实施《营造林工程建设监理实施办法》几个问题的探讨

首次在林业行业编制《营造林工程建设监理实施办法》并组织实施 ,确保林业重点工程项目建设达到预期的投资效果 ,是新时期林业建设的一件大事。通过对实施《营造林工程建设监理实施办法》存在的监理管理机构、施工规范与验收标准、监理期限等几个问题的探讨 ,以便进一步完善《营造林工程建设监理实施办法》 ,并付诸实施     

监理规划存在问题的探讨

监理规划是工程建设监理单位在接受建设单位委托后首先要编制的指导项目监理部开展监理工作的纲领性文件。阐明了监理规划的重要性,并对监理规划编制中存在的问题提出了相应对策。     

当前监理领域中存在问题及其解决办法探讨

目前我国在建筑领域要求全面推行工程建设监理制。现就目前监理招投标工作中、监理工件出现的一些问题进行分析探讨，并提出解决这些问题的建议。     

工程建设监理过程中若干问题的分析

为提高投资效益，论述了全过程监理的必要性。结合现阶段我国工程建设监理出现的问题，对工程建设监理走向市场化、规范化、科学化进行了有益的探讨。     

工程建设监理边程中若干问题的分析

为提高投资效益，论述了全过程监理的必要性。结合现阶段我国工程建设监理出现的问题，对工程建设监理走向市场化、规范化、科学化进行了有益的探讨。     

关于退耕还林工程建设监理几个问题的探讨

退耕还林工程建设监理启动难,推广实施缓慢,其中有许多理论和实际问题值得研究。本文就当前退耕还林工程建设监理中常遇到的管理与监理的关系,建设单位与施工单位的界定,监理单位的责任等问题进行了论述,并就如何解决工程建设监理经费等问题提出了建议。     

林业工程建设监理存在的问题及发展思考

通过对林业工程建设监理现状及特点阐述,分析林业工程建设监理与一般民用建筑工程监理的不同及当前林业工程建设监理存在的问题,结合生态林业工程发展现状,提出今后林业工程建设监理的发展的基本思路。     

民用建筑施工中监理应注意的几个常见问题

本文对民用建筑施工监理中易出现的问题进行了探讨,提醒监理人员必须按规范要求做好每道工序的质量监控工作。     

江苏省重点防护林工程建设现状与发展对策

通过对1999年以来江苏省实施的长江中下游(淮太流域)重点生态防护林工程建设情况的分析，指出全省重点防护林工程建设中存在对重点工程认识不到位、不按作业设计施工、档案管理不规范等问题，提出今后重点防护林工程建设要严把立项关、严肃设计关、强化监理关、严格验收关，并逐步将其纳入森林生态效益补偿范围．     

施工监理在工程建设中的实践与体会

通过监理在中试基地工程建设中发挥的重要作用，阐述基本建设推行监理制的必要性，并结合当前监理工作存在的问题提出建议。     

网站建设与公共图书馆的延伸服务

对公共图书馆网站建设进行了简要论述,阐明加强网站建设可以使公共图书馆延伸服务。     

图书馆数字参考咨询服务对馆员素质的要求

对数字参考咨询服务、图书馆数字参考咨询服务及数字参考咨询馆员素质要求进行了简要阐述,指出未来图书馆的发展需要越来越多的参考馆员,高层次的参考馆员才会提供高质量的图书馆信息服务。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.