抗螨蜜蜂研究进展

《美国蜜蜂杂志》1 998年第 1 1期报道了Ｅ .Ｈ .埃里克森等在抗螨蜜蜂培育方面所取得的进展。研究表明 ,从各蜂场中找出抗螨蜂群 ,在不采取其它控制蜂螨措施的情况下 ,对这些蜂群进行繁殖 ,并维持其抗螨特性 ,是比较容易实现的。这项研究已得到一些养蜂者的实践证明。该杂志 1 999年第 1 2期又报道了埃里克森等在抗螨蜜蜂培育方面的最新进展。在他们研究的65群抗螨蜂群中 ,既有欧洲蜂 ,也有非洲蜂 ,还有它们的杂交种。结果并未发现非洲化蜜蜂的抗螨性强于欧洲蜜蜂。自 1 994年 1 1月以来 ,他们通过选择育种、隔离交尾和常规的饲养方法 ,不…     

大蜂螨防治方法的研究进展

大蜂螨防治方法的研究进展福建农学院蜂学系（福州市金山：３５０００２）苏荣大蜂螨（ＶａｒｒｏａｊａｃｏｂｓｏｎｉＯｕｄｅｍａｎｓ）的为害特点是成螨体外寄生蜂体，蜂房内繁殖为害幼虫和蜂蛹。目前采用人为断子兼用杀螨剂治疗仍是防治大螨最经济而有效的措施。此外...     

蜜蜂信息素与蜂螨的防治

蜂螨是我国目前饲养的西方蜜蜂一种主要病害,受蜂螨危害的蜂群,轻者蜂群群势迅速削弱,生产力迅速下降;重者全群覆灭。为了保护蜂群,几十年来,我国主要是用药物来防治蜂螨。不可否认用药物治螨起了一定的积极作用,但也存在以下不足     

健蜂抗螨香粉防治蜂螨的联合试验

“健蜂抗螨香粉”是以中兽医、中医理论为指导 ,结合植物药学、民间“土农药”验方研制而成的。现将试验结果汇总报告如下 :1　试验材料供试蜂群 :甘肃省养蜂研究所定点试验蜂场及甘肃宁县、陕西绥德县、宁夏固原县、青海西宁市等地养蜂重点户的蜂群 ,蜂种为意大利蜜蜂。试验蜂药 :健蜂抗螨香粉 ,由甘肃省养蜂研究所蜂药厂提供。试验地点 :甘肃省天水市北道区、甘肃省宁县中村乡、陕西绥德县城关、宁夏固原县黑城镇、青海省西宁市。2　试验方法2 1　用药群的设立试验在甘肃省养蜂研究所定点试验蜂场进行 ,选取群势相似、蜂螨寄生率较高的蜂…     

根治蜂螨,必须加强抗螨育种研究

优良蜜蜂品种是优质、高产、高效养蜂业的物质基础，也是规模化养蜂业的先决条件，有了良种才能在同等投入的条件下有更大的产出。近２０年来，我国养蜂业取得了显著成绩，其主要原因是１９７３年我们从国外引进了意大利蜂、卡尼鄂拉蜂、高加索蜂等种蜂王１０００多只作为蜜蜂育种素材，从此在全国开展了优良蜂种的选育攻关，使蜜蜂良种化的程度有了一定的提高，育成了一批高产的蜜蜂新品种（系），丰富了我国的蜂种资源。我国养蜂业２０多年来快速发展的过程充分证明，良种在养蜂业增产中起的巨大作用是其它任何因素都无法取代的。雅氏瓦螨…     

四季防治蜂螨的经验

防治蜂螨既要避免蜂产品不受化学药剂的污染,同时又要不影响蜂群的正常繁殖和采蜜,要顾到两全,那就要根据当地的气候和蜜源情况以及蜂群内受螨害的程度来确定防治时间、药物和方法。笔者定地饲养西蜂多年,积累了一些当地四季防治蜂螨的经验,现介绍出来供同行参考。1春季防治冬季已用螨扑立克防治过的蜂群,1月初如若蜂王尚未开始产卵,可在原药片上滴涂其他化学成分的杀螨剂,如绝螨王、巢房杀螨剂等。但如已有少数蜂王开始产卵,并有少量封盖蛹,为确保防治彻底,可将最早封盖的蛹房盖削去,把蛹挑出逐个检查,若有螨就要再用杀螨剂喷治一次,杀死越…     

大蜂螨寄生密度的检测方法

大蜂螨是危害西方蜜蜂最严重的寄生螨。在大蜂螨的防治中,首先需要对蜂群的蜂螨寄生密度进行检测,并根据危害程度采取相应的防治措施。大蜂螨在蜂箱内呈周年性变化。春季和夏初,箱内有大量子脾时,绝大多数螨寄生在蜂子上;而     

一种筛选抗螨蜂群的有效方法

尽管大量的欧洲蜂群在2002年和2003年冬季遭受蜂螨的为害，造成严重损失，而奥地利养蜂人．Alois Wallner自1988年至今没有受蜂螨的为害而损失一群蜂。这主要是由于Wallner采用了一种筛选抗螨蜂群的新方法并及时用甲酸处理那些抗螨性较弱、感染严重的蜂群。     

谈蜂螨的综合防治

在蜜蜂病敌害中,蜂螨是对蜂群危害最为严重的敌害之一。养蜂人若不谨慎对待,一旦螨害发生,轻则群势受损,重则全群覆灭。我们在养蜂实践过程中,通过不懈努力摸索防治蜂螨的经验方法,取得了良好的防治效果。1 了解蜂螨的生物学特性及发生规律大蜂螨主要寄生在蜂体及巢房中。蜂群春繁后有封盖子脾时蜂螨开始繁殖,随着子脾增多和群势的增强,蜂螨寄生率则保持相对稳定状态。秋季,群势下降,子脾减少,但蜂螨仍处在繁殖期,并向少量子脾与蜂体集中寄生;秋末冬初,当蜂群内无子脾,大蜂螨也停止繁殖,并以成螨状态寄生于蜂体,以吸吮蜜蜂体液为食,随蜂越…     

东方蜜蜂抗螨的试验研究

选择3群没有受大蜂螨感染，群势不同的东方蜜蜂蜂群，分别引入受大蜂螨感染的雄蜂幼虫脾，和工蜂幼虫脾，在蜂群底部放入收集蜂集废屑的纸板，以后每隔24小时，检查蜂群底部的落螨数；先2脾未受蜂螨感染的东方蜜蜂为幼虫脾放入受大蜂螨感染的西方蜜蜂蜂群里，让其受大蜂螨感染，72小时后还回原蜂群，工蜂为其清理蜂螨，结果表明：东方蜜蜂有很强的抗螨性，5－6天后，基本上可以清出，原引入的西方蜜蜂幼虫脾或东方蜜蜂幼虫脾上的所有蜂螨。     

香精油在蜂群抗螨中的应用

开发新的抗螨药物势在必行,而香精油及其组分具有显著的抑螨效果。百里酚(香精油的一种主要组分)及其一些组分,在实验室试验中其杀螨率一般都超过90%,而且对蜜蜂危害小,长期使用后在蜂蜜中的残留量很低,但要应用于养蜂生产,还有许多工作要做。对香精油在蜂群抗螨中的应用情况进行了综述。     

狄氏瓦螨(Varroa destructor)的研究进展

狄氏瓦螨(Varroa destructor)是严重危害西方蜜蜂(Apismellifera)的一种寄生螨,近几年对狄氏瓦螨的研究有了新的进展,本文就血统进化、生理机制、携带病原菌和最新的防治方法等领域作一综述。     

蜜蜂瓦螨研究的最新发现及其对探索瓦螨防治新途径的启示

本文介绍了澳大利亚安德森(Denis L.Anderson)等人对蜜蜂瓦螨分类学和繁殖生物学方面的最新研究成果,以及本课题组对中国蜜蜂瓦螨的相关研究结果.提出将我国"大蜂螨"的学名从"雅氏瓦螨"改为"狄斯瓦螨".     

沙葱挥发油提取工艺的研究

文章对沙葱挥发油的提取工艺进行了研究,以沙葱粉为原料,采用水蒸气蒸馏法,在单因素试验结果与分析的基础上,以挥发油得率为指标,以浸泡时间(A)、料液比(B)、超声波处理时间(C)、蒸馏时间(D)为因素进行L9(34)正交试验,研究确定了提取沙葱挥发油的最佳工艺。试验结果表明,各因素影响沙葱挥发油提取率的程度由大到小的顺序为超声波处理时间>料液比=蒸馏时间>浸泡时间;最佳组合为A1B3C3D3,即浸泡时间1.5 h、料液比1:11、超声波处理时间20 min、蒸馏时间3.5 h。在此最佳工艺条件下提取率为0.46%。通过验证试验表明,所选的最佳提取工艺稳定、可行。     

Effect of monensin and essential oils on performance and energy metabolism of transition dairy cows

This work examined preventive effects of a dietary and a medical intervention measure on postpartum (p.p.) ketogenesis in dairy cows overconditioned in late pregnancy. Sixty German Holstein cows were allocated 6 weeks antepartum (a.p.) to three high body condition score (BCS) groups (BCS 3.95 ± 0.08) and one low BCS group (LC, BCS 2.77 ± 0.14). Concentrate proportion in diet a.p. was higher (60% vs. 20%) and increase in proportion p.p. from 30% up to 50% decelerated (3 vs. 2 weeks) in high BCS groups. High BCS cows received a monensin controlled‐release capsule (CRC) (HC/MO), a blend of essential oils (HC/EO) or formed a control group (HC). Performance parameters and energy status were evaluated in three periods [day (d) ?42 until calving, one until 14 days in milk (DIM), 15 until 56 DIM]. Feed efficiency was 65% and 53% higher in HC/MO than in LC (p < 0.001) and HC groups (p = 0.002) in the second period. Milk fat content was higher in HC/EO (5.60 vs. 4.82%; p = 0.012) and milk urea higher in HC/MO (135 mg/kg) than in LC cows (107 mg/kg; p < 0.001). Increased p.p. levels of non‐esterified fatty acids in serum were found in HC (p = 0.003), HC/MO (p = 0.068) and HC/EO (p = 0.002) in comparison with LC cows. Prevalence of subclinical and clinical ketosis was 54% and 46%, respectively, in HC group. Monensin decreased the prevalence to 50% and 7% respectively. Ruminal fermentation pattern showed higher proportions of propionate (23.43 mol % and 17.75 mol %, respectively; p < 0.008) and lower acetate:propionate ratio (2.66 vs. 3.76; p < 0.001) in HC/MO than HC group. Results suggest that a monensin CRC improved energy status and feed efficiency of transition dairy cows while essential oils failed to elicit any effect.     

Chitosan nano-encapsulation improves the effects of mint,thyme, and cinnamon essential oils in broiler chickens

ABSTRACT

1. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of chitosan nano-encapsulating mint (MEO), thyme (TEO) and cinnamon (CEO) essential oils (EOs) used in the diet on performance, immune responses and intestinal bacteria population in broiler chickens.

2. A total of 600 mixed-sex, 1-d-old Ross 308 broiler chicks were used in a 2 × 4 factorial experiment as completely randomised design with 8 experimental groups (diets) with 5 replicates of 15 chicks each (totally 40 pens). The eight experimental diets consisted of no EO and free distiller water (control); no EO and chitosan nano-encapsulated (CNE) distiller water; and other six treatments with free or CNE form of MEO, TEO and CEO (added at 0.025%, 0.04% and 0.055% respectively to starter, grower and finisher diets).

3. Both EOs and the CNE form had significant (P < 0.05) benefits on improving body weight gain, and feed conversion ratio in periods of 29–42 and 1–42 days. The highest effect was (P < 0.05) obtained in birds receiving TEO, which was intensified by nano-encapsulation. Breast percentage was improved by nano-encapsulation (P < 0.05). The EOs (especially TEO and CEO) and CNE form improved (P < 0.05) serum IgY and IgM concentrations (at 35 and 42 days) and intestinal Lactobacillus spp. and E. coli populations (at 42 days) in broilers. Nano-encapsulated EOs, especially TEO and CEO had (P < 0.05) the largest effect on increasing IgY₄₂ concentrations and the microbial populations.

4. The tested EOs, especially TEO, improved more of the evaluated traits in broiler chickens. Also, Chitosan nano-encapsulation because of its ideal properties can be an effective, suitable and inexpensive method for protecting bioactive compounds and improving effects of the herbal EOs especially thyme in broiler chickens.

     

Effects of oral administration of different dosages of carvacrol essential oils on intestinal barrier function in broilers

Essential oils are widely used in the pharmaceutical, food and cosmetic industries, and many plant essential oils have shown that they have positive effects on broilers nutrition. This experiment was conducted to study the effects of orally administered different dosages of carvacrol essential oils on intestinal barrier function in broiler chickens. A total of eighty 28‐day‐old (1.28 ± 0.15 kg) ROSS 308 broilers were randomly allocated to four groups of 20 replicates each, with one chicken per replicate per cage, and all were fed with the same diet. Four experimental groups were orally administered 0, 200, 300 or 400 μl carvacrol essential oils at 18:00 hr every day during the 2‐week experimental period. As a result of which, the gene expression of the occludin, claudin‐1, claudin‐5, ZO‐1 and ZO‐2 in intestinal mucosa of small intestine (p < 0.05) and the goblet cell content in small intestine epithelium (p < 0.05) were significantly increased; test subjects with 300 or 400 μl carvacrol essential oils reduced the microbial counts of Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli in the intestines (p < 0.05); Essential oils administration also significantly increased activity of the sucrase (p < 0.05) and lactase (p < 0.05) in intestinal mucosa. In conclusion, the carvacrol essential oils have positive effects on growth performance and intestinal barriers function of broilers; those effects may be related to the dosage, as administration of 300 or 400 μl was more effective than that of 200 μl.     

精油对生长猪蛋白质和氨基酸等回肠末端表观消化率的影响

试验旨在通过采用T型瘘管法,研究精油对生长猪蛋白质和氨基酸等回肠末端表观消化率的影响。试验选用6头(杜×长×大)去势公猪([28.6±1.3)kg],采用3×3双拉丁方试验设计,分别饲喂正对照日粮:玉米-豆粕型基础日粮+抗生素;负对照日粮:无抗基础日粮;精油组日粮:负对照+0.01%精油。每个试验期为7 d,前5 d为适应期,后2 d为食糜收集期。结果表明,在日粮中添加精油可提高(P<0.05)蛋白质、能量、精氨酸、赖氨酸、亮氨酸、色氨酸、蛋氨酸、丙氨酸、总必需氨基酸、总氨基酸的回肠末端表观消化率,并有提高干物质、苏氨酸、天冬氨酸、丝氨酸和酪氨酸表观消化率的趋势(P<0.10)。在日粮中添加0.01%的精油可提高生长猪蛋白质、能量、总必需氨基酸和总氨基酸的回肠末端表观消化率,并有提高干物质表观消化率的趋势。     

狄斯瓦螨生物学及生物防治研究进展

狄斯瓦螨是蜜蜂的一种外寄生螨,它的原始寄主是东方蜜蜂,在经过寄主转移后,成为危害世界养蜂业最大的病虫害。目前化学杀螨剂以其高效、方便的优点被人们广泛应用,但药物残留和抗药性等弊端越来越突出。因此,通过深入对狄斯瓦螨的危害、分类及生物学特性等方面的基础研究,加快开发各种生物防治技术是十分必要的。本文就瓦螨的分类地位、生物学特性及雄蜂脾诱杀、撒糖粉和真菌三个重要的生物防治方法的研究进展进行了简要介绍,并对其研究前景进行了展望。     

植物精油对反刍动物瘤胃蛋白质代谢的影响

随着抗生素作为饲料添加剂被禁用,寻求能够改善瘤胃代谢从而提高饲料效率和动物生产性能的抗生素替代品一直是研究热点。植物精油被认为是代替饲料中抗生素的有效产品之一,它能够通过抑制某些微生物的生长发育来改善瘤胃发酵。本文就近几年来植物精油对瘤胃蛋白质代谢及其对反刍动物生产性能的影响作一综述。