家牦牛,半血野牦牛年产毛量的比较

对１７６头各龄家牦牛和半血野牦牛的年产毛量进行了测定。测定结果：家牦牛１岁０．９８±０．２９ｋｇ／头，２岁１．１２±０．２２ｋｇ／头，３一５岁１．１８±０．３８ｋｇ／头，６岁以上０．８８±０．２７ｋｇ／头；半血野牦牛相应为０．９０±０．２０ｋｇ／头，１．０５±０．２７ｋｇ／头，０．６８±０．２８ｋｇ／头，０．９０±０．３８ｋｇ／头；３一５岁家牦牛组的年产毛量极显著高于６岁以上年龄组（Ｐ＜０．０１），同１岁、２岁年龄组的年产毛量差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５），２岁与６岁以上年龄组之间呈显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０５）；半血野牦牛各年龄组的年产毛量差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）；１岁家牦牛公母间，２岁半血野牦牛公母间，年产毛量差异极显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）。     

牦牛、半血野牦牛生长发育期若干激素变化规律

采用放射免疫技术对１～２４月龄家牦牛、半血野牦牛血液中ＩＮＳ，ＧＨ，ＬＨ，Ｔ，Ｐ，１７β－Ｅ＿２含量进行研究。结果表明，家牦牛、半血野牦牛ＩＮＳ均值分别为３．０８２７±１．９５５１μＵ／ｍｌ，３．１４２４±１．４６６８μＵ／ｍｌ；ＧＨ分别为３．５５４９±０．４６２４ｎｇ／ｍｌ，３．９０４８±０．６０４７ｎｇ／ｍｌ；ＬＨ分别为０．３８２２±０．００２１ｎｇ／ｍｌ，０．４０８６±０．０６４９ｎｇ／ｍｌ；Ｔ分别为５．５６２１±２．５９２７ｎｇ／ｍｌ，１１．０４３７±１０．９５０８ｎｇ／ｍｌ；Ｐ＿４分别为０．５７２９±０．５０３６ｎｇ／ｍｌ，０．３５３９±０．２０３３ｎｇ／ｍｌ；１７β－Ｅ＿２分别为２６．３５３８±１５．６４６４ｐｇ／ｍｌ，２２．７０２１±６．９４７２ｐｇ／ｍｌ。经二因子无重复观察值的方差分析表明，家牦牛和半血野牦牛之间，各月龄之间ＩＮＳ，ＧＨ，ＬＨ，Ｔ，Ｐ＿４，１７β－Ｅ＿２含量均无显著差异。     

1／4野血牦牛,1／2野血牦牛及家牦牛初产产乳性能测定

对１／４野血牦牛、１／２野血牦牛和家牦牛的初产牛进行１２０天的产奶量和乳脂率测定。结果：日均挤乳量,１／４野血牦牛为０．９４±０．２２ｋｇ,１／２野血牦牛为１．０５±０．１８ｋｇ,家牦牛为０．１１±０．１０ｋｇ;乳脂率,１／４野血牦牛为６．２９％,１／２野血牦牛为５．６％,家牦牛为６．２４％。经ｑ检验,３组的日均挤乳量和１／４野血牦牛与家牦牛的乳脂率均差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）,而１／２野血牦牛因野性较大,难以挤净含脂较高的二奶,以致乳脂率低于其它两组。     

含野血牦牛八项血清生化指标测定

对大通种牛场８０头含野血牦牛８项血清生化指标进行了测定。结果：含野血成年牦牛的血清钾、钠、总钙、游离钙、游离钙百分率、氯、无机磷、总蛋白分别为６．０１±０．９３ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，１３３．０５±５．４５ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，２．４５±０．４２ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，１．０２±０．４７ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，３９．３４±１３．４２％，１００．９４±７．３６ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，２．５３±０．５４ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，６７．４０±７．３０ｇ／Ｌ；２～３月龄含野血牦牛的相应指标分别为４．９２±０．６７ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，１３５．７５±４．９９ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，２．０３±０．２７ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，０．４６±０．２２ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，２１．３３±９．０３％，９７．３２±４．２４ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，３．０６±０．２２ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，７５．１±３．２ｇ／Ｌ。     

含野血牦牛八基血清生化指标测定

对大通种牛扬８０头含野牦牛８项血清化生指标进行了测定，结果：含野血成年牦牛的血清钾，钠，总钙，游离钙，游离钙百分率，氯，无机磷，总蛋白分别为６．０１±０９３ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，１３３．０５±５．４５ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，２．４５±０．４２ｍｃｏｌ／Ｌ，１．０２±０．４７ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，３９．３４±１３．４２％，１００．９４±７．３６ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，２．５３±０．５４ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，６７．４０±７．３０ｇ／Ｌ，２～３月     

生长家牦牛与半血野牦牛产毛量的比较

对180头生长家牦牛和半血野牦牛的产毛量进行了测定。测定结果,家牦牛1岁1.263±0.239kg/头,2岁1.404±0.329kg/头;3岁1.501±0.326kg/头;半血牦牛相应为1.074±0.308kg/头,1.064±0.336kg/头,1.158±0.410kg/头。其绒毛产量分别为家牦牛0.605±0.143kg/头,0.711±0.216kg/头,0.635±0.246kg/头。半血野牦牛0.556±0.177kg/头,0.418±O.201kg/头,0.453±0.217kg/头。裙毛产量分别为家牦牛0.658±0.137kg/头,0.693 ±0.175kg/头,0.866±0.187kg/头。半血野牦牛0.518±0.211kg/头,0.646±0.257kg/头,O.705±0.258kg/头。结果表明,给家牦牛导入野牦牛血液进行血缘更新,牦牛的产绒、产毛性能未能得到提高。     

版纳微型猪

版纳锻型猪原产于云南省西双版纳州境内，属华南型猪种。为发掘和利用我省微小型猪资源，于１９８７＊年开始引种饲养，经４年观察测定，６月龄体重、体高＊和体长，公猪为１３．１±０．４ｋｇ、３２．３±０．４ｃｍ和５４．６±＊０．８ｃｍ，母猪为１７．２±０．４ｋｇ、３４．４±０．２ｃｍ和５８．５±０．６ｃｍ：成年（２岁以上）体重公猪为３６．２±１．１ｋｇ、母猪为４３．３±１．０ｋｇ、微型猪性成熟早、４～６月龄即可配种繁殖、经产母猪平均窝产活仔７．８±０．４头，是培育医学实验动物较理想素材。同时，仔猪有迅长迅肥、皮薄＊骨细、背膘分布均匀、后腿率高、无腥味、很适合作烤猪＊原料。     

牦牛杂种优势利用新途径研究报告

本项研究提出了牦牛种间杂交的新途径（黑白花牛冻精×藏黄牛×牦牛，即三元杂交）。揭示了含１／２黑白花牛血液的杂种藏黄公牛（黑白花牛冻精×藏黄牛，以下简称杂种藏黄公牛）从半农半牧区引入高寒牧区后，有良好的适应性。它与牦牛自然交配，繁殖成活率４１４１％，比用“冻配”技术生产犏牛提高１７７１个百分点。自然交配繁殖的Ｆ１代犏牛杂种优势明显，初生重较大，公、母分别为２０２５±２６１ｋｇ、１９９５±２８４ｋｇ，相应比牦牛高６７５、６７０ｋｇ；生长发育快，２５岁时公、母体重分别为３１０７８±６８８ｋｇ、３０５７９±１４１６ｋｇ，比同龄牦牛相应重１２６４８和１４９９２ｋｇ；母犏牛２～３岁可初配，３～４岁挤奶，比牦牛提前１～２岁挤奶；第一胎（１８３天）挤奶量６５９３６ｋｇ±４１３４ｋｇ，为同胎次母牦牛的２６５倍、同胎次母黄犏牛的１７２倍。     

云南主要地方牛种的屠宰性能研究

首次对云南主要地方牛种的屠宰性能作了研究。大额牛、云南瘤牛、迪庆黄牛、中甸牦牛和中甸牛扁牛的宰前活重（ｋｇ）分别为１７０．０±２５．０、３２４．５±２８．５、１６３．３０±２４．８９、３０９．１３±５９．７５和１８３．２５±２７．５９;胴体重（ｋｇ）分别为７８．１８±８．８２、１６５．９１±１６．２９、８３．８８±１５．４２、１７８．７７±３４．０８和８３．８５±１８．１４;屠宰率（％）分别为５２．５６±０．７８、５１．０８±１．５３、５１．２５±２．９０、５７．６０±４．５４和４５．４４±３．５１;净肉率（％）３９．７６±０．２４、３９．９７±１．２９、３９．７９±３．９２、４５．６８±４．３９和３４．３１±３．８５;眼肌面积（ｃｍ２）分别为４９．８４±１４．８２、７６．０７±３．６０、３３．２０±５．９２、５５．３５±１５．３１和３４．３７±９．７２。结果表明：大额牛、云南瘤牛、迪庆黄牛和中甸牦牛,在放牧条件下有较好的产肉性能,尤其是云南瘤牛、中甸牦牛的产肉性能更为突出。     

热应激对猪繁殖的影响及降温后果

亚热带气候条件下，开放式猪舍６，７，８，９月份的月平均舍温分别达到２８．４６℃，３０．３２℃，３０．２１℃，２９．１８℃。７，８，９月份，未采取降温措施组公猪精液的精子密度、活力分别为１．３４±０．７５亿／ｍＬ和０．６１±０．２７亿／ｍＬ，采取降温措施组公猪的精子密度、活力分别为１．７０±０．９１亿／ｍＬ和０．８０±０．０９亿／ｍＬ。７月份断奶未采取降温措施的母猪受胎率为８０％、产仔数为９．１４±２．６７头、产活仔数为８．２９±２．６９头，初生窝重为１３．２１±３．８８ｋｇ，采取喷雾降温措施的母猪受胎率、产仔数、产活仔数、初生窝重分别为９４．５９％、１０．７４±２．９４头、１０．３０±２．８６头和１４．２４±２．４２ｋｇ。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -