覆膜开孔土壤蒸发的水盐分布特征及运移规律研究

在干旱半干旱的新疆地区,覆膜灌溉面积在逐年增加。但由于田间地膜覆盖率无法达到100%,同时出苗孔和灌水孔的存在使得研究覆膜灌后地表覆膜开孔率不同时蒸发的水盐运动很有必要。为获得覆膜开孔蒸发的土壤水盐分布特征,采用垂直一维入渗蒸发双层有机玻璃土柱实验系统进行蒸发试验。以概化的覆膜开孔率为上边界条件,针对初始水盐均匀和入渗结束后的蒸发两种处理,研究了覆膜开孔率影响下,蒸发土壤含盐量剖面和盐分浓度剖面的分布特征。结果表明,对水盐均匀处理,剖面盐分浓度可采用含水率及开孔率的函数关系表达;而对入渗蒸发处理,剖面盐分浓度随覆膜开孔率的范围不同可采用不同的指数形式表达。表土10cm返盐量随覆膜开孔率的增大而逐渐增加。单位膜孔面积的返盐量随覆膜开孔率的增加而减小,呈幂函数关系。此外,相同开孔率条件下,单位膜孔面积上蒸发量(ER)与土表10cm返盐量(Wsm,10)之间呈良好的线性关系。     

等温与非等温条件下水盐运动特征的比较

近年来新疆地区覆膜种植技术在大面积推广，其中关于覆膜条件下土壤中的水盐运动机理以及覆膜抑盐的机制等关键性科学问题，还需进一步研究。以新疆盐碱土为对象，基于入渗结束后湿润深度不同的等温再分布与非等温全覆膜蒸发的同步实测资料，对比分析了两者的土壤含水量剖面特征，结果表明，两者水分运动引起的含水量剖面差异基本不大，说明全覆膜对于节水有重要意义；基于水分运动特征，含盐率和盐分浓度差异也基本不大，表明温度势梯度对水盐运动的影响不明显。由于土表全覆膜时由水汽散失产生的水分损失量极小，因此相对于裸土蒸发而言，土壤中的盐分上行受到抑制；土表返盐量小，说明全覆膜对抑制土表积盐有同样重要的意义。在上述研究对比的基础上分析了剖面含盐率和盐分浓度与垂向位置和入渗深度的定量关系。本文的研究揭示了地膜覆盖节水特征和抑制土表积盐机制。     

滴灌覆膜开孔蒸发三维空间水盐运移实验研究

通过滴灌入渗结束的覆膜开孔蒸发实验,分析了土表覆膜开孔率对累积蒸发量随时间变化趋势的影响。累积蒸发量与时间平方根的线性关系符合Gardner的理论关系,而两者关系的系数又与覆膜开孔率之间存在良好的对数关系,从而得出了累积蒸发量的两因素函数关系。这一结果发展了Gardner的理论关系并将其应用于覆膜开孔蒸发的实践上。对相对累积蒸发量和单位膜孔面积的累积蒸发量随开孔率变化的函数特征进行了定量分析,并分析比较了全覆膜和不覆膜蒸发条件下含水率、含盐率和盐分浓度特征,做出了相应水盐特征的等值线图。     

磁化微咸水及石膏改良对土壤水盐运移的影响

为了探究磁化水和石膏共同作用对水盐运移特征的影响,该研究通过室内一维垂直入渗试验,分析未磁化和磁化微咸水两种类型的灌溉水入渗下,5个石膏施量(0、0.1、0.2、0.4、0.6 kg/m2)对土壤水分和盐分运移特征的影响.结果表明:磁化和未磁化微咸水入渗时,累积入渗量和湿润锋深度均随着石膏施量的增加而减小.不同石膏施量...     

有限深土体中再分布的土壤水盐运移试验研究

再分布是田间水分循环的过程之一，研究再分布的水盐运移特征对于盐碱地开发和改良工作有重要意义。该文根据实测资料，研究了在有限深度下新疆盐碱土再分布过程中水分和盐分运移特征。根据γ透射法观测的水分剖面，可获得再分布水分的动态变化过程。对盐分分布特征进行分析，可建立含盐率和盐分浓度与深度之间的指数函数关系。采用水分特征曲线预测了再分布平衡时的含水率剖面，并与新疆盐碱土再分布10 d的实测含水率剖面资料进行了对比，结果表明，该特征曲线可较好地预测再分布达到平衡时的水分运动特征。     

土壤盐分分布特征评价

通过室内积水入渗土壤盐分运移模拟试验 ,分析了水盐迁移特征 ,并针对盐碱地干排法的特点 ,提出了一些土壤盐分变化特征量。同时分析了这些土壤盐分变化特征量和水盐迁移特性间的关系 ,为确定合理的盐碱地改良措施提供指导     

膜下滴灌盐碱地水盐运移特征研究

覆膜种植是一种新型的农业种植技术,而滴灌是一种农业节水灌溉技术,将覆膜种植技术与滴灌技术有机结合起来形成一种开发利用盐碱地的新方法。该文通过室内模拟实验,研究了滴头流量、灌水历时、土壤含盐率对滴灌过程中水盐运移特征的影响,并对利用膜下滴灌的技术开发利用盐碱地有关问题进行了深入分析     

微咸水灌溉对斥水土壤水盐运移的影响

土壤斥水性影响着作物的产量,为了研究微咸水灌溉对斥水土壤水盐运移的影响,进行了室内土柱微咸水入渗试验。对比了不同矿化度和斥水程度对两种土质水盐运移的影响,探讨了微咸水入渗后土壤斥水性的变化特征。结果表明,不斥水土壤的入渗能力随矿化度的增加而增加。亲水和斥水土壤的入渗率均可采用Kostiakov公式简单模拟。斥水土壤入渗能力在矿化度为1?g/L时达到最大,超过1?g/L后则随矿化度的增大而减小。微咸水入渗的累积入渗量与湿润锋推进距离呈良好的线性关系,斥水性土壤中的相同剖面水盐的含量比不斥水的减小。微咸水入渗后土壤产生了一定的斥水性。该研究表明微咸水灌溉对盐渍化土壤的水盐分布和斥水性均有一定程度的影响。     

红壤中非吸附性离子水平运移特征试验研究

以南方第四纪红壤为研究对象.以KBr溶液为示踪剂,采用水平土柱入渗法研究不同土壤前期含水量和入渗液浓度条件下非吸附性离子溴在红壤中的水平运移特征.结果表明,浓度梯度和水势梯度分别在水平入渗的初期和后期阶段起主导作用;Br~-整体水平运移速率与入渗液浓度之间基本存在正相关关系,土壤前期含水量的不同,入渗液浓度对溴离子运移速率的影响程度各异;土壤前期含水量的提高促进了Br~-的运移,同时也揭示了当浓度梯度一定时,水势梯度的变化直接影响湿润锋及Br~-的运移.     

农田下垫面处理对降雨入渗的影响

为分析田间起垄和覆膜对降雨入渗过程的影响,在内蒙古通辽市开鲁县开展了平整裸地(PL)、平整地面(PZ)、不覆膜起垄(QL)和覆膜起垄(ML)4种下垫面处理的田间降雨入渗监测试验。通过监测玉米生育期5次降雨前后不同处理土壤含水率的变化过程,分析了各下垫面处理对降雨入渗再分配过程的影响。结果表明:(1)起垄和覆膜对农田降雨入渗过程的影响与降雨量直接相关,在雨量较小时垄沟和覆膜对降雨的入渗过程影响不明显,在降雨量达到18 mm以上时,垄沟的集雨增渗作用显现,入渗量及入渗深度都有明显的增加,而当雨量达到33 mm左右及以上时,受降雨类型的影响,入渗雨量并没有随着降雨量的增加而增加;(2)各处理对降水入渗量的影响有明显的差异,QL处理因为垄沟汇集雨水的作用增加了降雨的入渗量及入渗深度,沟中剖面比PZ处理最多可增加入渗量76%;ML处理的覆膜削弱了垄沟的集雨作用,比PZ处理最多可增加入渗量39%;但由于膜的不透水作用使保留在表层土壤的水量相对减少,有更多的雨水向下运移,因此ML处理增加了降雨的入渗深度,比PZ处理的入渗深度增加约30 cm。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

In-situ enrichment and analysis of atrazine-degrading microbial communities using atrazine-containing porous beads

We examined the community composition of microbes that colonized atrazine-containing beads buried in agricultural soils that differed in atrazine treatment history. Bacterial abundance was 5-40-fold greater in atrazine-fortified beads. In beads containing 20 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ buried in soil with a history of atrazine application (conditioned soil), the abundance of Actinobacteria increased approximately 80-fold whereas in control soil, Actinobacteria were enriched only 10-fold and the gamma-Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes increased by 60- and 25-fold, respectively. The gamma-Proteobacteria were enriched by 120- and 230-fold in beads containing 200 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ in conditioned and control soil, respectively. The results demonstrate that BioSep^® beads are a suitable matrix for recruiting a diverse subset of the bacterial community involved in atrazine degradation.