晋西常见造林树种叶水势变化研究

2005年在山西方山,采用PSYPRO露点水势仪于6月中旬、7月下旬、9月底3个典型晴天测定了3个不同土壤水分条件下紫穗槐、刺槐、仁用杏、臭椿2年生盆栽苗木的叶水势,分析了4种苗木叶水势的日进程及其随季节变化的规律。结果表明,紫穗槐与仁用杏在3个水分处理下随季节变动表现了一致的规律:9月份的叶水势都明显低于6月份与7月份的,且两种苗木在7月份水势变幅都很小,3个处理全天变幅都不过0.5 Mpa;仁用杏在每个月份还表现了各自特定的“水势阈”。刺槐各水分条件下各月水势日进程均呈不对称的单谷曲线,波谷出现在上午10点左右,早晚水势较高,且3个水分处理各月日变化曲线无太大差异;臭椿6月份时各水分条件下都呈不规则“W”形,7月份时水分胁迫者水势严重下降,傍晚也难以恢复。比较各树种严重水分胁迫时叶水势,发现紫穗槐、刺槐与仁用杏有高水势延迟脱水的抗旱机理表现;而臭椿则显示出低水势忍耐脱水的耐旱机理,即其叶组织抗脱水能力较强。     

辽西地区水肥处理对核桃叶水势的影响

采用312-D最优饱和设计,在辽西地区开展水肥试验,研究不同水肥处理对2年生核桃幼苗叶水势的效应.结果表明：叶片水势的最适条件为土壤含水率17.52％,施磷570.56 kg/hm2附近;氮具有降低水势效应,氮磷耦合对叶片水势具有相互替代效应;水磷耦合对叶片水势具有相互促进的效应.在生产实践中,合理控制水肥才能提高核桃生产效应.     

盐胁迫对9种植物发芽生长的影响

研究了白蜡、刺槐、国槐、紫穗槐、臭椿、白榆、杜梨、锦鸡儿、侧柏等9种乔灌木种子和苗木在不同盐浓度(0.1%、0.2%、0.3%、0.4%、0.5%、0.6%)溶液处理下的植物种子发芽和幼苗生长情况,以无离子水溶液处理作对照(CK),确定影响植物发芽和幼苗成活、生长的关键盐浓度,并选出最优树种,为不同盐含量的滨海立地选择植物。结果表明:19种植物种子发芽率和幼苗成活率均呈随盐浓度增加而减少的趋势。20.3%盐浓度是影响9种树种发芽的关键浓度;0.2%盐浓度是影响9种树种生长的关键浓度。3就植物种子发芽情况,当盐浓度≤0.3%时,最优选择树种是刺槐、侧柏、紫穗槐。当盐浓度0.3%时,最优选择树种是刺槐、紫穗槐。就幼苗生长状况,当盐浓度≤0.2%时,最优选择树种是白蜡、侧柏、刺槐;当0.2%盐浓度≤0.3%时,优先选择树种是刺槐、侧柏。4综合植物种子发芽率和幼苗生长状况得知,盐浓度低于0.2%的盐碱地区,刺槐、侧柏是最优选择树种,盐浓度高于0.2%的盐碱地区优选树种为刺槐。     

施肥对苗圃地和杉木林下草珊瑚生长的影响

在苗圃和杉木林下分别设置7个施肥处理(正根源0.5%浓度×1、正根源0.5%浓度×2、正根源0.5%浓度×3、正根源0.5%浓度×4、普通营养液0.2%浓度、尿素+复合肥0.5%和等量的水),其中每个处理4个重复,通过对比分析发现,苗圃地中7个施肥处理间草珊瑚[Sarcandra glabra(Thunb.) Nakai]幼苗生长达到了显著的差异,其中正根源0.5%浓度×3的施肥处理效果最好,显著好于普通营养液、尿素+复合肥以及对照这3种处理,而杉木林下草珊瑚幼苗在施肥处理间并未达到显著差异,说明林下施肥对草珊瑚幼苗的生长影响不大。     

PP_(333)不同施用方式及浓度对早实核桃生长发育的比较研究

结合PP333不同施用方式及浓度,以‘川早’系列早实杂交后代为试材,分别进行早实核桃叶喷、输液和土施3种处理,分析不同浓度和施用方式对早实核桃单株冠幅、梢长、比叶重、坐果率、落果率以及单位投影面积产量的影响。进而筛选能抑制核桃营养生长、提高产量的PP333施用方式及浓度。结果表明:(1)PP333不同施用方式处理间,叶喷和输液处理当年可显著抑制早实核桃营养生长,提高单位投影面积产量,土施处理后当年抑制效果不显著;(2)不同施用方式及浓度处理间,PP333对早实核桃坐果率和结果率均无显著影响;(3)叶喷方式下,Y1~Y5处理单位投影面积产量均高于对照,其中Y5处理增幅最大,较ck高14.6%;S输液方式下,S1~S5处理单位面积产量均高于对照,其中Y5增幅最大,较ck高13.5%;土施方式下,Y5可提高单位面积产量6.3 g·m-2,较ck高5.3%。     

薄壳山核桃叶及青皮水浸液对3种植物的化感作用

采用蒸馏水浸提法收集薄壳山核桃叶及青皮化感物质,运用室内生物测定法检测其不同浓度(0.005、0.01、0.1 g·mL^-1)浸提液对小麦、油菜和绿豆种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:薄壳山核桃叶及青皮水浸液处理对3种受体植物的种子萌发和幼苗的苗高基本上表现为"低(0.005 g·mL^-1)促高(0.1 g·mL^-1)抑"的双重浓度效应,个别受体植物的化感作用虽然表现不同于"低促高抑"的整体趋势,但随着浓度的增加也表现为促进作用降低或抑制作用增强的现象;对3种受体植物根长的抑制作用大于对苗高的抑制作用,而对幼苗鲜质量、干质量的影响则因受体种类的不同而不同。薄壳山核桃叶水浸液处理对3种受体植物的综合化感效应依次为:油菜> 小麦> 绿豆;青皮水浸液处理对3种受体植物的综合化感效应依次为:小麦> 油菜> 绿豆。综合3种受体植物的化感效应认为,在相同浓度下,薄壳山核桃叶水浸液处理对3种受体植物的促进作用最强,而青皮水浸液处理对3种受体植物的抑制作用最强。     

1-MCP浓度对'清香'青皮核桃冷藏期间 品质及抗氧化活性的影响

为给青皮核桃的贮藏保鲜提供参考依据和技术支持,以‘清香’核桃为试材,分别以1、3和5μL/L的1-MCP对其采后鲜果进行熏蒸处理,就不同浓度的1-MCP处理对‘清香’青皮核桃在冷藏期间的品质及抗氧化活性的影响情况进行了试验研究。结果表明:低温贮藏60 d,浓度分别为3和5μL/L的1-MCP处理对青皮核桃的保鲜效果显著优于浓度为1μL/L的1-MCP处理和未以1-MCP熏蒸的对照处理;与对照处理相比,浓度分别为3和5μL/L的1-MCP处理的果皮转色指数分别降低了55.14%与75.06%,其腐烂率分别下降了92.11%和93.83%,其核桃仁中的总酚含量分别提高了65.3%和52.8%,其总黄酮含量分别提高了31.5%和24.25%,VE含量分别提高了59.97%和79.21%。浓度分别为3和5μL/L的1-MCP处理均可有效抑制青皮核桃的腐烂,均能促使核桃仁保持较好的品质,且此2个浓度处理间的差异不显著。综合考虑成本等因素认为,生产上可采用浓度为3μL/L的1-MCP对‘清香’青皮核桃进行贮藏保鲜处理。     

不同浓度赤霉素处理对核桃种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

为探讨不同浓度赤霉素(GA3)处理对核桃种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响,该文以核桃种子为试验材料,设置赤霉素100、200、300、400、500mg/L浓度梯度处理,对核桃种子的发芽数、发芽率、烂种数、烂种率及幼苗苗高、地径、主根长、叶片数进行调查和分析。结果表明:发芽率最高的处理是300mg/L GA3处理,发芽率为87.2%,烂种率为0;幼苗生长较好的处理也是GA3300mg/L,苗高达到16.5cm,地径达到3.3mm,叶片数为5片,显著高于对照;但GA3200mg/L处理的幼苗主根长高于300mg/L处理,为最大值14.7cm。     

核桃坚果水浸液对4种植物种子萌发及生长的影响

为探究核桃果实不同部位水浸液对植物种子萌发及生长的影响,本试验以莴笋、萝卜、马蹄金、野牛草4种种子为试材,对其进行核桃种子、种仁及种皮的水浸液浸泡处理,进而研究核桃果实不同部位水浸液的化感作用,旨在探讨核桃水浸液对4种植物种子萌发及生长的影响。结果表明,在特定浓度下,核桃种子的水浸液对莴笋、萝卜、马蹄金、野牛草种子萌发均起到抑制作用,对萝卜幼苗生长的抑制作用大于莴笋幼苗的生长,对马蹄金和野牛草种子生长的抑制作用大于莴笋和萝卜。核桃种仁的水浸液对幼苗生长的抑制作用大于其余2个部位的影响,表现为:核桃种仁大于核桃种壳和核桃种子。本研究探索了核桃种子水浸液的化感作用及抑制植物种子萌发的物质,为农作物间作套种、化感抗害提供了依据和指导。     

枫杨幼苗对氟离子的吸收积累规律及毒性效应

【目的】探讨枫杨幼苗对氟污染的修复潜力。【方法】以枫杨当年实生幼苗为研究对象,采用溶液培养的方法,研究不同浓度、不同 pH氟离子胁迫下枫杨幼苗的根、茎、叶的氟含量、转移系数( Tf)、生物富集系数( BCF)的变化以及对枫杨幼苗的植物毒性效应。【结果】1)随着溶液氟离子浓度的升高,枫杨幼苗根、茎、叶的氟积累量逐渐升高,当溶液氟离子浓度为10 mmol·L －1时,枫杨幼苗根、茎、叶的氟积累量最高分别为1604.60,59.41,40.80 mg·kg －1。2)枫杨幼苗体内氟含量的分布存在2种情况：当培养液氟离子浓度为0.5～5 mmol·L －1时表现为根＞叶＞茎,在氟离子浓度为10 mmol·L －1时表现为根＞茎＞叶,转移系数( Tf)介于0.029～0.125之间,可能是过高的氟离子浓度使枫杨幼苗产生了严重的生理胁迫,影响了氟离子从茎向叶的运转。3)随着处理时间的增加,各处理组枫杨幼苗的相对标准蒸腾量均呈下降趋势,溶液氟离子浓度为5,10 mmol·L －1时,对枫杨幼苗蒸腾量变化的影响显著(P＜0.05),对植物的毒性效应很强。4)枫杨幼苗根、茎、叶氟积累量在酸性环境中最大,氟转移能力也最强,在中性环境中表现一般;植物在酸性、中性环境中受到的伤害较大,植物生命活力低,而在碱性条件下时,不仅对枫杨幼苗的伤害小,而且除氟效果较好、持续性强。5)为了达到最佳的处理效果,当废水中氟离子浓度≤2.5 mmol·L －1时,可以选择在酸性条件下利用枫杨来处理;当氟离子浓度为2.5～5 mmol·L －1时,可选择在碱性条件下处理废水。【结论】枫杨幼苗积累氟的能力很强,氟转移能力独特,具有很高的耐氟性,枫杨适合于水体氟污染严重区域的水体净化和植物修复。     

Competition for water between walnut seedlings (Juglans regia) and rye grass (Lolium perenne) assessed by carbon isotope discrimination and delta18O enrichment

Container-grown walnut seedlings (Juglans regia L.) were subjected to competition with rye grass (Lolium perenne L.) and to a 2-week soil drying cycle. One and 2 weeks after the beginning of the drought treatment, H2 18O (delta approximately equals +100%) was added to the bottom layer of soil in the plant containers to create a vertical H2 18O gradient. Rye grass competition reduced aboveground and belowground biomass of the walnut seedlings by 60%, whereas drought had no effect. The presence of rye grass reduced the dry weight of walnut roots in the upper soil layer and caused a 50% reduction in lateral root length. Rye grass competition combined with the drought treatment reduced walnut leaf CO2 assimilation rate (A) and leaf conductance (gw) by 20 and 39%, respectively. Transpiration rates in rye grass, both at the leaf level and at the plant or tiller level, were higher than in walnut seedlings. Leaf intrinsic water-use efficiency (A/gw) of walnut seedlings increased in response to drought and no differences were observed between the single-species and mixed-species treatments, as confirmed by leaf carbon isotope discrimination measurements. Measurement of delta18O in soil and in plant xylem sap indicated that the presence of rye grass did not affect the vertical profile of soil water uptake by walnut seedlings. Walnut seedlings and rye grass withdrew water from the top and middle soil layers in well-watered conditions, whereas during the drought treatment, walnut seedlings obtained water from all soil layers, but rye grass took up water from the bottom soil layer only.     

Gas exchange during a soil drying cycle in seedlings of four black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) families

Photosynthetic and stomatal responses to a soil drying cycle were examined in half-sib seedlings of four walnut (Juglans nigra L.) families. Well-watered seedlings of an Iowa seed source had significantly higher rates of net photosynthesis than seedlings from New York or Michigan sources. This superior photosynthetic potential was associated with both greater stomatal conductance and mesophyll capacity for CO(2) fixation. In a drying soil, net photosynthesis and leaf conductance to water vapor of all families declined substantially, even under mild water stress. These responses were more strongly related to soil water status, as estimated by predawn leaf water potential, than to leaf water potential at the time of gas exchange measurement. There were no differences among families in the pattern of gas exchange response to developing water stress; however, families differed in capacity for recovery of gas exchange from water stress following rehydration. Sensitivity of photosynthesis of black walnut seedlings to water stress may be associated with poor growth and survival of this species in xeric habitats.     

Change of trunk sap flow of Ginkgo biloba L. and its response to inhibiting transpiration treatment

For this paper, GREENSPAN sap flow system was used to monitor the dynamics of trunk sap flow of Gingkgo biloba. Results indicate that sap flow velocity is significantly different among different heights, depths, and directions of the trunk. Sap flow velocity at the upper position of the trunk is higher than that of the middle and lower position, but cumulative flux is not significantly different among the upper, middle and lower sections. Sap flow velocity at 10 mm reached the most and that at 20 mm the least. However, sap flow velocity at 5 mm and 15 mm was similar and was second among the four depths. Results also showed that sap flow velocity of the south was the highest, and that of the west was next. An Automatic Weather Station of HOBO was synchronously applied to measure these meteorological parameters, and the relationship between these parameters and the changes of trunk sap flow velocity were analyzed. We found that the change of sap flow velocity was a single-crest curve on clear days and multi-crest curve on cloudy and rainy days. In addition, it is also revealed that by stepwise regression analyses photosynthetical active radiation (PAR), temperature and wind speed are the main environmental factors affecting sap flow velocity. The efficient methods of reducing water transpiration of trees, including leaf pruning, overshadowing and antitranspirant spraying, were found by investigating the effects on inhibiting transpiration, which indicated that spraying of antitranspirants, leaf pruning and overshadowing could significantly reduce transpiration but the effects of leaf pruning and overshadowing were far better than that of antitranspirant spraying. Translated from Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2006, 42(5): 22–28 [译自: 林业科学]     

抗蒸腾剂在林业上的应用研究进展与展望

对抗蒸腾剂在林业上的最新应用研究成果进行了综述，介绍了抗蒸腾剂在林业上的应用基础研究情况，包括施用抗蒸腾剂后对林木蒸腾速率、光合速率、叶水势、叶绿素含量变化等机体生理生化反应的影响以及对林木干旱胁迫后应答物质含量方面的影响；同时介绍了抗蒸腾剂在提高造林成活率和大树移栽成活率、提高林木抗逆性、提高果实产量、改善果实品质、防治病虫害、以及花卉和果品保鲜等林业生产应用方面上的应用效果；并对未来一段时期抗蒸腾剂在林业上的应用研究中需解决的问题进行了阐述。     

Root water flow and growth of aspen (Populus tremuloides) at low root temperatures

Effects of root zone temperature on growth, shoot water relations, and root water flow were studied in 1-year-old aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) seedlings. Seedlings were grown in solution culture and exposed to day/night air temperatures of 22/16 degrees C and solution culture temperatures of 5, 10, or 20 degrees C for 28 days after bud flush. Compared with root growth at 20 degrees C, root growth was completely inhibited at 5 degrees C and inhibited by 97% at 10 degrees C. The 5 and 10 degrees C treatments severely reduced shoot growth, leaf size, and total leaf area. Root water flow was inhibited by the 5 and 10 degrees C treatments. However, when seedlings were grown for 28 days at 5 degrees C and root water flow was measured at 20 degrees C, there was an increase in flow rate. This increase in root water flow was similar in magnitude to the decrease in root water flow observed when seedlings were grown for 28 days at 20 degrees C and root water flow was measured at 5 degrees C. Reduced root water flow of seedlings grown at 5 and 10 degrees C resulted in decreased stomatal conductance, net assimilation, and shoot water potentials. Root water flow was positively correlated with leaf size, total leaf area, shoot length, and new root growth. Transferring seedlings from 5 to 20 degrees C for 24 h significantly increased root water flow, shoot water potential, and net photosynthesis, whereas transferring seedlings from 10 to 20 degrees C resulted in only a slightly increased shoot water potential. Transferring seedlings from 20 to 5 degrees C greatly reduced root water flow, stomatal conductance, and net photosynthesis, whereas shoot water potential decreased only slightly.     

水分胁迫对早实核桃生长和结果的影响

水分胁迫对早实核桃生长和结果的影响谷瑞升，郗荣庭，刘万生（河北农业大学园艺系保定０７１００１）（辽宁经济林研究所大连１１６０３１）关键词早实核桃，水分胁迫，生长和结果核桃是重要的经济林树种，早实核桃品种具有很高的栽培价值。然而我国的核桃产区集中于干旱...     

The impact of water and nutrient deficiencies on the growth, gas exchange and water relations of red oak and chestnut oak

Red oak (Quercus rubra), a mesic species, and chestnut oak (Quercus prinus), a xeric species, were grown in a greenhouse with and without fertilizer (F+ and F-, respectively) and subjected to a 10-week drydown (W-) or kept well watered (W+). In both species, fertilized seedlings exhibited greater reductions in mean net photosynthesis (A), leaf conductance (g(wv)), leaf water potential (Psi(leaf)) and water use efficiency (WUE) during the drydown than unfertilized seedlings. In the W- treatments, red oak showed greater reductions in A, g(wv) and Psi(leaf) than chestnut oak. Differential fertilization of the seedlings of both species had a greater effect on tissue water relations than differential watering. During the latter weeks of the drydown, there was no osmotic adjustment in red oak, but chestnut oak in the F+/W- treatment had significantly lower osmotic potentials at full and zero turgor than seedlings in any of the other treatments. The results indicate that high nutrient availability does not improve the drought tolerance of these two oak species.     

杉木起苗后不同处理方法对根生长势的影响

苗木品质的好坏直接影响到造林的成败。在起苗到造林的过程中 ,由于对苗木处理不当 ,苗木地上或地下部分常易遭受损伤 ,或丧失水分 ,从而影响苗木的生活力 ,甚至导致造林失败。研究上述不良现象对苗木品质的影响 ,为起苗到造林过程中的苗木保护提供依据具有重要意义[1] 。1　材料与方法1.1　材料杉木 [Cunninghamia lanceolata( Lamb.) Hook.]1年生播种苗于 1999年 3月 2 0日随机起自安徽省宣州市敬亭山绿化管理处苗圃。起苗后立即按国标 [2 ] 的要求测定苗高、地径、长度≥ 5 cm侧根数等形态指标。测定时 ,发现 3级以下的苗木随时剔除。…     

Parameterization and testing of a biochemically based photosynthesis model for walnut (Juglans regia) trees and seedlings

The biochemically based leaf photosynthesis model proposed by Farquhar et al. (1980) and the stomatal conductance model proposed by Jarvis (1976) were parameterized for walnut. Responses of photosynthesis to CO(2) and irradiance were used to determine the key parameters of the photosynthesis model. Concurrently, stomatal conductance responses to leaf irradiance (Q), leaf temperature (T(l)), water vapor pressure deficit at the leaf surface (D), and air CO(2) concentration at the leaf surface (C(s)) were used to parameterize the stomatal conductance model. To test the generality of the model parameters, measurements were made on leaves from a 20-year-old tree growing in the field, and from sunlit and shaded greenhouse-grown seedlings. The three key parameters of the photosynthesis model (maximum carboxylation rate V(cmax), electron transport capacity J(max), and dark respiration rate R(d)) and the key parameter of the conductance model (reference stomatal conductance, g(sref)) were linearly correlated with the amount of leaf nitrogen per unit leaf area. Unique relationships could be used to describe nitrogen effects on these parameters for leaves from both the tree and the seedlings. Our data allowed separation of the effects of increasing total photosynthetic apparatus per unit leaf area from the effects of partitioning nitrogen among different pools of this apparatus for foliage acclimation to leaf irradiance. Strong correlations were found between stomatal conductance g(s) and Q, D and C(s), whereas the relationship between g(s) and T(l) was weak. Based on these parameterizations, the model adequately predicted leaf photosynthesis and stomatal conductance when tested with an independent set of data obtained for the tree and seedlings. Total light-driven electron flows derived from chlorophyll fluorescence data obtained at different leaf temperatures were consistent with values computed by the model. The model was also tested with branch bag data acquired from a three-year-old potted walnut tree. Despite a relatively large variance between observed and simulated values, the model predicted stomatal conductance and photosynthesis reasonably well at the branch scale. The results indicate that the photosynthesis-conductance model developed here is robust and can be applied to walnut trees and seedlings under various environmental conditions where water is non-limiting.