Efficacy of 1,3-dichloropropene plus chloropicrin application methods in combination with pebulate and napropamide in tomato

Small-plot research and large-field validations were conducted to determine the effect of 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D)+chloropicrin (Pic) application methods in combination with the herbicides pebulate and napropamide on pest control in fresh market tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). In both the small-plot trials and the large-validation fields, various treatments compared the efficacy of soil fumigants and herbicides based on methyl bromide, in-bed and broadcast applications of 1,3-D+Pic, pebulate, and napropamide. The results consistently indicated that either in-bed or broadcast applications of 1,3-D+Pic in combination with pebulate and napropamide are equally effective against the weed Cyperus spp., the nematodes Tylenchorhynchus spp., Belonolaimus longicaudatus, and Meloidogyne spp., and the soilborne disease Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici in fresh market tomato. Therefore, broadcast 1,3-D+Pic application can reduce personnel exposure and poisoning risks, without losing pest control efficacy.     

香蕉枯萎病菌1号和4号生理小种菌株侵染和定殖巴西蕉和粉蕉根系的观察

尖孢镰刀菌古巴专化型1号和4号生理小种菌株对巴西蕉和粉蕉的致病性不同,其在巴西蕉和粉蕉根系的侵染和定殖过程是否不同仍未阐明。笔者将绿色荧光蛋白标记的1号（T320）和4号（B2-63）生理小种菌株分别接种巴西蕉和粉蕉,借助激光共聚焦显微镜观察侵染过程。发现这2个生理小种菌株菌丝均可沿巴西蕉和粉蕉根系表层细胞之间的凹槽生长,并进一步侵入维管束;而且B2-63侵入粉蕉根系维管束快于其侵入巴西蕉根系维管束。在接种T320 菌株15 d后,在轻微褐变的巴西蕉球茎组织中未观察到其菌丝体,而在褐变粉蕉球茎中可观察到。推测T320在粉蕉根系维管束中的扩展较其在巴西蕉根系维管束中的扩展容易。结果为进一步研究尖孢镰刀菌古巴专化型生理小种与不同基因型香蕉的互作奠定基础。     

香蕉枯萎病菌4号生理小种cat1基因敲除与表型分析

前期蛋白质组学研究发现尖孢镰刀菌古巴专化型4号生理小种(Foc4)中的过氧化氢酶1(cat1)基因受到巴西蕉诱导上调表达,为研究cat1基因在Foc4侵染香蕉过程中的作用,利用同源重组方法敲除Foc4的cat1基因,并对获得的敲除突变体开展表型分析和致病性测定。结果表明:cat1基因缺失对Foc4的菌丝、孢子形态、菌落生长、抗渗透压胁迫和细胞壁选择性压力等没有影响;但引起菌株抵抗外源氧胁迫、细胞壁穿透能力、纤维素利用能力减弱和对巴西蕉的致病性减弱。显示cat1基因的产物通过清除香蕉分泌的活性氧在Foc4对香蕉的致病过程中起作用,并参与病原菌对寄主纤维素成分的代谢。此结果为进一步深入研究香蕉枯萎病菌的致病机理奠定基础。