不同配比有机无机肥料对菜地N2O排放的影响

【目的】 采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法,研究有机无机肥料配施对菜地N₂O排放的影响。【方法】 试验期间连续种植了4季蔬菜,分别为香菜、空心菜、菜秧、菠菜,其中香菜和菠菜种植期间有塑料大棚覆盖。每季蔬菜收获后至下季蔬菜种植前有时间不等的休耕期。每季蔬菜种植前肥料作为基肥一次性施入,施肥量均为N 250 kg/hm2,其中空心菜在第二茬收获后追施N 250 kg/hm2一次,整个观测期共施肥5次,总施氮量为N 1250 kg/hm2,同时施入等量P₂O₅、K₂O。试验共设4个处理:不施氮对照（CK）、单施化肥（NPK）、有机无机肥料1:1配施（M1N1）和有机无机肥料2:1配施（M2N1）。N₂O排放通量测定频率为每周一次,每次施肥后则每2天测定一次。【结果】 观测期内各处理菜地N₂O排放主要集中在4~10月份,并与10 cm土层土壤温度呈显著正相关;NPK处理菜地N₂O排放通量与土壤无机氮含量显著相关,其他处理N₂O排放通量与土壤铵态氮、硝态氮以及无机氮含量间无显著相关。整个观测期内土壤充水孔隙度（WFPS）介于39%~59%之间,土壤水分含量的变化对N₂O排放通量无显著影响。与NPK处理相比,M1N1和M2N1处理均能保证蔬菜产量稳定,并显著提高空心菜的产量。与NPK处理相比,M1N1处理显著降低菜地N₂O周年累积排放量36%,显著降低N₂O周年排放系数64%。与M2N1处理相比,M1N1处理的N₂O周年累积排放量和周年排放系数分别显著降低29%和56%;而M2N1处理较NPK处理的减排效果不显著。【结论】 在集约化菜地适宜的无机有机肥料配比既能保证蔬菜产量,又能减少N₂O排放,不施或施用有机肥比例过高均不利于减少N₂O周年排放。本试验条件下,有机无机肥料以1:1配施是合适的稳产减排措施。     

N2O emission mitigation and microbial activity after Biochar and Cao application in a flooded nitrate-rich vegetable soil

Adding easily decomposable organic materials into flooded nitrate-rich soils can effectively decrease the soil nitrate concentration and repair nitrate-rich soil. However, nitrate reduction is usually accompanied with an increase in N₂O emission. This study was conducted to reduce N₂O emission in a nitrate-rich vegetable soil flooded for remediation and amended with biochar. Nitrate-rich vegetable soil was placed in five treatment groups: flooding (F); flooding with rice straw (F?+?RS); flooding with rice straw and 1% biochar (F?+?RS?+?1% biochar); flooding with rice straw and 3% biochar (F?+?RS?+?3% biochar); flooding with rice straw and CaO (F?+?RS?+?CaO). Biochar and CaO reduced the N₂O emission levels relative to the F?+?RS group, with the former being more effective than the latter, achieving reduction of 40.70% (3% biochar) and 17.35% (CaO) of cumulative N₂O emission. The 3% biochar was more effective than the 1% biochar. Regression analysis showed a positive correlation between the abundance of NO reductase gene (norB) and soil N₂O emission flux. In general, biochar and CaO could effectively reduce N₂O emissions from a nitrate-rich vegetable soil during flooding remediation, duo to elevating soil pH and altering denitrifying activity. The norB gene was the most important denitrifying gene driving soil N₂O emission in the remediation.     

Effects of aggregate size,soil compaction,and bovine urine on N2O emissions from a pasture soil

The dominant N₂O emission source in New Zealand, calculated using the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change methodology, is agricultural soils. The largest source of N₂O emissions in New Zealand occurs as a result of excreta deposition onto pasture during grazing. There is a dearth of studies examining the effect of soil compaction and soil aggregate size on N₂O emissions from urine patches in grazed pastures. In this study, we repacked soil cores with four different soil aggregate sizes (<1.0–5.6 mm diameter), applied bovine urine, and then subjected the soil cores to four levels of soil compaction. Fluxes of N₂O were monitored for 37 days after which soil cores were allowed to dry out prior to a rewetting event. There was an interaction between aggregate size and soil compaction with the cumulative loss of N₂O over the first 37 days ranging from 0.3% to 9.6% of the urine-N applied. The highest N₂O emissions occurred from the smallest and most compacted aggregates. Even under the highest levels of compaction the N₂O loss from the large aggregates (4.0–5.6 mm diameter) was <1% of the urine-N applied. Reasons for the observed differences in the N₂O flux from the different-sized aggregates included varying gas diffusivities and higher rates of denitrification in the smallest aggregates, as evidenced by the disappearance of nitrate.     

有机无机肥料配合施用对设施菜田土壤N2O排放的影响

采用静态箱气相色谱法研究了有机无机肥料配合施用对设施菜田土壤N2O排放的影响。结果表明: 1）设施芹菜和番茄施基肥后57 d（灌溉后13 d）出现土壤N2O排放通量峰值,追肥后（施肥与灌溉同步）1 d出现土壤N2O排放通量峰值; 芹菜季和番茄季施用基肥后20 d内N2O排放量分别占当季总排放量的40%65%左右,是土壤N2O主要排放期。2）施用基肥后至定植灌水前各处理土壤N2O排放量逐渐降低,灌水后N2O排放通量迅速上升。各处理土壤N2O排放通量与土壤含水量之间呈显著相关,相关系数在0.43~0.72之间。3）土壤N2O排放主要发生在番茄季,番茄生育期各处理土壤N2O总排放量是芹菜生育期的3.1倍; 各处理土壤N2O排放通量与5 cm土层温度之间总体上呈显著相关,相关系数在0.40~0.58之间。4）设施菜田大幅减施化肥的有机无机肥配合施用模式可显著降低土壤N2O排放量和肥料损失率,芹菜季和番茄季土壤N2O排放量较习惯施肥处理分别降低66.3%和85.1%,肥料损失率分别降低45.2%和74.9%。5）等氮量投入时,施用秸秆较施用猪粪可有效降低土壤N2O排放,芹菜季和番茄季分别降低43.4%和74.2%。     

Effects of nitrogen fertilization and irrigation on N2O emissions from a sandy soil in Germany

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of supplemental irrigation on the amount of N₂O emissions on a sandy soil in north-east Germany. N₂O flux measurements were carried out over two vegetation periods from the emergence of plants to harvest. The level of N₂O emissions was low, which is typical for sandy soils in north-east Germany. In both periods, irrigation had no increasing effect on N₂O emissions. Relevant factors were the soil temperature and the soil water-filled pore space (WFPS), which were mainly influenced by weather conditions. This may indicate that nitrification was the main source of N₂O emissions. In conclusion, this study has confirmed that sandy soils under weather conditions of north-east Germany generally have a very low potential for N₂O emissions.     

有机肥与无机肥配施对菜地土壤N2O排放及其来源的影响

该研究采用同位素自然丰度法,通过室内培养试验研究北京地区菜地有机肥和无机肥配施对土壤释放N2O及同位素位嗜值SP（site preference）的影响,以期获得不同肥料及其配比下土壤N2O的来源及变化规律。结果表明：施用无机肥释放的N2O显著高于有机肥,其累积排放量是有机肥的6.63倍,且无机肥施用比例越高,排放量越大;各肥料组合在施用后7天内均以反硝化作用生成N2O为主,贡献最高达到78.89%,SP为6.97‰,之后硝化作用逐渐增强并成为主要途径,最高占比达76.48%,SP为25.24‰;培养期内施用无机肥可以促进反硝化作用,平均占比52.98%,SP为15.52‰,而有机肥会使硝化作用增强,平均占比71.35%,SP为23.55‰。因此,在北京潮褐土地区菜地土壤施用有机肥对N2O有良好的减排效果,可为蔬菜生产中肥料的合理应用提供科学依据。     

Effect of different biochar and fertilizer types on N2O and NO emissions

The use of biochar as soil improver and climate change mitigation strategy has gained much attention, although at present the effects of biochar on soil properties and greenhouse gas emissions are not completely understood. The objective of our incubation study was to investigate biochar's effect on N₂O and NO emissions from an agricultural Luvisol upon fertilizer (urea, NH₄Cl or KNO₃) application. Seven biochar types were used, which were produced from four different feedstocks pyrolyzed at various temperatures. At the end of the experiment, after 14 days of incubation, soil nitrate concentrations were decreased upon biochar addition in all fertilizer treatments by 6–16%. Biochar application decreased both cumulative N₂O (52–84%) and NO (47–67%) emissions compared to a corresponding treatment without biochar after urea and nitrate fertilizer application, and only NO emissions after ammonium application. N₂O emissions were more decreased at high compared to low pyrolysis temperature.Several hypotheses for our observations exist, which were assessed against current literature and discussed thoroughly. In our study, the decreased N₂O and NO emissions are expected to be mediated by multiple interacting phenomena such as stimulated NH₃ volatilization, microbial N immobilization, non-electrostatic sorption of NH₄⁺ and NO₃⁻, and biochar pH effects.     

Simulated warming and low O2 promote N2O and N2 emissions in subtropical montane forest soil

Journal of Soils and Sediments - The montane subtropical forest soils contain huge nitrogen stocks, and climate warming might drive its volatilization due to the promotion of gaseous losses of...     

Effects of phosphorus addition on N2O and NO emissions from soils of an Acacia mangium plantation

Abstract

An incubation experiment was conducted to examine the effects of the phosphorus (P) application on nitrous oxide (N₂O) and nitric oxide (NO) emissions from soils of an Acacia mangium plantation in Indonesia. The soils were incubated with and without the addition of P (Ca[H₂PO₄]₂; 2 mg P g soil)^?1) after adjusting the water-filled pore space (WFPS) to 75% or 100%. The P addition increased N₂O emissions under both WFPS conditions and NO emissions at 75% WFPS. Some possible mechanisms are considered. First, the P addition stimulated nitrogen (N) cycling, and N used for nitrification and/or denitrification also increased. Second, the P addition could have relieved the P shortage for nitrifying and/or denitrifying bacteria, producing N₂O and NO. Our results suggest that the application of P fertilizer has the potential to stimulate N₂O and NO emissions from Acacia mangium plantations, at least when soils are under relatively wet conditions.     

Biochar suppresses N2O emissions while maintaining N availability in a sandy loam soil

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) from agricultural soil is a significant source of greenhouse gas emissions. Biochar amendment can contribute to climate change mitigation by suppressing emissions of N₂O from soil, although the mechanisms underlying this effect are poorly understood. We investigated the effect of biochar on soil N₂O emissions and N cycling processes by quantifying soil N immobilisation, denitrification, nitrification and mineralisation rates using ¹⁵N pool dilution techniques and the FLUAZ numerical calculation model. We then examined whether biochar amendment affected N₂O emissions and the availability and transformations of N in soils.Our results show that biochar suppressed cumulative soil N₂O production by 91% in near-saturated, fertilised soils. Cumulative denitrification was reduced by 37%, which accounted for 85–95 % of soil N₂O emissions. We also found that physical/chemical and biological ammonium (NH₄⁺) immobilisation increased with biochar amendment but that nitrate (NO₃⁻) immobilisation decreased. We concluded that this immobilisation was insignificant compared to total soil inorganic N content. In contrast, soil N mineralisation significantly increased by 269% and nitrification by 34% in biochar-amended soil.These findings demonstrate that biochar amendment did not limit inorganic N availability to nitrifiers and denitrifiers, therefore limitations in soil NH₄⁺ and NO₃⁻ supply cannot explain the suppression of N₂O emissions. These results support the concept that biochar application to soil could significantly mitigate agricultural N₂O emissions through altering N transformations, and underpin efforts to develop climate-friendly agricultural management techniques.     

Effect of calcareous and siliceous amendments on N2O emissions of a grassland soil

Liming of acidic agricultural soils has been proposed as a strategy to mitigate nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions, as increased soil pH reduces the N₂O/N₂ product ratio of denitrification. The capacity of different calcareous (calcite and dolomite) and siliceous minerals to increase soil pH and reduce N₂O emissions was assessed in a 2-year grassland field experiment. An associated pot experiment was conducted using homogenized field soils for controlling spatial soil variability. Nitrous oxide emissions were highly episodic with emission peaks in response to freezing–thawing and application of NPK fertilizer. Liming with dolomite caused a pH increase from 5.1 to 6.2 and reduced N₂O emissions by 30% and 60% after application of NPK fertilizer and freezing–thawing events, respectively. Over the course of the 2-year field trial, N₂O emissions were significantly lower in dolomite-limed than non-limed soil (p < .05), although this effect was variable over time. Unexpectedly, no significant reduction of N₂O emission was found in the calcite treatment, despite the largest pH increase in all tested minerals. We tentatively attribute this to increased N₂O production by overall increase in nitrogen turnover rates (both nitrification and denitrification) following rapid pH increase in the first year after liming. Siliceous materials showed little pH effect and had no significant effect on N₂O emissions probably because of their lower buffering capacity and lower cation content. In the pot experiment using soils taken from the field plots 3 years after liming and exposing them to natural freezing–thawing, both calcite (p < .01) and dolomite (p < .05) significantly reduced cumulative N₂O emission by 50% and 30%, respectively, relative to the non-limed control. These results demonstrate that the overall effect of liming is to reduce N₂O emission, although high lime doses may lead to a transiently enhanced emission.     

滇池流域集约化菜田NO与NO2排放的研究

采用密闭通气气室法,在滇池流域旱季和雨季开展了2个生长周期内集约化西芹地NO/NO2排放研究。结果表明, NO/NO2排放速率的日变化规律受温度的影响较为明显,中午时段最高,凌晨时段最低。西芹生育期间,CK处理（裸地）的NO/NO2排放速率维持在一定水平,中后期NF处理（不施氮）NO/NO2排放速率有所升高;LF（N 450 kg/hm2）和HF（N 1200 kg/hm2）处理受西芹的生长和频繁氮肥追施的影响,生育期NO/NO2排放速率逐渐升高。旱季与雨季CK处理NO/NO2排放量分别为1.30和NOx-N 1.51 kg/hm2,NF处理分别较CK高出NOx-N 1.0和1.44 kg/hm2。LF处理旱季与雨季NO/NO2排放量分别为NOx-N 4.88和5.67 kg/hm2,其损失率分别为0.79%和0.92%;HF处理旱季和雨季NO/NO2排放量分别为NOx-N 7.58和10.19 kg/hm2,其损失率分别为0.63%和0.85%,说明氮肥用量较高时,土壤—作物系统的NOx-N损失量也较高,但其损失率并不随施氮量的升高而升高。     

Earthworm-induced N2O emissions in a sandy soil with surface-applied crop residues

Earlier research with endogeic and epigeic earthworm species in loamy arable soil has shown that both earthworm groups can increase nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions, provided that crop residue placement matches the feeding strategy of the earthworm ecological group(s). However, it is not yet clear whether these effects also occur in sandy soils which typically contain less soil organic matter and have low soil aggregation levels. Here, we aimed to quantify N₂O emissions as affected by endogeic and/or epigeic earthworm species, and to relate changes in N₂O emissions to earthworm-induced changes in soil properties in a sandy soil. A 90 day mesocosm study was conducted with sandy soil and ¹⁵N-labeled radish (Raphanus sativus cv. Adagio L.) residue applied on top. Treatments included: (i) no earthworm addition, (ii) addition of the endogeic species Aporrectodea caliginosa (Savigny), (iii) addition of the epigeic species Lumbricus rubellus (Hoffmeister), and (iv) both species combined. An additional treatment was included without earthworms and with residue manually incorporated into the soil. L. rubellus significantly increased cumulative N₂O emissions from 228 to 859 μg N₂O–N kg^?1 (F_1,12 = 83.12, P < 0.001), whereas A. caliginosa did not affect N₂O emissions. In contrast to earlier studies in loamy soil, no positive interaction between both species with regard to N₂O emissions was found. This was probably related to high competition for organic resources in the relatively poor soil and a low potential for stable soil aggregate formation (and associated anaerobic microsites) by endogeic worms in sandy soil. ¹⁵N isotope analysis revealed that the activity of L. rubellus significantly increased (F_1,12 = 6.20, P = 0.028) the recovery of ¹⁵N in the 250–8000 μm size fraction, indicating incorporation of crop residues into the mineral soil. When residues were manually incorporated, N₂O emissions were significantly (P < 0.008) lower (509 μg N₂O–N kg^?1) than when incorporated by L. rubellus. The high N₂O emissions in the presence of L. rubellus, when compared to manual mixing, suggest a stimulation of microbial activity and/or changes in the microbial community composition. Insights on the earthworm effects on N₂O emission from such soils are discussed.     

Effects of biochar amendment on greenhouse gas emissions,net ecosystem carbon budget and properties of an acidic soil under intensive vegetable production

Biochar addition to soils has been frequently proposed as a means to increase soil fertility and carbon (C) sequestration. However, the effect of biochar addition on greenhouse gas emissions from intensively managed soils under vegetable production at the field scale is poorly understood. The effects of wheat straw biochar amendment with mineral fertilizer or an enhanced‐efficiency fertilizer (mixture of urea and nitrapyrin) on N₂O efflux and the net ecosystem C budget were investigated for an acidic soil in southeast China over a 1‐yr period. Biochar addition did not affect the annual N₂O emissions (26–28 kg N/ha), but reduced seasonal N₂O emissions during the cold period. Biochar increased soil organic C and CO₂ efflux on average by 61 and 19%, respectively. Biochar addition greatly increased C gain in the acidic soil (average 11.1 Mg C/ha) compared with treatments without biochar addition (average ?2.2 Mg C/ha). Biochar amendment did not increase yield‐scaled N₂O emissions after application of mineral fertilizer, but it decreased yield‐scaled N₂O by 15% after nitrapyrin addition. Our results suggest that biochar amendment of acidic soil under intensive vegetable cultivation contributes to soil C sequestration, but has only small effects on both plant growth and greenhouse gas emissions.     

Effects of organic amendment and herbicide treatment on soil microbial biomass

 The interactive effects of vermi-compost from sewage sludge and either the sulfonylurea herbicide, rimsulfuron, or the imidazolinone herbicide, imazethapyr, on some soil biochemical and microbiological properties were investigated. The herbicides were applied at field and 10-fold field rates. Both herbicides exerted a detrimental effect on soil microbial biomass and its biochemical properties. Even though the effect of both herbicides on soil microbial biomass was not detectable at the field rate, some significant influences on acid and alkaline phosphatase were observed. The higher rate of herbicide application impaired the observed microbial parameters to a greater degree. The detrimental effects seemed to be reduced by organic amendments. Among the studied microbial characteristics, the specific respiration quotient was particularly reliable and sensitive in determining the influence of herbicides on the soil microbial biomass. In this paper a new synthetic index, specific hydrolytic activity (qFDA), for assessing microbial activity in reply to xenobiotic treatments is proposed. Received: 31 May 1999     

Adding dissolved organic carbon to simulate freeze‐thaw related N2O emissions from soil

It has been assumed that high winter N₂O emissions from soils are the result of increased amounts of microbially available organic C liberated during freezing and metabolized during subsequent thawing. In a laboratory experiment, we attempted to simulate freeze‐thaw events by adding dissolved organic C (DOC) to sieved soil of high water content (95% water‐filled pore space). In a full factorial design, CO₂ and N₂O emissions of a) soil samples provided with DOC extracted from frozen soil and b) soil samples frozen for 46 days and thawed were compared. Additionally, NO , DOC and microbial ATP contents of all treatments were repeatedly analyzed during the experiment. The addition of DOC to unfrozen soil (–F+C) resulted in a substantial (22‐fold) increase in N₂O emissions as compared to the control (–F–C). However, following thawing, the increase in N₂O emissions was much larger (828‐fold in +F–C and 1243‐fold in +F+C). Freezing, but not the addition of DOC led to increased CO₂ emissions. Neither treatment affected microbial adenylate content. By adding ¹⁵N‐labeled nitrate to the soil samples, the main process leading to elevated N₂O flux rates after both DOC addition and freeze‐thaw treatment was identified as denitrification. We conclude that the availability of C substrate plays an important role for freeze‐thaw‐related N₂O emissions. However, the fact that the simulated treatment and the freeze‐thaw treatment yielded significantly different amounts of N₂O suggests that both quantity and quality of available C differed between the treatments. The localization of the liberated substrate, i.e., the availability in situ, seems to be of major importance for the amount of N₂O produced.