渭北高原不同施肥方案土壤效应及对再植苹果生长发育的影响

为了给通过施肥解决苹果连作障碍问题提供借鉴,于2006～2007年在西北农林科技大学白水苹果试验站,采用盆栽试验和大田试验,研究了施用磷肥和抗重茬肥对土壤养分、微生物、土壤酶以及幼树根系活力、株高、叶面积的效应.结果表明:施用500 g/株抗重茬肥可以提高土壤有效养分和土壤酶,改善土壤微生物群体结构,促进植株生长,与非连作幼树表现基本一致;施用250 g/株抗重茬肥、500 g/株和1 000 g/株磷肥在减轻连作危害方面效果较好,处理后多数测定指标都相对高于连作幼树对照,但效应有限.综合考虑土壤效应和苹果生长因素,老果园再植以施用500 g/株用量的抗重茬肥可以部分解决苹果再植障碍问题.     

土壤不同处理对木霉菌定殖及其生防效果的影响

重茬土经施肥改土、高温灭菌后,增施木霉菌的试验结果表明:木霉菌可以在甜瓜根表、根际定殖存活,同时不影响其他有益微生物的正常生长;土壤经高温灭菌后,土壤中的微生物呈真空状态,有利于木霉菌的快速定殖,促进甜瓜生长,降低甜瓜枯萎病的病情指数。甜瓜枯萎病发病率与土壤中镰刀菌孢子的存活量成正相关,与土壤中木霉菌、细菌数量的多少成负相关。     

西瓜砧木种传尖孢镰刀菌粗毒素研究

采用乙酸乙酯和乙醚萃取法提取2株西瓜砧木种传镰刀菌粗毒素中的镰刀菌酸,并用高效液相色谱(HPLC)进行了定量分析;测定了镰刀菌酸粗毒素对西瓜砧木幼苗的致萎蔫作用.结果表明,2株种传尖孢镰刀菌粗毒素中都可检测到镰刀菌酸,质量浓度分别为69.9μg/mL和842.3 μg/mL.用2株种传尖孢镰刀菌粗毒素处理西瓜砧木幼苗根部能引起幼苗枯萎,且西瓜砧木幼苗的萎蔫程度随着粗毒素中镰刀菌酸浓度的升高和处理时间的延长而加重.关于西瓜砧木种传尖孢镰刀菌粗毒素中镰刀菌酸含量的检测及其引起幼苗萎蔫为国内首次报道.     

硫酸锌防治玉米茎基腐病的研究

硫酸锌１０００倍液对肿囊腐霉与禾谷镰刀菌的抑菌半径分别为１.６ｍｍ、２ｍｍ,而同一浓度的杀菌剂普力克为３.４ｍｍ与０。盆栽试验结果表明,４～６ｇＺｎＳＯ_４分批施入再接肿囊腐霉的发病率在２５％～１７％,接禾谷镰刀菌的发病率在１７％,均低于对照区５０％。１０ｍｌ普力克分批施入盆土内,然后分别接入两菌,均未见发病。ＺｎＳＯ_４以６６７ｍ^２１.５～２ｋｇ的用量与其他肥料组配成种肥,在大田防治玉米茎基腐病的效果为７９.６５％～８６.５８％。     

AM真菌与西瓜枯萎病关系初探

 在温室盆栽条件下研究了丛枝菌根(Arbuscular Mycorrhiza,AM)真菌Gigaspora rosea Nicol.& Schenck、Glomusmosseae(Nicol.& Gerd.) Gerdemann & Trappe和Glomus versiforme(Karsten) Berch与西瓜枯萎病菌(Fusariumoxysporum f. sp. niveum)的关系。结果表明,接种AM真菌能促进西瓜植株的生长发育,增加植株干重;显著减少根内和根围土壤中镰刀菌群体数量及其对根系的侵染率;降低枯萎病发病率和病情指数,从而减轻西瓜枯萎病的危害。接种F.oxysporum f. sp. niveum能降低AM真菌对西瓜的侵染率,并且AM真菌与镰刀菌的不同接种时间和顺序影响西瓜枯萎病的发生发展,证实AM真菌与镰刀菌存在竞争关系。另外,AM真菌对西瓜高感枯萎病品种的防治效果优于抗病品种,说明高感品种对菌根的依赖性较大。     

高粱枯萎病生防菌株筛选研究

由半裸镰刀菌引起的高粱枯萎病是一种严重的土传病害,为了有效地抑制高粱枯萎病的发生,筛选出对该病害具有较强抑制活性的生防菌株.从黑龙江省大庆市土壤中分离出33种生防菌,采用平板对峙法从33种菌株中筛选出对半裸镰刀菌具有抑制作用的生防菌株,并进行盆栽高粱接菌试验,通过高粱枯萎病的病情指数与发病率调查,筛选出4种拮抗细菌Y+...     

土壤强还原消毒过程中产生气体对土传病原菌的抑制作用

土壤强还原(reductive soil disinfestation,RSD)是一种高效、环保的土壤消毒方法,为明确RSD杀菌机理,采用气相色谱和荧光定量PCR等技术研究RSD过程中产生的气体对土传病原菌的杀菌作用。结果表明:RSD过程中土壤能够产生H_2S和NH_3;当在装有25 g病土的三角瓶中分别加入25 m L的H_2S和NH_3时,土壤中尖孢镰刀菌的数量均显著下降,其杀菌效果分别为90.3%和100.0%;当在病土中加入0.125%(w/w)氨水时,尖孢镰刀菌、茄劳尔氏菌、辣椒疫霉和立枯丝核菌的数量分别下降至对照土壤的1.0%、0.3%、0.1%和0.9%;此外,加入10μL氨水即可显著抑制尖孢镰刀菌菌丝生长和孢子萌发,抑制率分别为52.8%和100.0%。表明RSD过程中产生的H_2S和NH_3对RSD过程的杀菌效果起着一定的作用。     

生物炭配施沼液对番茄根区土壤养分环境的影响及评价

为探明施用生物炭对沼液灌溉时作物根区养分滞留量的影响，将生物炭的强吸附特性与沼液绿色有机的特点相结合，在2019年和2020年开展两季大田试验，设置1个当地常规化肥处理(CF)和4个沼液-生物炭处理(沼液浓度20%,T₀、T_0.5、T_1.0、T_2.0处理生物炭施用量分别为0%、0.5%、1.0%、2.0%,质量比),探求不同生物炭施加量配施沼液对番茄根区土壤养分环境的影响，并采用层次分析法(AHP)进行了评价。结果表明：灌溉沼液浓度为20%时，番茄根区0～60 cm土层土壤全氮、硝态氮、铵态氮、有机质含量以及0～40 cm土层土壤pH值随生物炭施加量的增加而逐渐增大，T_2.0处理土壤全氮、硝态氮、铵态氮和有机质含量均高于其他处理；层次分析法对生物炭配施沼液处理下番茄根区土壤养分环境质量评价的结果表明，各处理对根区土壤养分环境质量的影响表现为：T_2.0>T_1.0>T_0.5>T₀     

模拟增温对土壤电导率的影响

为研究模拟增温对土壤电导率的影响,为气候变化背景下高寒草地土壤盐渍化趋势动态研究提供理论基础。本研究选择位于青藏高原腹地的三江源草地生态系统监测定位站开展试验,自2015年9月至2017年9月对OTC增温室内外0～15 cm和15～30 cm土壤温度、含水量以及电导率进行同步测定并分析其变化特征。结果表明:①OTC的模拟增温效果明显,与未采用OTC的对照相比,0～15 cm和15～30 cm土壤温度分别增加2. 41℃和1. 27℃;增温导致0～15 cm和15～30 cm的土壤含水量分别增加27. 65%和32. 17%; 0～15 cm土壤电导率,增温处理和对照的观测值分别为45. 67μS·m~(-1)和45. 75μS·m~(-1),而15～30 cm土壤电导率增温比对照高158. 09%。②相关性分析表明,在土壤冻结期,土壤温度对土壤电导率的贡献大于土壤湿度,与对照相比,模拟增温条件下土壤含水量与电导率的相关性增加;在土壤消融期,与对照相比,模拟增温条件下0～15 cm和15～30 cm土层土壤温度与电导率的相关性增加,土壤含水量与电导率的相关性随土层深度而不同,0～15 cm土层土壤含水量与电导率的相关性增加,15～30 cm土层土壤含水量与电导率的相关性变化不大。土壤温度对土壤电导率的贡献率高于土壤含水量。     

干旱地区谷子适宜土壤湿度下限动态指标

采用大田遮雨和盆栽的方法进行水分控制试验，通过相关和回归分析，研究了谷子5个发育时段适宜土壤湿度下限指标，通过多项式拟合方法插值形成土壤水分下限动态指标曲线。结果表明：谷子生长期土壤水分下限呈抛物线型变化，播种至出苗土壤水分下限为60%,土壤湿润层深度为0～20cm;出苗至拔节水分需求较低，土壤水分下限为55%,土壤湿润层深度为0～30cm;拔节至抽穗为水分敏感期，根系继续向下伸展，土壤水分下限为65%,土壤湿润层深度为0～50cm;抽穗至灌浆为谷子需水最多时期，土壤水分下限为75%,土壤湿润层深度为0～50cm土层；灌浆至成熟期需水有所减少，土壤水分下限为65%,土壤湿润层深度为0～50cm土层。基于发育进程和积温方法建立的土壤湿度动态方程，相关指数R²分别为0.9706和0.9302,此方法可在谷子节水灌溉预报工作中应用。     

Investigation of the Mode of Action of Nematode Neuropeptides

The neuropeptide AF2 has a complex set of actions on the dorsal muscle strip of Ascaris suum, including a potentiation of the acetylcholine-stimulated muscle contraction. Caffeine at 100 μm and 5 mm inhibited this potentiation, as did 100 μm theophylline in two out of six studies. The cyclic-AMP-potentiating compounds IBMX, dibutyryl cAMP and forskolin had no effect on the AF2-induced potentiation of the acetylcholine-stimulated muscle contraction. These preliminary data suggest that the potentiating action of AF2 is not mediated by a cAMP pathway.     

厚朴病虫害种类的初步调查

采用标准地法和线路调查法,对湖北恩施市新塘乡双河厚朴基地的厚朴病虫害进行了系统调查,记录主要虫害13种,其中叶部害虫9种,枝干害虫2种,根部害虫2种。厚朴主要病害5种。藤壶蚧、厚朴枝角叶蜂和厚朴新丽斑蚜为湖北省首次报道,小绿叶蝉为厚朴新寄主记录种。同时记录了藤壶蚧的天敌6种,其中寄生小蜂2种,瓢虫4种;厚朴新丽斑蚜的天敌昆虫8种。对藤壶蚧、厚朴枝角叶蜂和厚朴苗木根腐病等重要病虫害的发生规律进行了初步调查,同时提出了防治建议。     

Effects of timing and method of application of Penicillium oxalicum on efficacy and duration of control of Fusarium wilt of tomato

The effects of timing and method of application of Penicillium oxalicum on the control of fusarium wilt of tomato were investigated. Application of P. oxalicum to tomato seedlings in seedbeds reduced disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici in a growth chamber by 45–49% and in glasshouse experiments by 22–69%. Disease suppression was maintained for 60–100 days after inoculation with the pathogen in the glasshouse. No disease reduction was observed in tomato plants where P. oxalicum was applied to seeds. Treatment with P. oxalicum did not affect the population of F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici in the rhizosphere.     

棉花黄萎病菌致病型的AFLP分析

 选用41个棉花黄萎病菌(Verticillium dahliae)代表菌系,在温室条件下,对4个棉花品种鄂荆1号(感)、中棉所12(耐)、文-5(抗)和唐棉2号(抗)进行致病性测定,结果可将供试菌系分为落叶型与非落叶型2类。选取8对AFLP引物PCR扩增的结果中,统计带型稳定、清晰且有多态性的条带,共169条作系统聚类分析,将上述菌系分为2大类,第一类为非落叶型菌系,包括10个非落叶型菌系和1个过渡菌系;第二类为30个落叶型菌系。根据聚类分析建立树状图,发现菌系与地理来源存在一定的相关性,而依据菌系致病力强弱分类则相关关系不大。选用25对EcoRⅠ和MseⅠ引物组合,对供试的41个V.dahliae进行AFLP扩增,筛选到2对引物E64(GACTGCGTACCAATTCGAC)、M53(GATGAGTCCTGAGTAACCG)和E49(GACTGCGTACCAATTCCAG)、M65(GAT-GAGTCCTGAGTAAGAG),能分别扩增出433bp和110bp2条仅为V.dahliae非落叶型菌系独有的特异片段,可将落叶型与非落叶型菌系分开,这2条特异片段被命名为EM₄₃₃和EM₁₁₀。     

青稞种子带菌检测及杀菌剂消毒处理效果

为了研究青稞种子外部和内部携带真菌情况,比较不同杀菌剂对青稞种子的带菌消毒效果和对幼苗生长的影响,为青稞种子播前包衣处理和种传真菌病害防控提供依据,采用离体平皿法对云南迪庆‘云青1号’、‘云青2号’和‘短白青稞’3个主栽品种进行带菌检测,并对种子进行拌种或浸种处理测定6种杀菌剂对种子消毒效果,分析杀菌剂对种子发芽和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:供试青稞种子表面携带的优势菌群为青霉(Penicilliumspp.)、镰刀菌(Fusariumspp.);种子内部寄藏的真菌主要为镰刀菌、核腔菌(Pyrenophoraspp.)、附球菌(Epicoccumspp.)、丝核菌(Rhizoctoniaspp.)、链格孢(Alternariaspp.)和木霉(Trichoderma spp.)。青稞不同品种的种子表面及内部携带的真菌种类差异较大。致病性测定表明,镰刀菌对种子萌发和幼苗生长影响最大,后期出现幼苗坏死现象。45%咪鲜胺EW、75%百菌清WP、50%福美双WP对青稞种子携带真菌均有显著抑制作用和消毒效果,50%福美双WP消毒效果最优,达100%;45%咪鲜胺EW、75%百菌清WP、50%福美双WP处理对青稞种子发芽和幼苗生长均无显著影响。     

Mode of action of etoxazole

The mode of action of the 2,4-diphenyl-1,3-oxazoline acaricide/insecticide etoxazole has been argued to be moulting inhibition, but experimental results supporting this hypothesis are lacking. This study investigated the effect of etoxazole on chitin biosynthesis in the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Etoxazole induced moulting defects in fall armyworm larvae similar, if not identical, to those caused by benzoylphenylureas, a well-known class of insecticidal chitin biosynthesis inhibitors. Furthermore, in contrast to untreated larvae, the chitin content in the integuments of larvae several days after treatment did not differ from that in freshly ecdysed individuals, thus suggesting strong chitin biosynthesis inhibition in vivo. A more detailed investigation of the inhibitory potential by incubating cultured integument pieces from larvae of S. frugiperda with [14C]N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, a radiolabelled chitin precursor, revealed I50 values of 2.95 and 0.071 microM for etoxazole and triflumuron respectively. The incorporation of radiolabel into potassium hydroxide-resistant material was inhibited by etoxazole in a dose-dependent manner. Based on these results, it is concluded that the acaricidal and insecticidal mode of action of etoxazole is chitin biosynthesis inhibition.     

百合地下害虫主要种类调查及生物（源）农药筛选

调查了甘肃省临洮县为害百合的地下害虫种类, 并以主要发生为害种类为供试对象, 采用拌土法测定了几种生物（源）农药对主要害虫的室内毒力和致死中时。调查发现小云斑鳃金龟Polyphylla gracilicornis、棕色鳃金龟Holotrichia titanis为主要发生及为害种类, 不同时间发生种类存在差异, 9月份以小云斑鳃金龟幼虫发生为害为主, 发生量占地下害虫总数的66.16%, 平均种群密度为10.48头/m2, 10月份, 则以棕色鳃金龟幼虫发生为主, 发生量占地下害虫总数的96.86%, 平均种群密度为7.79头/m2, 主要取食百合根系和鳞茎, 造成根系数量减少, 鳞茎出现不规则褐色缺口或凹陷斑。药剂筛选结果表明, 1.8%阿维菌素乳油、200亿孢子/g球孢白僵菌粉剂对两种蛴螬均具有较高的杀虫活性和速效性, 药后7 d时, 校正死亡率在82.22%以上, 对小云斑鳃金龟幼虫和棕色鳃金龟幼虫的LC50分别为0.161、0.060 mg/g和5.558×107、0.362×107孢子/g, LT50分别为2.237 d（2.2 mg/g）、1.393 d（2.2 mg/g）和6.645 d（40.0×107孢子/g）、4.940 d（2.0×107孢子/g）, 这两种生物（源）农药对两种蛴螬的LC50和LT50值均略大于两种化学农药25%二嗪磷乳油、40%辛硫磷乳油处理的, 且对小云斑鳃金龟幼虫的杀虫活性均低于对棕色鳃金龟幼虫的杀虫活性, 致死中时则长于对棕色鳃金龟幼虫的致死中时。     

黑麦草属DNA条形码鉴定技术研究

以毒麦、田毒麦、多花黑麦草、多年生黑麦草、硬直黑麦草、高羊茅与狗牙根等禾本科的7种植物为材料,拟采用 DNA 测序、特异性位点比对、种间遗传距离测定、建立系统树等分析候选 DNA 条形码 psbA-trnH 鉴别黑麦草属常见植物的能力。实验结果表明,以 psbA-trnH 为 DNA 条形码时,建立的系统发育树能较好区分毒麦和田毒麦与其他几种植物。psbA-trnH 序列可以作为黑麦草属植物的潜在条形码。     

Effects of different temperature treatments on dormancy of sclerotia of ten isolates of Sclerotium cepivorum

The variability of dormancy of sclerotia of ten isolates ofSclerotium cepivorum was investigated. Of all isolates tested, the freshly harvested sclerotia were dormant. After drying for 48 hours the sclerotia of six isolates were able to germinate, two isolates stayed dormant and two isolates were infested by hyperparasitic fungi. After storage in soil at 5°C or 20°C, the sclerotia of the different isolates exhibited considerable differences in respect to germination capability, but all isolates showed highest germination after a treatment of 8 weeks at 20°C followed by 8 weeks at 5°C. The sclerotia of all isolates showed an increased capacity to germinate withoutAllium extracts at 10°C after pretreatment at 30°C for 28 days.     

Allelopathy of buckwheat: Assessment of allelopathic potential of extract of aerial parts of buckwheat and identification of fagomine and other related alkaloids as allelochemicals

The allelopathic potential of buckwheat ( Fagopyrum esculentum ) was investigated. Field study showed that living buckwheat reduced weed biomass compared with plots without buckwheat. Laboratory study revealed that root exudates suppressed root and shoot growth of weeds and reduced weed dry weight. Sequential partitioning of the aqueous ethanolic extract of the aerial parts of buckwheat showed that the chloroform extract caused an 80% reduction in radicle elongation of lettuce seedlings at a concentration of less than 100 p.p.m. Fagomine, 4-piperidone and 2-piperidinemethanol were isolated and identified by ¹H and ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance from the chloroform extract. These compounds caused a 50% inhibition of radicle elongation in lettuce seedlings at concentrations of less than 100 p.p.m. These results suggest that compounds 1, 2, and 3 might act as allelochemicals and affect the growth or germination of different plant species.