桔皮黄色素提取方法的研究

以桔子皮为原料,对桔皮黄色素浸提剂进行了筛选,并从浸提温度、pH和浸提液浓度等方面,对桔皮黄色素提取条件进行了研究.结果表明:用50%乙醇作为浸提剂,浸提温度为60 ℃,pH为3,超声波提取60 min,提取效果最好.该色素在可见区最大吸收波长为360 nm,为开发利用这种天然色素资源提供科学依据.     

软儿梨果肉中黄酮类化合物的提取及含量测定

以青海产软儿梨为试材,以乙醇为提取剂,通过单因素、正交实验对黄酮类化合物进行提取,研究其最佳提取条件。结果表明:提取的最佳条件为乙醇浓度95%,浸提温度为80℃,乙醇加入量为90mL,浸提时间为3.0h。以芦丁为标准物,通过分光光度法测定软儿梨果肉中总黄酮的含量为0.0189g/100g。     

紫甘蓝色素提取条件优化及其稳定性研究

以紫甘蓝为试材,对紫甘蓝色素的最佳提取条件以及温度、光照、金属离子和食品添加剂对其稳定性的影响进行了研究。结果表明:紫甘蓝色素的最佳提取条件为30%乙醇溶液提取剂,液固比25∶1mL/g,浸提温度30℃,浸提时间40min;在此条件下,紫甘蓝色素提取液的最大色价为8.4U/mL。高温和光照会降低紫甘蓝色素的稳定性,金属离子Cu2+、Fe2+、Fe3+可使其变色;紫甘蓝色素在葡萄糖、蔗糖、山梨酸钾和苯甲酸钠溶液中比较稳定,而柠檬酸对其有增色作用。     

响应面法优化提取菠菜中黄酮类物质的工艺研究

以菠菜为试材,在单因素试验的基础上,采用响应面法的Box-Behnken进行试验设计,对菠菜中黄酮类物质的提取条件进行了优化.结果表明:菠菜中黄酮类物质的最佳提取条件为:提取剂80％乙醇,料液比1∶21.1,温度73.1℃,浸提时间64.1 min.     

超声波法提取紫薯花青素的工艺研究

花青素具有防癌抗癌、保肝、降压、改善视力、延缓衰老等多种保健功能,作为一种功能性天然色素已引起越来越多的关注。本文采用超声波法对紫薯中的花青素进行提取,通过单因素试验探讨了不同料液比、提取剂浓度、浸提温度、浸提时间对紫薯花青素提取效果的影响。通过正交试验得到最佳提取条件为物料比1：30,提取剂浓度5%,浸提温度60℃,超声时间为30min。     

正交试验法优选黄伞多糖提取工艺的研究

采用正交试验法，对影响黄伞粗多糖提取的浸提比、浸提时间、乙醇沉淀浓度等因素进行了试验。结果黄伞多糖的最佳提取条件为：1：20的浸提比，2h的浸提时间，90％乙醇沉淀浓度。     

金佛手叶黄酮提取工艺的优化

以乙醇为浸提剂,通过单因素和多因素试验,采用响应面试验设计方法对金佛手叶片黄酮最佳提取工艺进行了研究。结果表明,从叶粉中提取黄酮的最佳条件是乙醇浓度85%、提取时间171min、提取温度81℃、料液比1∶20,理论上黄酮得率(m/m)的最大值为1.306%。经验证,此提取条件下,果粉和叶粉的实际黄酮得率分别为0.404%和1.292%。     

红肉脐橙(Citrus sinensis L.)果肉中特征色素提取方法探索

红肉脐橙是目前为止惟一果肉呈粉红色或红色的脐橙,其呈色色素尚未见报道。为深入研究其果肉中特征色素的构成及在果实生长发育和贮存过程中色素含量的变化,本研究在对该色素初步定性的基础上对提取方法进行了探索。在分析红肉脐橙果肉中色素萃取液的紫外可见吸收光谱时发现,该色素有类胡萝卜素的特征吸收峰,将萃取液进行薄层层析则进一步证实其内含有番茄红素。在色素提取的前处理方式上,本研究认为冷冻干燥样品的浸提效果较真空干燥的样品稳定(变异系数小),且浸提率相差无几,所以选择冷冻干燥作为合适的样品前处理方式。色素浸提条件的正交实验结果表明,最佳浸提条件为50℃、1.5h内浸提4次,浸提的料液比为1:60。此外,浸提温度、浸提时间、浸提料液比和浸提次数对浸提率都有显著影响,影响最大的因素是浸提温度,最佳温度为50℃,随温度降低浸提率显著降低。其次是侵提时间的长短,最佳浸提时间为1.5h,延长或缩短0.5h都会使浸提率下降。浸提次数对浸提率的影响是最小的。     

红苋菜中花色苷色素的提取工艺研究

以红苋菜为材料,在最佳单因素水平上,通过L9(34)正交实验,确定红苋菜中花色苷色素的最佳提取工艺条件。结果表明:提取剂为pH 2的80%(v/v)酸化乙醇,提取温度60℃,提取时间90 min,料液比1∶20(g/mL)为最佳提取工艺条件。     

黑加仑色素提取工艺参数研究

通过对提取试剂、提取温度、时间、酸浓度等各因素的试验,研究了黑加仑色素的提取方法,并确定浸提法提取黑加仑色素的最优提取条件.为期黑加仑色素在食品、医药等领域的开发与应用提供了理论依据.结果表明:提取溶剂1％盐酸+无水乙醇、提取温度应取50℃,提取时间应为15 min,pH 6,料液比应为1∶10为最佳提取条件,4个因素对黑加仑色素的影响程度由大到小依次为:A(浸提温度)＞B(浸提时间)＞D(料液比)＞C(溶液pH值).     

Effects of radiation from 188Re on smooth muscle cell proliferation

AIM: Although endovascular radiotherapy inhibits neointimal hyperplasia, the exact alterations induced by β-particles irradiation remain to be elucidated. The objective of this study was to investigate the ability and the cellular mechanism of local β^-particles emission from ¹⁸⁸Re to inhibit vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). METHODS: The SMCs in vitro were irradiated by ¹⁸⁸Re with single doses of 2.6 Gy-25.8 Gy. The effects of β-particles on SMCs, such as effective irradiate doses, the period of inhibition for SMCs proliferation, the changes of cell proliferation rate and DNA synthesis rate, cell cycle progression and related gene expression, were investigated by cell count, [³H]-TdR incorporation, cell cycle progression analysis, cell viability and immunocytochemistry, respectivecy. RESULTS: β-particles irradiation with dose of 5.2 Gy could inhibit significantly SMCs proliferation. At dose of 20.6 Gy DNA synthesis inhibitory rate was 92%, SMCs proliferation rate was only 3%. Renoval of ¹⁸⁸Re did not abolish the inhibitory effects of β-particles on SMCs proliferation. The expression of P53 was up regulation and PCNA was down regulation after irradiation. CONCLUSION: β-particles from ¹⁸⁸ Re was significantly effective and permanent in inhibiting SMCs proliferation, and inhibitory effect was in dose-dependet manner ED50was 5 Gy, the best dose to inhibit SMCs proliferation was 20 Gy. β-particles irradiation induced SMCs to occur G₀/G₁ arrest, damaged the ability of SMCs reproliferation and led to cell clonogenic death. P53 and PCNA had regulatiory effects on SMCs proliferation after β-particles irradiation.     

Effect of L-Arg on plasma content of endothelin and expression of c-fos mRNA in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy

AIM:To study the effect of L-Arg on plasma content of endothelin (ET) and the expression of proto-oncogene c-fos mRNA in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy. METHODS: The level of c-fos mRNA were measured by in situ hybridization. The ET in plasma were measured by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS:After eight weeks of treatment with L-Arg, the expression of c-fos decreased markedly (P＜0.01). The ET content in plasma also decreased significantly by L-Arg(P＜0.01).CONCLUSION: Plasma ET content and the expression of c-fos in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy could be decreased by L-Arg administration.     

多效唑对猕猴桃离体试管苗生长及内源激素的影响

多效唑（ＰＰ３３３）处理猕猴桃试管苗，降低了其生长强度；植株体内的ＧＡ３、ＩＡＡ和ＺＴ含量下降，ＡＢＡ的含量上升，乙烯释放率增加；并且能降低外源的ＧＡ３和ＩＡＡ促进生长的作用，而外源的ＧＡ３和ＩＡＡ又能不同程度地逆转多效唑的抑制作用，使植株恢复生长。     

Proteomic analysis between pathological scars and normal skin

AIM: To investigate and screen the sensitive proteins in the formation mechanism of pathological scars by comparing the results of differential proteomic analysis between pathological scars and normal skin.METHODS: Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis was used to detect the protein expression profiles in 8 keloid patients, 8 hypertrophic scar patients and 3 matched normal skin patients.The proteins that showed differential expression of over 4-fold change were cut and analyzed by MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry.RESULTS: A two-dimensional protein profiling comparison between pathological scars and normal skin was successfully established.On average, 2 978 spots in keloid, 2 975 spots in hypertrophic scar and 3 053 spots in normal skin were identified using gel analysis software.Compared with normal skin, there were totally 36 differentially-expressed proteins in keloid and hypertrophic scar identified from the spots of over 4-fold change, including 16 proteins in both keloid and hypertrophic scar (8 up-regulated and 8 down-regulated), 11 only in keloid (9 up-regulated and 2 down-regulated) and 9 only in hypertrophic scar (4 up-regulated and 5 down-regulated).CONCLUSION: Proteomic analysis can identify the proteins with variance of pathological scars versus normal skin, thus providing probable new clues to reveal the formation mechanism of pathological scars.     

Compositional and Functional Properties of Saskatoon Berry and Blueberry

Abstract

Saskatoon berry (Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt., Rosaceae) and blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L., Ericaceae) are substantially equivalent in all characteristics that are important to the consumer, including fruit color, shape, size, nutrition, texture, and uses. In addition, both fruits are native to North America and they have practically identical historical uses and known health benefits. Their composition, processing, nutritional value and metabolism, intended uses, and levels of undesirable substances are compared.     

Cryopreservation of shoot apices of hawthorn in vitro cultures originating from East Asia

The objective of this study was to establish a cryopreservation protocol for hawthorn shoot apices (Crataegus pinnatifida Bge.). Cryopreservation was carried out via encapsulation–dehydration, vitrification, and encapsulation–vitrification on shoot apices excised from in vitro cultures. We began by showing that cold-acclimation enhanced the regrowth of cryopreserved apices from 10.0 to 65.5% in encapsulation–dehydration. We then decided that the encapsulation–dehydration method was an optimal cryopreservation method for hawthorn shoot apices in terms of its high recovery after cryopreservation as well as its ease of use compared with vitrification and encapsulation–vitrification. In encapsulation–dehydration, the protocol leading to optimal regrowth was as follows: after cold-acclimation at 5 °C in the dark for 2 weeks, excised shoot tips were pretreated for 24 h at 25 °C on hormone-free Murashige and Skoog [Murashige, T., Skoog, F., 1962. A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue culture. Physiol. Plant. 15, 473–497] (MS) basal medium with 0.4 mol/L sucrose, then encapsulated and precultured in liquid MS medium with 0.8 mol/L sucrose for 16 h at 25 °C. Precultured beads were dehydrated for 6 h at 25 °C in the dessicator containing 50 g silica gel to a moisture content of 15.3% (fresh-weight basis) before cryostorage for 1 h. In addition, we examined the effect of adding glycerol to both the alginate beads and loading solution to enhance regrowth after cryopreservation in encapsulation–dehydration. In the present study, it was shown that adding 0.5 mol/L glycerol resulted in high regrowth percentages (82.5–90.0%) in four Crataegus species.     

Coupling past management practice and historic landscape change on John F. Kennedy Space Center,Florida

Historic landcover dynamics in a scrubby flatwoods (Tel-4) and scrub landscape (Happy Creek) on John F. Kennedy Space Center were measured using aerial images from 1943, 1951, 1958, 1969, 1979, and 1989. Landcover categories were mapped, digitized, geometrically registered, and overlaid in ARC/INFO. Both study sites have been influenced by various land use histories, including periods of range management, fire suppression, and fire management. Several analyses were performed to help understand the effects of past land management on the amount and spatial distribution of landcover within the study sites. A chi-squared analysis showed a significant difference between the frequency of landcover occurrence and management period. Markov chain models were used to project observed changes over a 100-year period; these showed current management practices being effective at Tel-4 (restoring historic landscape structure) and much less effective at Happy Creek. Documenting impacts of past management regimes on landcover has provided important insight into current landscape composition and will provide the basis for improving land management on Kennedy Space Center and elsewhere.     

XBP-01 accelerated apoptosis induced by oxidized low density lipoprotein in vascular smooth muscle cells

AIM: Previous studies performed with XBP-01 in vitro indicated that XBP-01 could inhibit vascular smooth muscle cells from being transformed into foam cell and could eliminate the atherosclerotic plaque in C57BL/6J mouse. This experiment is to investigate its mechanism of eliminating plaques in vitro. METHODS: The cultured porcine artery smooth muscle cells incubated with XBP-01 of 0.1 mg/L for 24 h after preincubated with oxidized low density lipoprotein of 15 mg/L for 72 h in vitro. The samples were analyzed by fluorescence microscope, confocal microscope system and flow cytometry. RESULTS: Apoptosis was triggered by being incubated with oxidized low density lipoprotein and this process was accelerated additionally by being incubated with XBP-01. CONCLUSION: XBP-01 can be effective in eliminating atherosclerotic plaque by accelerating the process in which oxidized low density lipoprotein induced smooth muscle cell apoptosis.     

Metallothionein inhibits homocysteine-induced proliferation of rat vascular smooth muscle cells

AIM:To investigate the effect of metallothionein(MT) on proliferation of rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) stimulated by homocysteine and its mechanism. METHODS:VSMCs proliferation was measured by [³-H]-TdR incorporation, mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)activity were determined by immunoprecipitation method, the intracellular contents of MT and malondialdehyde (MDA)were assayed by -hemoglobin saturation method and TBA reaction, respectively, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage was measured by NADH oxidation. RESULTS:Hcy(10^-6-10^-4 mmol/L) stimulated [³-H]-TdR incorporation by the VSMCs in a concentration-dependent manner. Compared with control, [³-H]-TdR incorporation in VSMCs treated with 0.1 mmol/L Hcy was increased by 4.2 fold (P＜0.01). Meanwhile, Hcy enhanced MAPK activity, MDA formation and LDH release (P＜0.01)in a concentration-dependent manner. Treatment of VSMCs with MT alone did not change above parameters, compared with control. However, MT (10^-6-10^-4 mol/L)attenuated significantly Hcy-stimulated proliferation of VSMCs (P＜0.01)in a concentration-dependent manner. And MT inhibited obviously Hcy-induced activation of MAPK activity, MDA formation and LDH release. Preincubation of VSMCs with 0.5 mmol/L ZnCl₂ for 6 h induced an increase cellular MT content by 5.7-fold (P＜0.01). The MT-overexpressed VSMCs resisted Hcy-stimulating action on MAPK activity, MDA formation and LDH leakage (P＜0.01). CONCLUSION:These results show that MT has an inhibitory effect on Hcy-induced VSMCs proliferation, and that MT could inhibit Hcy-stimulated MAPK activity and lipid peroxidation.     

The effect of exposure on landscape scale soil surface temperatures and species distribution models

Species distribution models (SDMs) often use elevation as a surrogate for temperature or utilise elevation sensitive interpolations from weather stations. These methods may be unsuitable at the landscape scale, especially where there are sparse weather stations, dramatic variations in exposure or low elevational ranges. The goal of this study was to determine whether radiation, moisture or a novel estimate of exposure could improve temperature estimates and SDMs for vegetation on the Illawarra Escarpment, near Sydney, Australia. Forty temperature sensors were placed on the soil surface of an approximately 12,000 ha study site between November 2004 and August 2006. Linear regression was used to determine the relationship with environmental factors. Elevation was correlated more with moderate temperatures (winter maximums, summer minimums, spring and autumn averages) than extreme temperatures (summer maximums, winter minimums). The correlation (r ²) between temperature and environmental factors was improved by up to 0.38 by incorporating exposure, moisture and radiation in the regressions. Summer maximums and winter minimums were predominately determined by exposure to the NW and coastal influences respectively, while exposure to the NE and SW was important during other seasons. These directions correspond with the winds that are most influential in the study area. The improved temperature estimates were used in Generalised Additive Models for 37 plant species. The deviance explained by most models was increased relative to elevation, especially for moist rainforest species. It was concluded that improving the accuracy of seasonal temperature estimates could improve our ability to explain the patchy distribution of many species. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.