局地气候条件下的土地利用空间格局分析——以湖南醴陵市为例

利用Landsat7 ETM+影像、土地利用现状图、地形图及多年平均的降水、气温、≥0℃积温、日照时数等气候指标的空间分布数据,借助RS/GIS软件,通过对各气候指标进行分级处理、空间叠加分析等过程,研究了局地气候条件下土地利用的空间分布特征.结果表明:①研究区林地覆盖率为54.7%,耕地占区域总面积的29.0%,其中水田和旱地的面积比为7.7:1;其他土地利用类型占研究区总面积的比例分别为园地1.7%,城乡居民用地7.4%,工矿用地0.8%,水域4.3%,未利用地2.1%.②局地气候条件下土地利用的空间分布具有较明显的规律性,表现为随气温升高和积温增加,林地分布比例减少,水田、旱地、园地、城乡用地等均呈增加趋势;降水分布对土地利用格局的影响相反,即随降水增加,林地比例增加,水田、旱地、城乡居民用地、工矿用地等则减少;日照时数对区域土地利用格局的影响并不显著,但在流域尺度上对土地利用结构的差异有贡献.     

基于计量地理模型的松嫩高平原土地利用特征及其空间布局

研究土地利用特征及其空间布局是实现区域土地合理开发和利用的基础。该文以松嫩高平原典型地域黑龙江省巴彦县为研究区,以2006年巴彦县土地利用变更调查矢量数据库为基础,运用计量地理模型和现代地理信息空间分析技术相结合方法,探讨使用土地利用总体组合类型、土地利用综合程度及各地类的区位意义,来表征巴彦县18个乡镇土地利用的数量特征,进而分析其空间布局特征等。结果表明:研究区土地利用的数量特征总体存在一定的差异性,土地利用组合类型表现为土地整体功能较弱,土地利用程度高低不一,各地类中耕地和水域的区位意义较为突出;空间格局的总体特征表现为各地类斑块的形状总体较为复杂,其中耕地、林地的形状较规则且分布集中连片,为该区域的景观基质,未利用地、其他农用地和园地的分布最为离散。     

基于地形梯度的冀西北山地丘陵区土地利用格局变化分析——以河北省怀来县为例

为研究山地丘陵地区土地利用格局在地形差异上的演变规律,明确自然和人文因素在土地利用变化中的作用,基于RS和ArcGIS空间分析技术,利用地形位指数和分布指数,研究了河北省怀来县1993—2013年土地利用变化在地形差异上的时空分异特征。结果表明:六种土地利用类型空间分布及其变化均受到地形因子的影响和制约。水域的优势位主要分布在高程为300~500m、坡度0°~6°以及地形位级别为二级的区域;建设用地和耕地多分布于高程为500~700m、坡度0°~6°以及地形位级别为一级的区域;园地的地形适应性强于耕地,其分布的区域相对于耕地更加广泛,林地和未利用地则主要分布于高程900 m以上、坡度6°以上的区域,林地在地形位较高的级别更有优势。该文为今后怀来县土地资源的合理利用和科学规划提供依据与指导。     

河北省海岸带土地利用空间格局

海岸带由于其特殊的地理区位,土地利用方式和结构迥异于内陆地区。为揭示河北省海岸带土地利用空间格局,以海岸线向陆地延伸10 km作为研究范围,通过土地利用相对优势度和综合利用程度两种方法分析了河北省海岸带土地利用结构现状、空间格局和集约化特征。结果表明:河北省海岸带土地利用的主要类型为水库/坑塘、旱地和建筑用地;水库/坑塘、河流/湖泊和建筑用地、未利用地向海特征显著,是海岸带的优势土地利用类型;海岸带土地利用的海陆梯度和高程分异特征明显,主要表现为主要土地利用类型由水库/坑塘和建筑用地向旱地和林地转变;集约化利用程度最高的区域在距海岸线0～6 km、高程10～50 m的空间范围内。在沿海开发热潮再次兴起的背景下,关注海岸带土地利用空间格局现状,对优化海岸带国土空间开发格局具有重要意义。     

喀斯特石漠化及土地利用变化的地貌分异特征——以贵州省关岭贞丰花江石漠化综合示范区为例

[目的]探讨石漠化地区土地利用变化的地貌分异特征,揭示不同地貌条件下的土地利用时空变化的特征和规律,为石漠化地区土地的合理利用提供科学参照。[方法]以贵州省关岭贞丰花江石漠化综合示范区为例,运用GIS和RS技术,基于2005,2010和2013年3个时期的土地利用数据、石漠化数据和地貌数据,运用地形分布指数、土地利用程度综合指数,对研究区土地利用变化的地貌分异进行研究。[结果]①在2005—2013年间,喀斯特地区草地、建设用地、林地、未利用地和水域的面积有所增加,耕地、园地的面积在减少;石漠化的面积有所减少,石漠化程度正在逐渐减轻。②不同地貌条件下,每一个土地利用类型都有其存在的优势分布区;各土地利用类型的地貌分异基本稳定。③土地利用程度的地貌分异特征趋于稳定;2005—2013年,土地利用程度大小表现为:侵蚀台地峰丛洼地丘峰台地Ⅴ型峡谷溶蚀—侵蚀陡坡。④不同地貌条件下不同石漠化等级在各土地类型中的分布方面,由侵蚀台地、峰丛洼地、丘峰台地、Ⅴ型峡谷、溶蚀—侵蚀陡坡地貌的石漠化土地类型分布来看,石漠化主要发生在耕地、林地、园地和未利用地4种土地利用上,水域不存在石漠化现象;2005—2013年,石漠化在不同地貌条件的地类中总体呈较好转变。[结论]每一土地利用类型都有其分布的优势地貌区;不同地貌条件下,石漠化在不同土地利用类型上的分布存在差异,主要发生在耕地、林地、园地和未利用地4种土地利用类型区域。     

四川省宜宾市1980-2018年耕地时空格局变化及其驱动因素

[目的] 分析四川省宜宾市耕地时空演化特征及其驱动因素,为区域土地资源管理和农业发展规划提供决策参考。[方法] 基于土地利用数据和社会经济数据,借助土地利用转移矩阵、核密度分析、景观指数和PLUS模型,探究了宜宾市1980—2018年耕地的时空格局变化特征及其驱动机制。[结果] ①1980年以来,耕地面积呈持续减少趋势,共减少了247.92 km²,主要转出至建设用地与林地之中。②耕地的空间分布具有明显的差异性,呈“北密南疏”的空间分布格局,且空间密度逐年下降。③耕地的空间聚集程度不断下降,而分散程度持续增加,造成耕地破碎化程度加剧。④人口、GDP、道路等社会经济因素和高程、水域等自然环境因子是影响耕地变化的主要驱动力。[结论] 在高程、水域等自然因素的限制下,人口、经济和交通条件等社会经济因素共同作用,驱使耕地发生变化,面积持续减少,细碎化程度逐渐增加。     

珠江三角洲地区土地利用和景观格局变化研究

珠江三角洲是中国经济快速发展地区之一,土地利用发生剧烈变化。利用1990,2000,2006年3期遥感解译数据,借助GIS空间分析功能和景观格局指数,分析了珠江三角洲土地利用和景观格局时空演变过程。研究结果表明,1990—2006年,珠江三角洲土地利用发生变化的面积13 580.81km2,占土地总面积的32.93%,后6a变化速度明显快于前10a;城镇用地、农村居民点、其它建设用地快速扩张,水域面积显著增加,水田、旱地、林地面积快速减少;斑块数量显著增加,土地利用景观不断破碎,多样性增强。水田、旱地、林地、水域和城镇用地近圆指数较小,斑块形状复杂;分维数介于1.26～1.44,各地类形状趋向复杂,人类对其干扰不断增强;林地是整个区域土地利用格局的基质,分离度最小,水田、城镇用地、旱地和水域的分离度相对较小,呈现连片分布状态。     

基于地形梯度的高山峡谷区土地利用时空格局及功能分区

[目的] 分析高山峡谷区土地利用情况及其地形梯度分布格局,并进行功能分区,为类似区域土地资源的可持续利用提供参考。[方法] 以云南省泸水市为例,采用地形位指数和分布指数系统分析高山峡谷区土地利用在地形梯度上的分布变化特征。[结果] ①泸水市土地利用具有显著的优势分布特征,2000-2018年,林地作为主导地类,其比例从77.50%增长至84.49%。建设用地也快速增长,由2 804.49 hm²增加到4 785.65 hm²。未利用地、耕地、草地逐渐向林地转变,面积分别减少了14 368.38,5 171.68和4 049.54 hm²,水域面积稳定在900 hm²左右。②泸水市土地利用格局在地形梯度上的层级差异十分显著,林地在整个地形梯度上具有统治地位,水域、建设用地、耕地广泛分布于中、低地形位,草地的优势区间位于坡度高但高程较低的中地形位,未利用地则在高地形位占据主导优势。③基于地形分异规律,泸水市可分为4大功能区：河谷集约发展区、陡坡综合治理区、中高山生态提升区、山顶生态封禁区。[结论] 高山峡谷区在地形梯度上形成了多层级独特的土地利用分布格局,具有分区发展的潜力,不同分区对应着不同的土地利用发展策略。     

黄土丘陵山区土地利用空间自相关格局及其影响因素分析——以晋城市长河流域为例

为揭示黄土丘陵山区土地利用空间自相关格局与自然和人文因素的耦合关系,以晋城市长河流域为研究区,分析流域土地利用全局和局部空间自相关格局,利用GIS、灰色系统关联分析软件定量了各类用地与高程、坡度、坡向、有效土层厚度、与水域距离、人口密度、路网密度、距居民点距离的关联度及相关性。结果表明:距离权重为0.5 km时,流域内各土地利用类型整体呈现空间聚集性特征,表现出全局空间正自相关特性;空间正自相关性随着距离的增加而逐渐减弱。耕地、草地的用地分布呈明显的H-H,L-L聚集趋势,林地、水域和建设用地的空间分布呈明显的H-H聚集趋势。各格网耕地占比与有效土层厚度因子之间的关联排序最高;各格网林地占比与距居民点距离因子之间的关联排序最高;各格网草地占比与距水系距离因子之间的关联排序最高;各格网水域占比与距居民点的距离因子之间的关联排序最高;各格网建设用地占比与人口密度因子之间的关联排序最高。     

川北地形过渡带地形因子对土地利用与景观格局变化的影响

[目的]基于地形特征分析不同用地类型时空分布变化,不仅能解释土地利用时空变化规律,并能更进一步为优化土地利用结果,生态环境保护奠定基础。[方法]基于四川省北部江油市2003,2010,2018年3期遥感影像,运用土地利用转移矩阵法,分析不同用地类型之间的转化情况;接着利用地形位指数法、分布指数法,分析地形因子影响下不同用地类型分布指数变化特征;之后利用移动窗口法,探究景观格局中斑块密度与Shannon多样性指数时空变化规律;最后结合双变量空间相关性分析,分析地形因子与景观指数间的空间相关性特征。[结果](1)在2003—2010年期间,水田面积减少最多(减少面积2 238.98 hm~2),建设用地面积增加最多(面积增加3 360.36 hm~2);在2010—2018年期间,水田面积减少1 175.84 hm~2,建设用地面积增加1 614.78 hm~2;2003—2010年期间江油市土地利用的变化量整体高于2010—2018年。(2)北部山区主要由旱地转移为林草地,南部平原地区主要为水田转移为建设用地,中部丘陵区域旱地和水田相互转化强烈。(3)随时间变化,旱地和未利用地优势等级向中地形位等级靠拢;低地形位等级上建设用地、水田和水域优势度逐渐降低,并具有优势等级向较高地形位等级扩展趋势。(4)山区河流沿岸以及山地平原交汇处斑块密度与Shannon多样性指数较高,且呈线性分布;随时间变化,丘陵区域斑块密度增加,主城区附近Shannon多样性指数呈下降趋势。(5)高—高聚集区主要表现为向山地丘陵交汇处聚集;城区附近景观指数因受其他因素影响较多,导致该区域景观指数与地形位指数呈现出不显著相关性。[结论]在地形过渡带区域,不同地貌对于各类用地变化的影响在时空上存在差异性,其地形因子与景观指数的空间相关性差异明显。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.