保墒灌溉对夏玉米地土壤水分迁移转化的影响

设置地膜覆盖、秸秆覆盖和PAM化学保水剂3种保墒处理,研究不同保墒灌溉下夏玉米地土壤水分沿剖面变化规律与夏玉米整个生育期耗水规律的异同.试验结果表明:在灌溉或非灌溉条件下,各保墒处理的土壤含水量在0～150 cm均高于相同条件下的对照,且各保墒灌溉对土壤储水量的提高,随着灌溉水量的增加而增加.试验结果还表明:地膜覆盖、...     

保水剂对土壤持水特性的作用机理研究

分别将B1(北京华瑞祥科技有限公司高吸水树脂保水剂)、B2(广东东莞市安信保水有限公司农林保水剂)、B3(唐山博亚科技工业开发有限责任公司的高能抗旱保水剂)3种保水剂以不同用量(0.05%、0.10%和0.50%)施入无团聚体孔隙的风沙土中,测定各处理土壤在不同吸力时的含水量,并用V-G模型拟合各土壤水分特性曲线,获得各处理土壤的水分特性曲线参数和主要水分常数等结果,以期揭示使用保水剂在改善土壤持水性方面的作用特征和机理。结果表明:1使用保水剂后,除土壤无效水部分无显著变化外,各处理土壤饱和含水量、田间持水量、重力水和有效水部分均显著增加,保水剂用量为0.50%时处理土壤的田间持水量比对照高3~4.7倍,使用保水剂显著改善了土壤中、低水吸力段的持水容量,即土壤的"孔隙"持水部分。2各处理土壤的水分特征曲线右移,各吸力段的持水容量明显增加,n值均小于对照,表明使用保水剂显著增大了在失水过程中土壤的持水能力。3使用保水剂后,各处理土壤增加的吸水量主要来源于重力水和有效水,保水剂用量为0.05%时,各处理土壤重力水所占比重高于60%,随着保水剂用量增加,重力水所占比重下降,有效水分所占比重提高,表明保水剂对土壤持水特性的作用机理主要体现为增加了土壤的"毛管孔隙"持水比例,即在低使用量时显著改善土壤重力水部分,随着保水剂使用量的增加则显著增加土壤有效水部分。4综合比较保水剂类型和对土壤持水能力的改善作用,B3型保水剂在使用量为0.5%时的改善效果最好。由此得出,化学保水剂尽管是一种具有很强分子吸水能力的基质,却在土壤中能够极大地改变土壤"孔隙"持水性,增加土壤有效水贮量,应当受到应有的重视和广泛使用。     

保水剂对小麦生长及生理特性的影响

为探明保水剂施用后对耐旱品种矮抗58生长及光合作用等的作用特征,通过大田试验,测定了保水剂不同用量(0,30,60,90 kg/hm2)的土壤水分、株高、叶面积、叶片相对含水量及光合特征等.结果表明:保水剂不但提高了各生育期表层土壤含水量,而且促进了20 cm以下土层土壤水分的提高.在拔节期,随保水剂用量的增加.叶片相...     

不同保水剂对旱地春玉米生长发育和产量的影响

保水剂的应用为旱地玉米实现高效生产提供了有力保障。为探究山西旱地玉米田适宜保水剂类型,通过为期2年的田间定位试验,研究了不同保水剂类型下旱地玉米生理指标及其产量的变化。试验共设置4个处理,分别为聚丙烯酸钾(PAAS)保水剂、聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)保水剂、黄腐酸保水剂(HA),另以不施保水剂(CK)作为对照。结果表明,施用保水剂能有效缓解玉米生长前期的干旱胁迫,显著提高玉米苗期、拔节期的叶面积指数、叶绿素含量、光合速率、蒸腾速率以及地上部干物质累积量,降低玉米籽粒败育率,使秃顶长变小,同时玉米穗长、穗粒数以及单穗重增加,从而提高旱地玉米产量。不同保水剂类型作用效果不同,各指标均表现为PAASPAMHA。与CK相比,PAAS处理玉米产量提高21.6%,穗长增加11.4%,穗粒数增加120粒,单穗重增加21.6%。为获得较高的玉米产量,PAAS可作为试验当地春玉米田保水剂的最佳选择。     

化学覆盖与干湿变化对玉米生长及水分利用效率的影响

采用干旱防雨棚下盆栽的方法,研究不同土壤含水量下土壤表面化学覆盖对玉米抗旱成苗及水分利用效率(WUE)的影响。结果表明,利用保水剂和土壤改良剂PAM进行土壤表面覆盖能够提高玉米出苗率,有效降低土表蒸发,同时土壤干湿变化对玉米的生长更为有利,它可以引起强烈的生长补偿效应。     

保水剂对不同质地土壤保肥性影响的研究

试验在三种不同质地的土壤中加入不同用量的保水剂和相同用量硫酸钾进行,利用花盆试验研究保水剂不同用量对不同质地土壤保持养分能力的影响。结果表明,(1) 保水剂能降低土壤淋洗液中钾离子浓度,且钾离子浓度与保水剂用量呈负相关,表明保水剂对三种质地土壤保持钾素的能力都有所提高;(2) 保水剂对三种质地土壤养分保持能力的影响大小程度依次为砂土、壤土、粘土;(3) 保水剂使土壤中硫酸钾残留量都较对照显著提高,砂土、壤土和粘土中分别加入0.25%保水剂较对照分别节钾25.51%、4.70%和2.06%。试验表明保水剂具有显著的保肥效果,在一定程度上减少了可溶性养分的淋溶损失,从而对土壤的持肥能力有较明显的增加作用。     

玉米流体穴播条件参数试验研究

以土壤含水量、种子浸泡时间、种液用量为试验变量,出苗率为试验指标,对玉米流体穴播条件进行了二次回归正交旋转组合试验。结果表明:土壤含水量、种液用量对出苗率影响显著,随着二者数值的增大种子出苗率提高,但二者的影响是非线性的,在二者数值较大时,对出苗率影响的变化趋势减缓并下降,表明土壤总含水量过高对种子萌发出苗不利;在试验条件下,土壤含水量为7.12%、种液浓度为0.15%时,单位面积种液用量应低于5.6 m3·hm~(-2)。种子浸泡时间对出苗率的影响不显著,但播前浸泡可缩短或略去种子在田间的吸水膨胀过程,使种子萌发出苗早。建立了确保玉米出苗率的种液用量与土壤含水量数学模型,依此模型可根据土壤含水量确定种液施用量。     

不同质地土壤应用保水剂效果研究

通过盆栽试验,对保水剂在砂土、壤土和粘土上的保水效果进行了研究,结果表明:(1)对于土壤水吸力变化而言,沙土、壤土分别添加保水剂(SAP)5 g和10 g(即处理B5和B10)均低于不添加SAP(处理B0),但随着SAP用量的增加,水吸力并没有表现出减小的趋势,沙土均30.4 kPa,壤土均80 kPa;粘土在低水吸力范围内与砂土、壤土相似,30 kPa各处理效果不明显。(2)对于土壤含水量而言,沙土的B10处理在含水量上显著高于其它处理,然而综合考虑水吸力和含水量时,沙土在15 kPa水吸力范围内,B10处理虽供水性较强,但土壤持水性变差,B1处理持水性较好,供水性在作物可利用范围内;壤土的处理效果不如沙土,壤土在同一水吸力下,处理B5含水量始终处于较高水平,均高于19%,且在30 kPa的吸力范围有较高的持水性和供水性;粘土土壤水吸力与含水量二者的关系相对比较复杂,B5处理在不同吸力范围内出现相反的保水效果,其机理有待进一步研究。     

化学覆盖与干湿变化对玉米生长及水分利用效率的影响

采用干旱防雨棚下盆栽的方法，研究不同土壤含水量下土壤表面化学覆盖对玉米抗旱成苗及水分利用效率(WUE)的影响。结果表明，利用保水剂和土壤改良剂PAM进行土壤表面覆盖能够提高玉米出苗率，有效降低土表蒸发，同时土壤干湿变化对玉米的生长更为有利，它可以引起强烈的生长补偿效应。     

不同覆盖材料下土壤水温效应对玉米前期生长的影响

本研究旨在比较盆栽与大田试验条件下不同覆盖材料的土壤调温保湿效果,为选择农业环保型覆盖材料提供理论依据。2014和2015年分别设置盆栽试验和大田试验,覆盖塑料地膜(DM)、液体地膜(YM)、麻地膜(MM)及秸秆(JM)等4种材料,以不覆盖处理为对照(CK),分析了不同覆盖材料对土壤水温状况及玉米前期生长的影响。结果表明:麻地膜覆盖对玉米生育前期0~20 cm土层土壤的保水保墒效果最好,秸秆覆盖处理次之,麻地膜覆盖和秸秆覆盖处理玉米出苗至大喇叭口期平均土壤贮水量分别较对照显著提高29.0%和26.6%。覆盖不同材料的调温作用:2014年盆栽试验玉米拔节期各处理升温效果表现为MMDMJMYMCK,大喇叭口期其降温效果表现为MMJMCKDMYM;2015年大田试验玉米拔节期各处理升温效果表现为CKDMMMYMJM,大喇叭口期其降温效果表现为CKDMMMJMYM。麻地膜覆盖处理促进了玉米前期的生长,比不覆盖处理提前10~11 d进入大喇叭口期,玉米株高、茎粗、叶面积及生物量分别较对照显著提高48.3%、27.5%、158.2%和63.5%。     

Soil water and salt distribution under furrow irrigation of saline water with plastic mulch on ridge

Furrow irrigation when combined with plastic mulch on ridge is one of the current uppermost water-saving irrigation technologies for arid regions.The present paper studies the dynamics of soil water-salt transportation and its spatial distribution characteristics under irrigation with saline water in a maize field experiment.The mathematical relationships for soil salinity,irrigation amount and water salinity are also established to evaluate the contribution of the irrigation amount and the salinity of saline water to soil salt accumulation.The result showed that irrigation with water of high salinity could effectively increase soil water content,but the increment is limited comparing with the influence from irrigation amount.The soil water content in furrows was higher than that in ridges at the same soil layers,with increments of 12.87% and 13.70% for MMF9(the treatment with the highest water salinity and the largest amount of irrigation water) and MMF1(the treatment with the lowest water salinity and the least amount of irrigation water) on 27 June,respectively.The increment for MMF9 was gradually reduced while that for MMF1 increased along with growth stages,the values for 17 August being 2.40% and 19.92%,respectively.Soil water content in the ridge for MMF9 reduced gradually from the surface layer to deeper layers while the surface soil water content for MMF1 was smaller than the contents below 20 cm at the early growing stage.Soil salinities for the treatments with the same amount of irrigation water but different water salinity increased with the water salinity.When water salinity was 6.04 dS/m,the less water resulted in more salt accumulation in topsoil and less in deep layers.When water salinity was 2.89 dS/m,however,the less water resulted in less salt accumulation in topsoil and salinity remained basically stable in deep layers.The salt accumulation in the ridge surface was much smaller than that in the furrow bottom under this technology,which was quite different from traditional furrow irrigation.The soil salinities for MMF7,MMF8 and MMF9 in the ridge surface were 0.191,0.355 and 0.427 dS/m,respectively,whereas those in the furrow bottom were 0.316,0.521 and 0.631 dS/m,respectively.The result of correlation analysis indicated that compared with irrigation amount,the irrigation water salinity was still the main factor influencing soil salinity in furrow irrigation with plastic mulch on ridge.     

根区局部灌溉对有机无机肥配施土壤微生物和玉米水分利用的影响

在不同有机无机肥配施条件下,研究3种灌水方式,即常规灌溉(CI)、固定部分根区灌溉(FPRI)和分根区交替灌溉(APRI)对土壤微生物数量和玉米水分利用的影响。结果表明:有机无机肥配施能增加土壤微生物的数量,但并不随有机肥比例的增加一直递增。在相同灌溉方式下,以60%化肥 40%有机肥(F3)施肥处理效果较好,拔节期、孕穗期和灌浆期3个时期细菌、真菌和放线菌数量较其他施肥处理高。而在相同施肥条件下,APRI和FPRI土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌的数量高于CI处理。与CI相比,FPRI和APRI分别平均节水14.7%和16.9%,水分利用效率则分别平均提高了20.0%和10.4%。这表明根区局部灌溉能创造良好的土壤生物环境,促进微生物的代谢和繁殖,提高土壤中微生物的数量,节约灌水量和提高水分利用效率。     

不同覆盖方式对温室葡萄耗水规律和产量的影响

为筛选出适合河西走廊地区的日光温室葡萄最佳覆盖模式,在张掖市水务局灌溉试验站,设白膜+秸秆覆盖、黑膜+秸秆覆盖、白膜覆盖、黑膜覆盖、秸秆覆盖和砂子覆盖等不同覆盖处理,对温室葡萄耗水规律和产量表现进行了研究分析。结果表明:1不同覆盖方式均可增加土壤含水量,秸秆+黑膜覆盖下的土壤含水量最大,全生育期内秸秆+黑膜覆盖下的土壤相对含水量达到了16.54%,单一的秸秆覆盖的土壤含水量在中后期也增大较快,土壤含水量增大到了17.64%,秸秆+地膜双重覆盖与单一的秸秆覆盖在中后期均能明显提高土壤储水能力;2不同覆盖处理相比对照(不覆盖)均能增加葡萄产量,以黑膜+秸秆覆盖葡萄的增产效果最好,增产高达28.85%(P0.05),白膜+秸秆覆盖增产25.53%(P0.05);3不同覆盖处理均能调节土壤温度,地膜+秸秆覆盖方式兼备了单一地膜和单一秸秆覆盖处理的特点,前期土壤升温幅度大于秸秆覆盖,后期降温趋势小于地膜覆盖,且以黑膜+秸秆覆盖较为明显,其处理下土壤温度保持在21.13℃左右;4各覆盖处理均可提高灌溉水利用效率(IWUE)和水分生产效率(WUE),达到节水增产的目的,以黑膜+秸秆效果最好,黑膜+秸秆覆盖处理的灌溉水利用效率和水分生产效率均最大,分别达到了6.53 kg·m~(-3)和5.88 kg·m~(-3)。     

秸秆覆盖量对土壤水分利用及春玉米产量的影响

为了探明半干旱区秸秆覆盖栽培中适宜的秸秆覆盖量,在宁南旱区进行了春玉米栽培试验。试验设1.35、0.9、0.45和0万kg/hm24个覆盖量处理,分析了不同覆盖量对土壤水分、玉米产量及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,4年玉米生育期覆盖量从高到低0～200 cm土层平均土壤贮水量分别较CK(无覆盖)高15.47、10.79 mm和6.26 mm(P<0.05)。试验期间,2009年玉米生育期降雨量最低(为266.1 mm),各处理依次较CK增产13.10%、17.37%和5.40%(P<0.05);2010年玉米生育期降雨量最高(为433.6 mm),各处理依次较CK增产3.91%、7.58%(P<0.05)和1.70%。0.9～1.35万kg/hm2覆盖量增产效果明显,4年平均比CK增产14.23%～12.03%,水分利用效率提高了10.64%～8.87%。宁南旱区,0.9万kg/hm2秸秆覆盖量能更好地蓄水保墒,促进农田土壤水分良性循环,且对提高玉米产量和水分利用效率有显著效果。     

不同节水措施对马铃薯生长及水分利用的影响

结合地膜、保水剂和滴灌系统,研究其在不同土壤基质势下对马铃薯生长及水分利用的影响。结果发现:土壤20 cm处不同土壤基质势下,露地未施保水剂处理有较好的生长势和较高产量,地膜覆盖并施用保水剂处理能提高大中薯率、商品薯率和灌溉水利用率;土壤基质势在-20 kPa及-25 kPa下,马铃薯生长势、产量及块茎商品性差异不大,但较低的土壤基质势会削弱保水剂的保水性能。试验结果表明:晚播春马铃薯不适宜在整个生育期内覆盖地膜,采用保水剂与滴灌系统相结合可以达到节水增产的目的。     

Responses of Amygdalus pedunculata Pall. in the sandy and loamy soils to water stress

Amygdalus pedunculata Pall. is a major species that is widely planted in afforested soils with different textures in the transitional zone between Mu Us Desert and Loess Plateau, China. However, the responses of A. pedunculata to increasing intensity of water stress in different textural soils are not clear. Here, we conducted a soil column experiment to evaluate the effects of different textures (sandy and loamy) on water consumption, water use efficiency (WUE), biomass accumulation and ecological adaptability of A. pedunculata under increasing water stress, i.e., 90% (±5%) FC (field capacity), 75% (±5%) FC, 60% (±5%) FC, 45% (±5%) FC and 30% (±5%) FC in 2018. A. pedunculata grown in the sandy soil with the lowest (30% FC) and highest (90% FC) water contents had respectively 21.3%-37.0% and 4.4%-20.4% less transpiration than those with other water treatments (45%-75% FC). In contrast, A. pedunculata transpiration in the loamy soil decreased with decreasing water content. The magnitude of decrease in transpiration increased with increasing level of water deficit (45% and 30% FC). Mean daily and cumulative transpirations of the plant were significantly lower in the sandy soil than in the loamy soil under good water condition (90% FC), but the reverse was noted under water deficit treatments (45% and 30% FC). Plant height, stem diameter and total biomass initially increased with decreasing water content from 90% to 75% FC and then declined under severe water deficit conditions (45% and 30% FC) in the sandy soil. However, these plant parameters decreased with decreasing water content in the loamy soil. WUE in the sandy soil was 7.8%-12.3% higher than that in the loamy soil, which initially increased with decreasing water content from 90% to 75% FC and then declined under water deficit conditions (45% and 30% FC). The study showed that plant transpiration, biomass production and WUE responded differentially to increasing intensity of water stress in the sandy and loamy soils. The contrasting responses of A. pedunculata to water stress in different textural soils can guide future revegetation programs in the northern region of Chinese Loess Plateau by considering plant adaptability to varying soil and water conditions.     

小麦间作玉米农田耗水特性及产量变化对根系分隔的响应

通过田间试验,研究了小麦间作玉米塑料薄膜隔根(PW//C)、尼龙网隔根(NW//C)、不隔根(W//C)及单作玉米(C)和单作小麦(W)对土壤水分、棵间蒸发和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,根系分隔显著影响作物的耗水特性,从而显著影响作物产量及水分利用效率的提高。小麦收获前,W//C、NW//C和PW//C处理玉米带土壤水分含量均高于小麦带,分别提高2.38%、3.82%和6.13%;小麦收获后,NW//C和PW//C处理玉米带土壤水分含量却均低于小麦带,分别降低5.41%和16.07%,而W//C处理玉米带和小麦带间水分差异不显著。根系分隔显著增大了间作模式的作物棵间蒸发量,NW//C和PW//C较W//C处理分别显著提高6.71%和20.13%。以单作小麦、单作玉米加权平均为对照,W//C、NW//C和PW//C处理分别显著提高经济产量33.60%、26.93%和24.69%,增大耗水量-0.2%、1.02%和6.69%,显著提高水分利用效率34.93%、26.67%和17.80%。W//C处理较NW//C和PW//C处理分别提高经济产量5.25%和7.14%,降低耗水量1.21%和6.64%,提高水分利用效率6.52%和14.54%。     

陇东旱塬区冬小麦不同覆膜方式对土壤水热及产量的影响

以平凉43号冬小麦为试验材料,于2012—2014年在平凉市崆峒区草峰镇夏寨村进行全膜覆土穴播(A)、全膜平铺不覆土穴播(B)、膜侧沟播(C)和不覆膜露地条播(CK)4种栽培方式对土壤水热及小麦产量影响试验。结果表明:覆膜能够显著提高冬小麦出苗至拔节期土壤含水量和地温,并对表层土壤含水量和地温影响大于深层土壤,土壤含水量处理ABCCK,地温处理BACCK,A和B差异不明显,冬小麦抽穗期后各处理下土壤含水量和地温与对照相比提高不大,甚至小于对照;覆膜方式对水分利用效率和产量的影响结果为处理ABCCK,处理A、处理B和处理C的水分利用效率比CK分别提高83.75%,63.48%和41.31%;处理A、处理B和处理C的经济产量比CK分别增加了2 587.5、1 989.75 kg·hm~(-2)和1 617.0 kg·hm~(-2)。经方差分析,在1%水平下,处理A、处理B和处理C水分利用效率和经济产量与CK均有极显著的差异,且其各处理之间也有极显著的差异。综上所述,全膜覆土穴播是降雨资源高效利用和提高冬小麦产量的最佳覆膜方式,可在陇东旱塬区生产上推广应用。     

Effects of mixed-based biochar on water infiltration and evaporation in aeolian sand soil

Aeolian sandy soil in mining areas exhibits intense evaporation and poor water retention capacity. This study was designed to find a suitable biochar application method to improve soil water infiltration and minimize soil water evaporation for aeolian sand soil. Using the indoor soil column method, we studied the effects of three application patterns (A (0-20 cm was a mixed sample of mixed-based biochar and soil), B (0-10 cm was a mixed sample of mixed-based biochar and soil and 10-20 cm was soil), and C (0-10 cm was soil and 10-20 cm was a mixed sample of mixed-based biochar and soil)), four application amounts (0% (control, CK), 1%, 2%, and 4% of mixed-based biochar in dry soil), and two particle sizes (0.05-0.25 mm (S1) and <0.05 mm (S2)) of mixed-based biochar on water infiltration and evaporation of aeolian sandy soil. We separately used five infiltration models (the Philip, Kostiakov, Horton, USDA-NRCS (United States Department of Agriculture-Natural Resources Conservation Service), and Kostiakov-Lewis models) to fit cumulative infiltration and time. Compared with CK, the application of mixed-based biochar significantly reduced cumulative soil water infiltration. Under application patterns A, B, and C, the higher the application amount and the finer the particle size were, the lower the migration speed of the wetting front. With the same application amount, cumulative soil water infiltration under application pattern A was the lowest. Taking infiltration for 10 min as an example, the reductions of cumulative soil water infiltration under the treatments of A2%_(S2), A4%_(S1), A4%_(S2), A1%_(S1), C2%_(S1), and B1%_(S1) were higher than 30%, which met the requirements of loess soil hydraulic parameters suitable for plant growth. The five infiltration models well fitted the effects of the treatments of application pattern C and S1 particle size (R²>0.980), but the R² values of the Horton model exceeded 0.990 for all treatments (except for the treatment B2%_(S2)). Compared with CK, all other treatments reduced cumulative soil water infiltration, except for B4%_(S2). With the same application amount, cumulative soil water evaporation difference between application patterns A and B was small. Treatments of application pattern C and S1 particle size caused a larger reduction in cumulative soil water evaporation. The reductions in cumulative soil water evaporation under the treatments of C4%_(S1), C4%_(S2), C2%_(S1), and C2%_(S2) were over 15.00%. Therefore, applying 2% of mixed-based biochar with S1 particle size to the underlying layer (10-20 cm) could improve soil water infiltration while minimizing soil water evaporation. Moreover, application pattern was the main factor affecting soil water infiltration and evaporation. Further, there were interactions among the three influencing factors in the infiltration process (application amount×particle size with the most important interaction), while there were no interactions among them in the evaporation process. The results of this study could contribute to the rational application of mixed-based biochar in aeolian sandy soil and the resource utilization of urban and agricultural wastes in mining areas.     

生育期水分调控对河西地区滴灌春小麦生长和水分利用的影响

为探索干旱地区有利于春小麦生长和提高产量的大田滴灌灌水模式,以春小麦永良4号为试验材料,在不同生育期(苗期~分蘖,拔节~孕穗,抽穗~开花,灌浆~成熟)设置5个土壤水分下限W1(55%、60%、55%、50%),W2(60%、65%、60%、55%),W3(65%、70%、65%、60%),W4(70%、75%、70%、65%)和充分灌溉(CK)(75%、80%、75%、70%),研究了不同生育期土壤水分调控对河西地区滴灌春小麦生长、产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明:一定施肥水平下,随着土壤水分下限的提高,各处理株高、叶面积指数均不断增大,在成熟期充分灌溉(CK)处理分别比W4处理高2.19%和7.93%;不同水分下限处理条件下,春小麦干物质的总积累量和成熟期干物质向籽粒的分配量均为W4处理最大,比CK分别显著高5.63%和17.14%;各处理春小麦产量和水分利用效率随着土壤水分下限的增加均呈先增加后减小的变化趋势,其中W4处理的水分利用效率比W3处理降低2.82%,但其产量分别比W3、CK处理增加7.53%和4.07%。从节水增产的角度考虑,W4处理可作为基于本试验条件下较适宜的水分处理。