on weight gain indicated the minimum available phosphorus requirement for the optimal growth of juvenile Chinese sucker was 7.4 g kg^?1. Based on the phosphorus content in whole body, vertebrae or scale indicated that the requirements were 8.3, 8.8 and 8.6 g kg^?1 respectively.     

胭脂鱼幼鱼的耗氧率及窒息点研究

在自制的可控温密封式流水呼吸室内,对0+龄胭脂鱼(Myxocyprinus asiaticus)的耗氧率和耗氧量进行了测定,并对0+龄和1+龄胭脂鱼的窒息点和窒息过程作了分析。结果显示,平均体重6~7 g的0+龄胭脂鱼在15℃时的平均耗氧率和耗氧量分别为0.0585 mg/(g.h)和0.3567 mg/(尾.h);20℃时的平均耗氧率和耗氧量为0.1176 mg/(g.h)和0.8232 mg/(尾.h);昼间耗氧率与夜间耗氧率未显差异。15、20、25和30℃下0+龄胭脂鱼的窒息点分别为0.4921、0.8319、0.9356和1.5144 mg/L,25和30℃下1+龄胭脂鱼的窒息点为1.0738和1.1027 mg/L。     

Effects of feeding levels on growth performance,feed utilization,body composition and apparent digestibility coefficients of nutrients for juvenile Chinese sucker,Myxocyprinus asiaticus

An experiment was conducted to determine effects of feeding levels on growth performance, feed utilization, nutrient deposition, body composition and apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of nutrients for juvenile Chinese sucker (initial weight, 11.77±0.22 g). Chinese sucker were fed a practical diet from 0% (starvation) to 4.0% (at 0.5% increments) body weight (bw) day^?1 for 8 weeks. The results showed that growth performance, feed utilization, nutrient deposition, body composition and ADCs of dry matter, protein and energy were significantly (P<0.05) affected by feeding levels. Survival was the lowest for the starvation group. Final mean body weight, growth rate, thermal‐unit growth coefficient (TGC) increased with feeding rate from 0% to 3.0% bw day^?1 (P<0.05) and showed no significant differences above the level (P>0.05). Feed conversion rate was significantly lower at a feeding level of 2.5% bw day^?1 than above and below the level (P<0.05). Protein efficiency ratio was markedly highest at the 2.5% bw day^?1 ration level (P<0.05). Fish fed at the feeding level (1.0% bw day^?1), which represented a maintenance ration (energy gain was less than 2.27 kJ fish^?1 day^?1), showed positive protein deposition but negative lipid deposition. This indicates that fish fed a maintenance ration mobilize body lipid reserve to support protein deposition. Lipid contents of whole body, muscle and liver increased with increasing feeding rates from 0.5% to 3.0% bw day^?1 and showed no significant differences above the level (P>0.05). Protein contents of whole‐body composition increased with feeding rate from 0.5 to 3.0% bw day^?1 (P<0.05) and showed no significant differences above the level (P>0.05), whereas muscle and liver remained relatively stable with the different ration amount with the exception of fish fed a ration of 0.5% bw day^?1, at which Chinese sucker possessed significantly lower body protein concentration (P<0.05). The ADCs of dry matter, protein and energy decreased with increasing feeding levels from 0.5% to 3.0% bw day^?1 and then remained relatively constant over the level. Based on the broken‐line regression analysis using WG data, the optimum and maintenance feeding levels for Chinese sucker were 3.10% bw day^?1 and 0.45% bw day^?1 respectively.     

胭脂鱼幼鱼饲料中适宜的蛋白质含量和能量蛋白比的研究

以酪蛋白作为蛋白源,植物油作为脂肪能量基础来源,用糊精调节能量梯度。添加等量α-淀粉、复合预混料,用羧甲基纤维素（CMC）作为粘合剂,配制成不同梯度的蛋白质和能量的试验饲料。以增重率、蛋白质效率和饲料系数为评判依据,对体重为25.80±0.34g的胭脂鱼适宜蛋白质含量及其能量蛋白比进行了研究。结果表明：胭脂鱼幼鱼配合饲料中的适宜蛋白质含量范围为40～45,饲料的最佳能量蛋白比为460。当试验饲料蛋白质含量为41.15,能量蛋白比为460时,试验胭脂鱼获得最大增重率为73,最低的饲料系数为1.52,以及最高的蛋白质效率为1.65。