脂肪酶催化菜籽油制备生物柴油工艺优化

利用脂肪酶LVK在以正己烷为溶剂的体系中催化菜籽油与乙醇酯交换合成生物柴油。为提高酯交换率,采用响应面实验设计和分析方法对菜籽油的酯交换反应条件进行优化,得到最佳工艺条件：醇油摩尔比5．3：1,脂肪酶与油脂的质量比为15％,反应温度40℃,反应时间34．5h,溶剂（正已烷）量18．4％,乙醇一次加入,在此工艺条件下菜籽油的酯交换率达到93．48％。结果表明正己烷体系能很好解决乙醇与菜籽油的互溶性,消除乙醇对脂肪酶的毒害作用。     

脂肪酶连续催化桐油酯交换反应制取生物柴油

为了提高酶法催化桐油制取生物柴油的生产效率,找到适合其工业化生产的工艺,该文探索了固定化脂肪酶连续催化桐油与甲醇酯交换反应制取生物柴油的连续反应工艺条件,在流化床反应器中、43℃的反应温度下,考察了反应液体积流量、脂肪酶填充密度、醇油摩尔比、反应连续时间等因素对单根反应器内连续酯交换反应的影响,得到了单根反应器连续反应条件：反应液体积流量为0.33 mL/min,醇油摩尔比为0.75︰1,脂肪酶填充密度为0.15 g/mL,酯交换率达22%;利用4根相同反应器串联操作,操作参数与单根反应器相同,油脂一次加入,在进入每根反应器前向反应液中加入油脂酯交换反应所需理论甲醇量的1/4,在该连续反应工艺条件下,桐油的酯交换率达到88%～92%。结果发现,本连续反应工艺条件比间歇反应具有更高的生产效率,可以应用于酶法制取生物柴油的工业化生产中。     

叔丁醇体系脂肪酶催化菜籽油制备生物柴油

为了在生物柴油制备中改善酶的催化环境,该文通过对脂肪酶LVK催化菜籽油乙醇解反应几个主要影响因素的研究,得出其最佳反应条件为：醇油摩尔比5∶1,催化剂用量10%,叔丁醇用量10%,反应温度40℃,反应时间为30 h,转酯率达到94.7%。研究表明10%的叔丁醇体系能完全解除乙醇对脂肪酶LVK的催化抑制作用;还消解除副产物甘油对脂肪酶LVK的失活。     

固体催化剂催化牛油制取生物柴油工艺优化

利用固体催化剂催化废弃动物油脂制取生物柴油可以实现催化剂的重复利用、降低原料成本,从而提高生物柴油的市场竞争力。该文以牛油为原料,在自制固体催化剂Cs2O/γ-Al2O3的催化作用下与甲醇酯交换反应制备生物柴油。采用响应面法对反应过程进行了优化,试验考察了醇油摩尔比、催化剂用量、反应时间和反应温度等操作条件对酯交换反应的影响,并得到了最优反应条件,即反应温度66℃,醇油摩尔比10.5：1,催化剂用量5.3%,反应时间120 min,生物柴油的酯交换率达到95.5%。反应后固体催化剂在400℃下灼烧4 h后可以重复利用,重复利用8次后酯交换率下降不到6%。研究结果将为固体催化剂催化废弃动物油脂制取生物柴油的连续和产业化生产提供试验基础,为提高生物柴油的市场竞争力提供参考。     

碱性脂肪酶固定化条件及其催化生物柴油的研究

该文以改性的硅胶为载体,通过戊二醛交联固定化碱性脂肪酶,得到较佳固定化条件：当戊二醛浓度为0.8 g/L,给酶量为30 U/g时,酶活回收率效率达到90%以上。通过改变溶剂的种类、给酶量、含水率、底物摩尔比、甲醇的流加方式等参数,考察了脂肪酸和甲醇在固定化碱性脂肪酶催化下合成生物柴油的工艺条件,试验结果表明在20 mL正己烷,给酶量7.5 g（12 U/g）,脂肪酸10 g,酸醇摩尔比为1︰1.2,含水率4%条件下,分3次加入甲醇,40℃反应8 h,反应体系酯化率达到了82%。     

利用动物脂肪酯交换反应制备生物柴油的试验研究

该文以牛油为原料,在KOH的催化作用下与甲醇酯交换反应制备生物柴油。采用正交试验与人工神经网络相结合的试验方法,考察了醇油摩尔比、催化剂用量、反应时间和反应温度等操作条件对酯交换反应的影响,得到了最优工艺条件,即反应温度70℃,醇油摩尔比10.5︰1,催化剂用量1.1%（占油脂质量的百分数）,反应时间90 min。经试验验证,利用神经网络优化后的酯交换率达到94.16%,高于正交试验的结果93.17%。     

菜籽油酯交换制备生物柴油的工艺研究

为提高生物柴油的转化率和纯度,以菜籽油为原料,研究在KOH催化剂作用下与甲醇进行酯交换反应制备生物柴油的工艺,考察了甲醇用量、催化剂用量、反应温度和反应时间等操作条件对酯交换反应的影响。结果表明,该反应最适宜的工艺条件为：甲醇用量为菜籽油质量的20%,催化剂用量为菜籽油质量的1.2%,反应温度为65℃,反应时间为90～120 min;菜籽油制备的生物柴油品质达到美国ASTM和德国DINE生物柴油标准,其生物柴油的转化率为94.89%。若充分开发中国南方可利用的冬闲田和边际土地约1000万hm²种植油菜,按照此工艺条件加工菜籽油,则每年可加工生产生物柴油740万t,具有广阔的发展前景。     

菜籽油碱催化法制备生物柴油的工艺参数

以碱催化剂为媒介的转酯化反应制备生物柴油方法因其转化率高而倍受重视。该文以菜籽油为原料,在小型试验装置上,采用均相碱催化法,研究了菜籽油在碱性催化剂NaOH的作用下与甲醇经酯交换反应制备生物柴油的工艺条件。考察了醇油摩尔比（4︰1～8︰1）、催化剂用量（0.5%～2%）、反应温度（30～60℃）和反应时间（30～150 min）等工艺参数对酯交换反应的影响,对生物柴油的组成成分进行了气相色谱/质谱联用(GC-MS)分析。结果表明,在醇油摩尔比6︰1,催化剂用量为油质量的1%,反应温度为50～60℃,反应时间为60 min时,酯交换反应转化率最高可达到96.7%。该生物柴油主要由油酸甲酯、芥子酸甲酯、9,12-十八碳二烯酸甲酯、11-二十碳烯酸甲酯、亚麻酸甲酯等脂肪酸甲酯组成,其中油酸甲酯含量最高,相对质量分数高达50.30%。     

Ba(OH)2催化酯交换反应制备生物柴油

为简化酯交换法制备生物柴油工艺过程,实现生物柴油绿色生产.采用正交试验的方法研究了Ba(OH)2催化酯交换反应制备生物柴油过程中油醇摩尔比、Ba(OH)2用量、反应温度、反应时间等因素对生物柴油转化率的影响,并将Ba(OH)2与KOH的催化效果进行了简单比较.实验结果显示:最佳的工艺条件为油醇摩尔比1:6、Ba(OH)2用量2%、反应温度60℃.在此条件下以大豆油为原料90 min生物柴油转化率达到94.27%,花生油、亚麻油、菜籽油等相应转化率均超过95%,同时对比实验证明Ba(OH)2与KOH具有同样高的催化活性,反应产物成分相同,且Ba(OH)2可通过BaSO4沉淀的形式简单、完全回收.Ba(OH)2可作为一种有潜力的生物柴油制备催化剂.     

超声波辅助离子液体组合物直接制备微藻生物柴油

微藻生物柴油能够解决目前植物原料生物柴油面临的耕地不足、气候变化影响产量并引起农作物价格上涨等突出问题,但传统微藻生物柴油生产过程能源与化学品消耗大,将微藻油脂的提取-酯交换耦合成一个单元,具有较大应用潜力。该研究采用小球藻、甲醇为原料,离子液体组合物作为提取剂、催化剂,超声波辅助催化微藻直接提取-酯交换制备生物柴油。考察超声波频率、超声波功率、离子液体类型、离子液体用量、反应温度、反应时间、醇油摩尔比等因素对酯交换率的影响,并与传统水浴加热机械搅拌法比较,结果表明,超声波和离子液体对生物柴油的制备有协同促进作用,离子液体具有催化、提取与增溶的作用,能较好地消除醇油界面接触,超声波的引入强化了传质传热过程,与传统加热方式水浴加热机械搅拌法相比,可以缩短酯交换反应的时间,降低反应温度,减少离子液体、甲醇的用量。离子液体[BMIM][HCOO]为提取剂,微藻油脂提取率最高;酸性离子液体催化效果明显高于碱性离子液体,离子液体[SO3H- BMIM][HSO4]为催化剂,微藻油脂转化率最高。当超声波功率240W,频率28kHz,甲醇用量和藻粉质量比为6∶1,离子液体组合物和藻粉质量比为5∶1,离子液体[BMIM][HCOO]与[SO3H-BMIM][HSO4]体积比为12∶1,反应温度为50 ℃,超声反应时间50 min条件下,生物柴油的转化率可达69.6%。该方法将离子液体溶解提取性能、催化性能及超声波的空化效应相结合,将油脂的提取与油脂的转酯化合二为一,不需先从微藻粉中提取油脂,缩短了工艺,能够实现含油微藻到生物柴油的一步转化。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

Responses of native legume desert trees used for reforestation in the Sonoran Desert to plant growth-promoting microorganisms in screen house

Three slow-growing legume trees used for desert reforestation and urban gardening in the Sonoran Desert of Northwestern Mexico and the Southwestern USA were evaluated whether their growth can be promoted by inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria (Azospirillum brasilense and Bacillus pumilus), unidentified arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (mainly Glomus sp.), and supplementation with common compost under regular screenhouse cultivation common to these trees in nurseries. Mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata) and yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla) had different positive responses to several of the parameters tested while blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida) did not respond. Survival of all tree species was over 80% and survival of mesquite was almost 100% after 10 months of cultivation. Inoculation with growth-promoting microorganisms induced significant effects on the leaf gas exchange of these trees, measured as transpiration and diffusive resistance, when these trees were cultivated without water restrictions.