浙江亚麻留种高产栽培技术研究

通过对浙江省冬闲田亚麻进行不同品种、播种量、播种方式和肥料用量的四因素正交高产栽培试验表明,影响原茎产量高低的因素为播种量＞播种方式＞肥料用量＞品种,经分析以品种阿里安、播种量4.0kg/666.7m2,撒播和肥料用量N-5.0kg/666.7m2、P2O5-7.5kg/666.7m2及K2O-10.0kg/666.7m2的原茎产量最高.影响种子产量高低的因素为品种＞播种方式＞肥料用量＞播种量,经分析以品种阿里安、播种量3.0kg/666.7m2、撒播和肥料用量N-5.0kg/666.7m2、P2O5-7.5kg/666.7m2及K2O-10.0kg/666.7m2的种子产量最高.     

播种密度、N肥用量及NPK比例与亚麻产量的关系

本文研究了不同播种密度、不同 N肥用量及 NPK比例与亚麻产量的关系.结果表明,影响云南省冬季亚麻原茎产量的因素从主到次为播种密度、施肥量、NPK;多数产区播种密度应达到220万粒/666.7m2,;少数出苗率和成苗率较高的产区可适当降低播种密度;土壤水解氮140mg/kg左右、有效磷10 mg/kg左右、有效钾100 mg/kg左右的田块,尿素施用量应控制在15kg/666.7m2左右,N、P、K的施肥比例应采用211或112.     

亚麻播种量与施肥量研究

本文介绍了在当地生产条件下亚麻栽培三个关键要素,即播种量、复合肥磷酸二铵和尿素用量与亚麻原茎产量、种子产量和经济效益之间的关系.筛选出666.7 m2播种量160万粒,磷酸二铵施用10kg,尿素施用10kg的最佳方案,其原茎产量、种子产量最高、经济效益最好,在本试验中均处于最优水平.     

云南亚麻高产栽培数学模型研究

本试验研究了亚麻品种阿里安在秋播条件下的密度、氮、磷、钾肥施用量及氮肥施用时期五个主要可控栽培因子与原茎产量之间的效应关系及其数学模型.获取相应的农艺措施;优选出最佳农艺措施密度2008株/666.7m2、尿素24.05kg/666.7m2、普钙39.3kg/666.7m2、硫酸钾2.7kg/666.7m2、尿素施用适期是底肥5%、枞形前期25%、枞形末期70%.     

密度和播期对六安地区亚麻生育期和产量的影响

试验研究表明,地处江淮的六安地区完全可以种植纤维亚麻,原茎产量以黑亚14号在播种量120kg/hm^2水平下最高,种子产量则以阿里安在播种量60kg/hm^2水平下为宜.而播期只对亚麻各生育时期的生长速度有影响,对原茎和种子的产量影响不大.     

密度和播期对六安地区亚麻生育期和产量的影响

试验研究表明,地处江淮的六安地区完全可以种植纤维亚麻,原茎产量以黑亚14号在播种量120kg/hm2水平下最高,种子产量则以阿里安在播种量60kg/hm2水平下为宜.而播期只对亚麻各生育时期的生长速度有影响,对原茎和种子的产量影响不大.     

直播条件下播种量对不同千粒重杂交稻产量的影响

为了探明直播条件下播种量对不同千粒重杂交稻产量形成特点和干物质生产特性的影响,以雅5优2199(小千粒重)和内6优103(大千粒重)为材料,于2017年采用人工撒播栽培方式在四川德阳进行不同播种量(7.5、15.0、22.5、30.0、37.5 kg/hm~2)大田试验。结果表明,不同播种量对杂交稻产量影响显著,有效穗数和干物质量随播种量的增加而增加,而每穗粒数呈下降趋势,播种量对结实率、千粒重和收获指数影响不显著。雅5优2199产量随着播种量增加呈先增加后下降的趋势,以播量为22.5 kg/hm~2的处理最高,达10.86 t/hm~2,较播量为7.5 kg/hm~2的处理增加了20.53%,差异显著;内6优103产量以播量为37.5 kg/hm~2的处理最高,达10.82 t/hm~2,较播量为7.5 kg/hm~2的处理增加了11.20%,差异显著;2个品种在15.0、22.5、30.0、37.5 kg/hm~2播量时,处理间产量差异均不显著。不同千粒重杂交稻之间的产量差异不显著。综合考虑产量和种子成本,小千粒重杂交稻的适宜播种量为15.0~22.5 kg/hm~2,大千粒重杂交稻的适宜播种量为22.5~30.0 kg/hm~2。     

浙江冬闲田亚麻栽培技术初探

本文对浙江冬闲田种植亚麻的高产栽培技术进行了试验.结果如下选择排灌方便的田块,选种高产抗寒品种阿里安,晚稻收割后,及时早播,一般在12月上中旬播种;做好杂草防治工作,芽前封土处理以72%都尔乳油的效果较好,持效期长,施用量为130ml/666.7m2.苗后防治的药剂可选择10.8%高效盖草能乳油、5%禾草杀星、17.5%快刀乳油,用药量为60ml/666.7m2,在亚麻出苗20-30天(此时杂草约在2-3叶期)兑水50kg喷雾;肥料(复合肥)施用总量为30kg/666.7m2,合理分配基追肥的比例,可为21;后期要防止倒伏,及时收获.     

不同播种量对直播杂交稻产量及干物质生产的影响

为了探明直播杂交稻在不同播种量下的生长与产量表现,以杂交稻隆两优1212、隆两优华占、晶两优华占为材料,采用人工撒播栽培方式进行不同播种量(11.25,22.50,33.75 kg/hm~2)大田试验。结果表明,随着播种量的增加,3个品种的产量和成熟期干物重表现为增加趋势;不同播种量主要通过调节有效穗、每穗总粒数来影响产量。与中播种量处理相比,高播种量处理产量增加幅度较小,而用种量大幅增加,综合产量和种子成本,杂交稻直播栽培的播种量以22.5 kg/hm~2为宜。     

晚播时间与密度对苏麦8号产量和磨粉品质的影响

为明确晚播条件下盐城地区小麦适宜的播种期和密度,本研究以苏麦8号为试验品种。设置11月12日、11月18日、12月5日3个播种期,播种量分10.0、12.5、15.0、17.5、20.0 kg/667 m~2共5个水平,研究不同播种期和种植密度对小麦磨粉品质和产量及其构成因素的影响。结果表明,播种期推迟明显降低小麦的磨粉品质和产量,因此11月中旬大面积播种时,播种量控制在17.5 kg/667 m~2较为适宜;12月初过晚播种,播种量控制在20 kg/667 m~2以上较为适宜。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.