Prevention of allogeneic bone marrow graft rejection by H-2 transgene in donor mice

Rejection of bone marrow grafts in irradiated mice is mediated by natural killer (NK) cells and is controlled by genes linked to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). It has, however, not been possible to identify the genes or their products. An MHC class I (Dd) transgene introduced in C57BL donors prevented the rejection of their bone marrow by NK cells in irradiated allogeneic and F1 hybrid mice expressing the Dd gene. Conversely, H-2Dd transgenic C57BL recipients acquired the ability to reject bone marrow from C57BL donors but not from H-2Dd transgenic C57BL donors. These results provide formal evidence that NK cells are part of a system capable of rejecting cells because they lack normal genes of the host type, in contrast to T cells, which recognize cells that contain abnormal or novel sequences of non-host type.     

H-2 antigen class: effect on mouse islet allograft rejection

Rejection of mouse pancreatic islet allografts occurred in a high percentage of donor recipient combinations identical for H-21-region antigens and differing at H-2K and H-2K + H-2D without I-region disparities. The results suggest that disparities in major histocompatibility complex antigens of class I (H-2K and H-2D) alone are capable of eliciting islet allograft rejection, and that lack of a stimulus from class II (I-region) alloantigens does not ensure permanent islet allograft survival.     

基于比较基因组学分析的方法定位及注释双峰驼MHC基因

【目的】定位并注释双峰驼主要组织相容性复合体(major histocompatibility complex,MHC)基因序列,为进一步研究双峰驼MHC基因提供科学依据。【方法】运用比较基因组学方法,提取人类MHC(HLA)基因编码序列和牛MHC(BoLA)基因编码序列并分别与双峰驼转录本进行blastn基因序列比对,识别出相似度较高的scaffolds,通过分析HLA、BoLA基因序列比对在这些scaffolds上的位置顺序,对多条scaffolds进行拼接,得到双峰驼MHC的Pseudo chromosome;再分别提取HLA、BoLA全基因组序列与双峰驼已拼接的scaffolds进行基因组共线性分析,利用lastz建立起的Pseudo chromosome与HLA、BoLA全基因组序列的线性关系判断筛选出的scaffolds是否准确;然后通过分析MHC基因在两物种间的线性关系,在双峰驼参考基因组中提取出MHC基因序列,并对这些序列进行基因注释;最后根据得到的双峰驼MHC基因绘制系统进化树,研究其基因间的进化关系。【结果】通过对HLA、BoLA基因编码序列与双峰驼转录本用blastn进行序列比对,识别出了相似度较高的3条scaffolds,即NW_011511766.1(全长4.1M)、NW_011515227.1(全长1.2M)和NW_011514613.1(全长15K),对其拼接得到双峰驼MHC的Pseudo chromosome;利用lastz共线性分析,识别出HLA基因序列和BoLA基因序列并比对出其在双峰驼MHC基因的共线性区域。该区域与拼接得到的Pseudo chromosome一致,证明筛选出的scaffolds是准确的。并且发现Class-Ⅰ类和Class-Ⅲ类基因集中分布在NW_011515227.1上,而Class-Ⅱ类基因集中分布在NW_011511766.1和NW_011514613.1上,进一步分析得知Class-Ⅱ类基因主要分布在NW_011511766.1的3.5—4.1M的位置;将存在共线性区域的序列提取出来,与比对到双峰驼上的MHC基因的编码序列进行blat分析,结果在双峰驼基因组中共识别出24个与牛BoLA基因高度相似的基因,其中Ⅰ类基因1个,Ⅱ类10个,Ⅲ类基因13个。对双峰驼这24个MHC基因进行信息注释并绘制系统进化树,结果显示注释的Class-Ⅰ类和Class-Ⅱ类基因在同一分支。【结论】通过比较基因组学方法定位并注释了双峰驼的MHC基因,将双峰驼MHC基因序列定位到了3条scaffolds上,找到并注释了24个MHC基因,绘制了双峰驼MHC的Pseudo chromosome,为进一步研究双峰驼MHC基因奠定了理论基础。     

Transport protein genes in the murine MHC: possible implications for antigen processing

T lymphocyte activation requires recognition by the T cell of peptide fragments of foreign antigen bound to a self major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule. Genetic evidence suggests that part of the class II region of the MHC influences the expression, in trans, of MHC class I antigens on the cell surface, by regulating the availability of peptides that bind to and stabilize the class I molecule. Two closely related genes in this region, HAM1 and HAM2, were cloned and had sequence similarities to a superfamily of genes involved in the ATP-dependent transport of a variety of substrates across cell membranes. Thus, these MHC-linked transport protein genes may be involved in transporting antigen, or peptide fragments thereof, from the cytoplasm into a membrane-bounded compartment containing newly synthesized MHC molecules.     

Conversion of a PI-anchored protein to an integral membrane protein by a single amino acid mutation

Qa-2, a cell-surface glycoprotein anchored by phosphatidylinositol (PI), is structurally related to the class I transplantation antigens H-2 K, D, and L, which are integral membrane glycoproteins. The predicted transmembrane segment of Qa-2 differs from those of H-2 K, D, and L by the presence of an aspartate in place of a valine at position 295. A single base change that replaced this aspartate with valine resulted in cell-surface Qa-2 molecules that were insensitive to hydrolysis by a PI-specific phospholipase C and more resistant to papain cleavage, properties shared by H-2D. Cells expressing Asp----Val mutant Qa-2 proteins were still able to attach a PI anchor to endogenous proteins such as Thy-1 and J11D. It therefore appears that this single amino acid change converts Qa-2 from a PI-linked form into an integral membrane protein.     

Molecular analysis of the hotspot of recombination in the murine major histocompatibility complex

Biological and serological assays have been used to define four subregions for the I region of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in the order I-A, I-B, I-J, and I-E. The I-J subregion presumably encodes the I-J polypeptide of the elusive T-cell suppressor factors. Restriction enzyme site polymorphisms and DNA sequence analyses of the I region from four recombinant mouse strains were used to localize the putative I-B and I-J subregions to a 1.0-kilobase (kb) region within the E beta gene. Sequencing this region from E beta clones derived from the two mouse strains: B10.A(3R), I-Jb and B10.A(5R), I-Jk initially used to define the I-J subregion revealed that these regions are identical, hence the distinct I-Jb and I-Jk molecules cannot be encoded by this DNA. In addition, the DNA sequence data also refute the earlier mapping of the I-B subregion. Analysis of the DNA sequences of three parental and four I region recombinants reveals that the recombinant events in three of the recombinant strains occurred within a 1-kb region of DNA, supporting the proposition that a hotspot for recombination exists in the I region. The only striking feature of this hotspot is a tetramer repeat (AGGC)n that shows 80 percent homology to the minisatellite sequence which may facilitate recombination in human chromosomes.     

Chromosome 4 Jt gene controls murine T cell surface I-J expression

Data are presented suggesting a resolution to the paradox concerning the murine response subregion I-J, which encodes a suppressor T cell marker. The controversy arose when sequences corresponding to I-J DNA were not found in the central immune response region described by immunogeneticists. New evidence is presented that T cell surface I-J expression results from the action of at least two complementing genes. One gene is within the H-2 region on chromosome 17; the second gene, termed Jt, is on chromosome 4. The two recombinant mouse strains B10.A(3R) and B10.A(5R) originally used to define the I-J subregion apparently differ not within the H-2 region but elsewhere.     

H9N2亚型AIV NA基因多聚腺苷酸化信号位点对病毒复制的影响

H9N2亚型禽流感病毒NA基因vRNA 5′端的多聚腺苷酸化信号位点具有多样性,突变发生时,该位点失去与聚合酶的结合能力或结合能力减弱,阻碍多聚腺苷酸化过程,影响病毒mRNA的转录过程。为探究H9N2亚型禽流感病毒NA基因5′端多聚腺苷酸化信号位点处5个或6个连续的尿嘧啶(U₅或U₆)碱基对病毒生物学特性的影响,以一株四川分离株A/Chicken/China/Sichuan/CQY/2014(H9N2)为骨架的反向遗传系统构建突变株。结果显示,含U₅的H9N2突变株(rCQYU₅-H9N2)的血凝效价、TCID₅₀和EID₅₀滴度均高于含U₅的H9N2突变株(rCQYU6-H9N2),但生长曲线无显著差异,表明H9N2 NA基因5′端多聚腺苷酸化信号位点U₅或U₆结构均不影响病毒的拯救,但U₅有助于提高病毒在鸡胚与细胞中的复制滴度。本实验研究结果可为H9N2亚型禽流感病...     

AtPIP5K2基因参与拟南芥盐胁迫的调节过程

植物在长期进化过程中演化出不同机制来适应环境中的各种胁迫,如盐碱、干旱等.该研究从拟南芥T-DNA插入突变体库中筛选到一个对盐反应不敏感的突变株系eto(enhanced tolerance to osmotic stress),种子萌发和幼苗生长试验表明eto突变株系早期生长发育对盐胁迫不敏感.TAIL-PCR分析表明eto突变株系中T DNA插入在拟南芥1号染色体上(BAC F3M18的27502位置),位于拟南芥At1g77740基因起始密码子前487 bp处,该基因编码磷脂酰肌醇-4-磷酸 -5-激酶(AtPIP5K2),共分离分析表明T-DNA插入与盐不敏感性紧密连锁.以野生型拟南芥总RNA为模板,克隆拟南芥AtPIP5K2基因cDNA,其开放读码框为2 265bp,编码755个氨基酸.与已报道物种PIPKs基因氨基酸序列比较分析表明,AtPIP5K2与植物PIPKs基因氨基酸相似性高达62%～75%,但与其他生物物种PIPKs基因之间的氨基酸相似性仅为33%～37%;AtPIP5K2推导的氨基酸序列中含有植物PIPKs基因所具有的高度保守区域“PIPKc"、“MORN repeat".进一步分析表明AtPIP5K2基因在拟南芥根及莲座叶片中表达量较强,并且由于T-DNA的插入,使eto突变株系与野生型相比,其AtPIP5K2基因过量表达,表明AtPIP5K2基因编码的产物可能参与调节拟南芥适应盐胁迫的调节反应.      

草鱼MHC I区基因的表达特征

为全面了解草鱼MHC I区基因及其表达特征,利用已知斑马鱼MHC I区基因序列,通过本地Blast得到草鱼MHC I区的部分基因序列。采用RT-PCR技术,检测MHC I区BRD2、KNSL2、RXRB、TAPBP、FABGL、MHC Ia、PSMB9以及TAP2等8个基因在健康草鱼各组织的表达水平。结果表明,除FABGL在肾脏表达量最高外,其他基因都在血液中的表达量最高。通过实时荧光定量PCR检测草鱼在嗜水气单孢菌感染后4、12、24、48及96h,MHC I区免疫相关基因在脾脏和肾脏中的表达情况。结果发现,BRD2表达量分别在12h和24h在肾脏和脾脏中达到最高;MHC Ia表达量在脾脏和肾脏中都先上升后下降,并都在24h达最大值;PSMB9表达量在脾脏先上升后下降,在12h达最大值,在肾脏中则先下降后上升,在24h达最大值;TAP2在脾脏和肾脏中整体呈先下降后上升的趋势,在24h都达最大值,并最后都回调至正常范围。BRD2、MHC Ia、PSMB9、TAP2的表达量在攻毒后都有显著性变化,表明这4个基因在草鱼免疫方面具有重要的作用。     

Influence of the major histocompatibility complex on positive thymic selection of V beta 17a+ T cells

A monoclonal antibody was used to show directly positive thymic selection of the T cell repertoire in mouse strains expressing the 17a beta-chain variable domain (V beta 17a) of the T cell receptor. In the absence of the potent tolerizing class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule, I-E, peripheral expression of V beta 17a+ T cell receptors varied with the MHC haplotype of the mouse strain. In the most extreme case, H-2q mice expressed high peripheral levels of CD4+ V beta 17a+ T cells (14 to 19 percent), whereas H-2b mice expressed low levels (3 to 4 percent). Analysis of (b x q)F1 mice and chimeric mice showed that these differences were determined by positive thymic selection and implicated the thymic epithelium as the controlling cell type.     

Surface expression of HLA-E, an inhibitor of natural killer cells, enhanced by human cytomegalovirus gpUL40

The nonclassical major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecule HLA-E inhibits natural killer (NK) cell-mediated lysis by interacting with CD94/NKG2A receptors. Surface expression of HLA-E depends on binding of conserved peptides derived from MHC class I molecules. The same peptide is present in the leader sequence of the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) glycoprotein UL40 (gpUL40). It is shown that, independently of the transporter associated with antigen processing, gpUL40 can up-regulate expression of HLA-E, which protects targets from NK cell lysis. While classical MHC class I molecules are down-regulated, HLA-E is up-regulated by HCMV. Induction of HLA-E surface expression by gpUL40 may represent an escape route for HCMV.     

猪圆环病毒2型Cap蛋白的原核表达及其抗原性分析

根据GenBank中登录的PCV-2序列,设计1对特异性引物,PCR扩增PCV-2去除核定位信号(nuclear localization signal,NLS)的Cap蛋白基因,经Bam HI和Xho I双酶切后将其插入到表达载体pEGX-4T-1多克隆位点,并转化到表达菌株Rossetta(DM3)中,采用IPTG进行诱导表达,采用SDS-PAGE薄层灰度分析表达情况,收集菌体,使用GST-Protein Purification Kit亲和层析纯化方法对表达的GST-Cap融合蛋白蛋白进行纯化,SDS-PAGE电泳检测纯化效果,Western blot分析纯化后的重组Cap蛋白(rCap)免疫学活性。结果表明,成功克隆了大小为579 bp去除核定位信号的ORF2基因,成功诱导表达出预期大小45.3 ku相一致的rCap蛋白,表达量占总菌体的25%,纯化后的rCap蛋白SDS-PAGE电泳分析纯度达到90%以上,Western blot分析表明纯化的rCap蛋白能与PCV-2阳性血清发生特异性反应,具有良好的免疫学活性。     

Constitutive display of cryptic translation products by MHC class I molecules

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules display tens of thousands of peptides on the cell surface, derived from virtually all endogenous proteins, for inspection by cytotoxic T cells (CTLs). We show that, in normal mouse cells, MHC I molecules present a peptide encoded in the 3' "untranslated" region. Despite its rarity, the peptide elicits CTL responses and induces self-tolerance, establishing that immune surveillance extends well beyond conventional polypeptides. Furthermore, translation of this cryptic peptide occurs by a previously unknown mechanism that decodes the CUG initiation codon as leucine rather than the canonical methionine.     

Structure and specificity of a class II MHC alloreactive gamma delta T cell receptor heterodimer

Two distinct CD3-associated T cell receptors (TCR alpha beta and TCR gamma delta) are expressed in a mutually exclusive fashion on separate subsets of T lymphocytes. While the specificity of the TCR alpha beta repertoire for major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens is well established, the diversity of expressed gamma delta receptors and the ligands they recognize are less well understood. An alloreactive CD3+CD4-CD8- T cell line specific for murine class II MHC (Ia) antigens encoded in the I-E subregion of the H-2 gene complex was identified, and the primary structure of its gamma delta receptor heterodimer was characterized. In contrast to a TCR alpha beta-expressing alloreactive T cell line selected for similar specificity, the TCR gamma delta line displayed broad cross-reactivity for multiple distinct I-E-encoded allogeneic Ia molecules.     

Cloning RPL11 cDNA 3'' End by SMART RACE Technique

RT-PCR and RACE techniques were used to clone 3' end real sequence of RPL11 gene from a goat. The sequences included some non-structural protein (3D) genes, and 3D gene immediately downstream 3' non-coding region (UTR) and poly (A) tail. The results showed that the length of specific amplified fragment was 566 bp (not including polyA tail). RPL11 gene encoded 188 amino acids, amino acid sequence was conducted for homology analysis by NCBI BLAST tool. The highest homology was Mus (RPL11, mRNA homology 99%), ...     

Thymocyte expression of RAG-1 and RAG-2: termination by T cell receptor cross-linking.

The expression of the V(D)J [variable (diversity) joining elements] recombination activating genes, RAG-1 and RAG-2, has been examined during T cell development in the thymus. In situ hybridization to intact thymus and RNA blot analysis of isolated thymic subpopulations separated on the basis of T cell receptor (TCR) expression demonstrated that both TCR- and TCR+ cortical thymocytes express RAG-1 and RAG-2 messenger RNA's. Within the TCR+ population, RAG expression was observed in immature CD4+CD8+ (double positive) cells, but not in the more mature CD4+CD8- or CD4-CD8+ (single positive) subpopulations. Thus, although cortical thymocytes that bear TCR on their surface continue to express RAG-1 and RAG-2, it appears that the expression of both genes is normally terminated during subsequent thymic maturation. Since thymocyte maturation in vivo is thought to be regulated through the interaction of the TCR complex with self major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens, these data suggest that signals transduced by the TCR complex might result in the termination of RAG expression. Consistent with this hypothesis, thymocyte TCR cross-linking in vitro led to rapid termination of RAG-1 and RAG-2 expression, whereas cross-linking of other T cell surface antigens such as CD4, CD8, or HLA class I had no effect.     

In vivo footprinting of MHC class II genes: bare promoters in the bare lymphocyte syndrome

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II genes are coordinately regulated and show tissue-specific expression. With the use of in vivo footprinting, common promoter sites in these genes were found to be occupied only in cells that expressed the genes, in spite of the presence of the promoter binding proteins. In vivo analysis of mutant cell lines that exhibited coordinate loss of class II MHC expression, including several from individuals with bare lymphocyte syndrome, revealed two in vivo phenotypes. One suggests a defect in gene activation, whereas the other suggests a defect in promoter accessibility.