蚯蚓对电刺激的响应及其与蚯蚓粪胁迫分离的参数量化

蚯蚓与蚯蚓粪快速高效分离是规模化蚯蚓生物消解农业废弃物的关键技术环节。针对目前电刺激分离蚯蚓方法在实际生产应用中缺乏相关定量参数等问题,该研究探讨了蚯蚓分离率对电刺激方式、强度、通断电循环周期时长、通电时长及电刺激耦合物料含水率、物料厚度等因子的响应关系,并分析了电刺激对蚯蚓生理生化指标的影响。结果表明,电刺激可促进蚯蚓与蚓粪分离,间歇式电刺激方式较持续式电刺激具有更好的分离效果;间歇式电刺激方式下,蚯蚓分离率与电刺激强度、通断电循环周期时长、通电时长均呈显著的开口向下一元二次抛物线关系,蚯蚓生长的物料含水率适宜值为52.60%,物料厚度越小,越有利于电刺激分离率的提高;电刺激处理对蚯蚓体内过氧化氢酶、超氧化物歧化酶、乙酰胆碱酯酶、纤维素酶、可溶性蛋白含量无显著影响,但显著提高了丙二醛含量,蚯蚓经过5 d的恢复性驯养后,丙二醛含量可恢复至对照处理水平;综合蚯蚓分离率、技术参数易操作性等,采用间歇式电刺激方式分离蚯蚓,设计电刺激强度2 mA、通断电周期时长30 s、通电时长1 s,控制物料含水率50%左右、物料厚度20～25 cm,辅助210 lx白光光照,电刺激作业时间30 min,蚯蚓分离效率可达85%左右。研究可为快速高效分离蚯蚓活体与蚯蚓粪的设备研发与应用提供参考。     

后备母猪对人工光照强度的偏好性选择

为明确人工光环境下后备母猪的适宜光照强度,该研究搭建了一套猪舍光环境偏好性选择系统,以LED白光（400～700 nm）为人工光源,设置4种光照强度（40、100、350、1200 lx）,每7 d为一个周期对单元猪舍对应的光照方案进行调整,光照时长16 h,以24头二元杂交后备母猪为试验对象,进行了为期28 d的试验,探究后备母猪对人工光环境光照强度的偏好性选择规律。结果表明,在猪只数量的时空分布方面,相较于40、350、1200 lx,后备母猪在开灯期间表现出对100 lx光照强度的显著性偏好（P<0.05）,占整体数量29.33% ± 1.14%;猪群对其余3种光照强度的偏好呈现明显的节律性,表现为开灯后和关灯前3 h对40 lx光照强度的偏好显著高于350、1200 lx（P<0.05）;在猪只活跃度方面,开灯后的前6 h,较强光照组（350 lx: 37.97% ± 3.47%和1200 lx：35.42% ± 4.04%）的猪只活跃度显著高于较弱光照组（40 lx: 27.90% ± 8.44%和100 lx: 23.94% ± 3.79%）;在猪只采食方面,较强光照（350、1200 lx）组后备母猪的饲料消耗量和采食时长均高于较弱光照组（40、100 lx）。由此,建议后备母猪舍的照明制度中设置一定的光照过渡阶段,以100 lx光照强度为主,开灯后和关灯前3 h使用40 lx较弱光环境避免刺激,此外,可在09:00—11:00增加2 h较强光照（350 lx）增加猪只活动量。该研究结果可为后备母猪舍光环境精准调控提供理论参考依据。     

蛋种鸡对本交笼产蛋窝内光环境的偏好性选择

产蛋窝是种鸡表达行为需求的必要福利设施,为明确本交笼养模式下种鸡对产蛋窝内部光环境相关设计参数的需求,探究种鸡对产蛋窝内部LED光环境的偏好性选择,该研究采用窝内蛋比例、产蛋行为与竞争行为作为评价产蛋窝使用效果的指标,选择LED白光（400～700 nm）、LED红光（585～690 nm）、LED蓝光（460～490 nm）3种光色作为诱导光源,每种光色设置2种不同的光照强度（5 lx、30 lx）,对照组为无光源诱导组,对比7个试验组产蛋窝使用效果。结果表明,产蛋窝内设置30 lx的LED白光与蓝光时,窝内蛋比例显著高于其他试验组（P<0.05）,在33周龄时,窝内蛋比例可达91.5%±3.4%、93.2%±4.5%。30 lx的LED白光与蓝光组鸡只的打斗行为与排挤行为频次显著高于其他试验组（P<0.05）,30 lx的LED红光组鸡只啄羽行为频次显著高于其他试验组（P<0.05）。竞争行为频次随时间分布的趋势与产蛋数量随时间分布趋势一致,产蛋数量与竞争行为频次主要集中在开灯后的第2～5小时,开灯后第3和第4小时为产蛋高峰。鸡只更偏好于30 lx的LED白光与蓝光作为产蛋窝内诱导环境,在该刺激下鸡只的产蛋行为可较好地表达,产蛋窝利用率更高。     

不同含水率蚯蚓粪颗粒物料流动性研究

蚯蚓粪是有机固体废弃物经蚯蚓过腹处理后排出的特殊物料,由于含水率高达40%～60%的同时又能够保持散体细小颗粒的状态,导致流动性参数难以通过常规测试手段得到。为给蚯蚓粪收集、分离、运输等不同阶段机械化作业提供有效的运动摩擦参数,探究含水率变化对蚯蚓粪颗粒流动性参数的影响。研究通过堆积角试验与离散元仿真(Discrete element method,DEM)堆积角虚拟试验相结合的方法,从数值上量化分析了基于牛粪转化后不同含水率25%～65%蚯蚓粪物料的滚动摩擦参数与物料黏结能力。结果表明,显著影响蚯蚓粪堆积角的因素为蚯蚓粪-蚯蚓粪滚动摩擦系数,蚯蚓粪-不锈钢滚动摩擦系数,蚯蚓粪的JKR表面能(Johnson Kendall Roberts surface energy)。随着含水率的增加,蚯蚓粪-蚯蚓粪的滚动摩擦系数由0.135下降至0.110,蚯蚓粪-不锈钢滚动摩擦系数由0.116下降至0.102,两者呈现小幅度下降,内摩擦角由45.81°降至26.10°,而JKR表面能由0.179 J/m~2增加至0.345 J/m~2,增幅显著。含水率低于50%时,随着含水率增加,物料滚动摩擦系数减小,内摩擦角减小,一定程度上有利于物料滚动流动;含水率超过50%时,由于表面能增高,内聚力增大,蚯蚓粪物料之间易发生物料黏结团聚,一定程度上又会阻碍蚯蚓粪的翻滚运动。     

蚯蚓-蚯蚓粪分离-收获工艺与关键部件试验

蚯蚓堆肥是实现农业有机固体废弃物减量化、无害化、资源化和增值化的生物处理技术之一。蚯蚓堆肥结束后,如何将成熟活体蚯蚓从大量堆肥物料中快速分离收获,是目前规模化蚯蚓堆肥亟需解决的难题之一。为实现蚯蚓体快速、高效、稳定的分离和收获,该研究提出了蚯蚓堆肥产物3步分离收获工艺方法,并针对此工艺中的动态斜面分离收获关键部件和工艺参数开展了试验研究。在此基础上,结合力学分析、EDEM离散元仿真模拟揭示了蚯蚓分离关键过程中的动力学机制。结果表明：本研究所提出的分离工艺可较好实现蚯蚓、蚯蚓粪的分离和集中收获,动态斜面在蚯蚓-蚯蚓粪分离过程中起关键作用,利用了蚯蚓体表液膜接触粘附摩擦特性强,易粘附于斜面,而动态斜面作用下蚯蚓粪滚动摩擦力小的特性,蚯蚓与蚯蚓粪抛落于动态斜面后因受力差异导致两者呈相反方向运动,实现分离。蚯蚓-蚯蚓粪分离收获的最优参数组合为安装锥形分离器下,分离收获斜面速度50 mm/s、倾角为30°。基于此工艺方法处置蚯蚓粪-蚯蚓混合物料10 kg耗时55.36 s,在蚯蚓收获区的蚯蚓收获率为（81.50±5.55）%,蚯蚓粪含杂率接近于0,物料总收获率为（96.56±1.79）%。研究结果可提高蚯蚓堆肥产物分离收获的速度与效率,为规模化蚯蚓堆肥机械装备化、减少人工作业和降低成本提供借鉴与参考。     

蚯蚓粪覆盖对降雨后黄土区土壤水分影响的室内模拟研究

通过室内模拟试验研究蚯蚓粪覆盖对降雨后黄土区土壤水分的影响,以蚯蚓粪覆盖厚度和雨强为试验变量,试验处理设置如下:降雨强度设置为大雨、中雨、小雨;蚯蚓粪覆盖厚度分别为1 cm、2.5 cm、4 cm,覆盖面积为土柱表面积的90%,以裸土作为对照。分别测定降雨完成后10 h内的湿润锋迁移过程和48 h内0～5 cm(上层),5～10 cm(中层)和10～15 cm(下层)的土壤含水率变化情况。结果表明:蚯蚓粪覆盖对降雨后黄土区土壤水分分布具有一定影响,降雨入渗结束后,覆盖蚯蚓粪处理的土壤含水率在较短时间内低于裸土,但5～15 cm土层含水率不断增加,并逐渐高于裸土,表明蚯蚓粪覆盖能够延缓降雨入渗,并影响黄土区土壤水分再分配过程,对降雨后表层以下的水分增加具有促进作用,有利于提高黄土区降水的利用率。     

环境条件处理对秋茄种子萌发的影响试验初报

采用L9(34)四因素三水平正交试验方法,研究了温度、湿度、光照时间和光照强度条件组合处理对秋茄种子萌发的影响。结果表明,在温度(白天27℃、晚22℃)、湿度(75%)、光照时间(光16 h、黑8 h)、光照强度(0 lx)组合处理下对翡翠绿茄、佛源秋茄和益丰龙芽种子萌发均有明显促进作用,发芽率与发芽势、发芽指数间存在正相关,环境条件四因素中温度影响最大,其次是湿度、光照时间和光照强度。     

蚯蚓粪施用方式及用量对土壤入渗的影响

通过室内土柱模拟试验研究蚯蚓粪施用方式及施用量对土壤水分入渗过程的影响,试验设置了3种施用量(50 g·kg~(-1),75 g·kg~(-1),100 g·kg~(-1))和5种施用方式(0～10 cm混施、10～20 cm混施、5～8 cm层施、10～13 cm层施、15～18 cm层施),以裸土为对照,分别测定0～180 min的土壤累积入渗量、湿润锋深度以及入渗30 min后层施条件下不同土层的土壤含水率。结果表明:不同用量蚯蚓粪混施入0～10 cm土层后均可加快湿润锋迁移速率,但在10～20 cm混施方式下,75 g·kg~(-1)和100g·kg~(-1)用量会抑制湿润锋的下移;当蚯蚓粪以层施方式加入土壤时,75 g·kg~(-1)和100 g·kg~(-1)用量处理的湿润锋迁移速率明显减小,且湿润锋深度随施用量的增加而减小;10～20 cm混施蚯蚓粪处理的累积入渗量小于0～10 cm混施处理,而75 g·kg~(-1)和100 g·kg~(-1)蚯蚓粪施用于5～8 cm和10～13 cm深度时也可明显减小累积入渗量,但100 g·kg~(-1)蚯蚓粪层施时则对入渗过程无显著影响;用Kostiakov模型拟合土壤入渗过程得出,施加75 g·kg~(-1)和100 g·kg~(-1)蚯蚓粪均能够增加初始入渗率,10～13 cm和15～18 cm层施蚯蚓粪则对入渗率的减小具有延缓作用;层施50 g·kg~(-1)蚯蚓粪能够提高下层土壤含水量,但层施75 g·kg~(-1)和100 g·kg~(-1)蚯蚓粪则会使下层土壤含水量降低。     

暗前适宜LED远红光光照强度促进设施番茄种苗生长发育

为了研究LED光源在设施番茄育苗生产上的精准化利用。该试验以金鹏1号番茄植株为试材,研究了进入黑暗前LED远红光处理对番茄植株形态、激素含量、光合速率和矿质元素含量的影响。结果表明,当番茄植株进入黑暗前进行10 min远红光处理,番茄植株的株高及茎的鲜质量发生了明显变化,番茄植株的株高和茎的鲜质量随着远红光光照强度的增加而增加,当远红光的光照强度增加到10μmol/(m~2·s)时番茄植株的株高和茎的鲜质量也达到了最大值。与对照相比,进入黑暗前进行时长10 min,光照强度为10μmol/(m~2·s)的远红光处理后番茄植株叶片中的生长素和赤霉素3的含量显著上升;叶绿素和净光合速率显著降低;番茄植株茎中N含量显著降低,叶中P含量显著降低,K含量显著升高,根系中的N、P、K含量都显著增加。因此,可以通过调控黑暗前远红光的光照强度来精确调控番茄植株的株高,控制番茄的生长。     

养殖皱纹盘鲍人工育苗LED光质及光照时期优选

光照是影响水生生物生长发育和存活的重要环境因子之一。该文研究了不同光质(红光、橙光、白光、蓝光、绿光和黑暗环境)和光照起始阶段(分别从受精卵,担轮幼虫,眼点幼虫)对皱纹盘鲍幼虫生长发育和存活的影响。试验结果表明:在蓝、绿光以及黑暗环境下,幼虫的孵化率都超过80%,与红、橙、白光组相比差异显著(P0.05)。红、橙、白光下,幼虫的畸形率则均较高,且与其他光质组相比差异显著(P0.05)。而在红光下,幼虫的畸形率显著高于其他处理组(P0.05),超过10%。蓝光下,从担轮幼虫阶段起始光照,幼虫的变态率显著高于其他光质组。红、橙光和黑暗环境下,不同光照起始阶段幼虫的变态率均较低且没有显著性差异(P0.05)。从受精卵阶段起始光照,蓝光下幼虫的变态率显著高于其他光质组(P0.05),绿光和白光下幼虫的变态率也较高且二者间并没有显著性的差异(P0.05)。从受精卵阶段起始光照,蓝、绿光和黑暗环境下担轮幼虫的规格显著大于白、红光组(P0.05),且3种光质间并没有显著性的差异(P0.05)。蓝、绿光下,从担轮幼虫和面盘幼虫阶段起始光照,幼虫形成次生壳和变态时的规格显著大于从受精卵阶段起始光照组(P0.05),但从眼点幼虫阶段起始光照组,幼虫所需的变态时间显著长于从受精卵和担轮幼虫阶段起始光照组(P0.05)。因此,在皱纹盘鲍的幼虫培育过程中,选择蓝、绿光并且从担轮幼虫期起始光照对提高苗种孵化效率、增加单位水体产量和促进鲍育苗技术发展具有重要意义。     

Earthworm biomass and population structure are negatively associated with changes in organic residue nitrogen concentration during vermicomposting

Vermicomposting is an efficient and environmentally friendly technology to dispose of agricultural organic residues. The efficiency of organic residue decomposition during vermicomposting is directly affected by the biomass and population structure of earthworms. In this study, we investigated how the earthworm biomass and population structure responded to changes in the physicochemical properties of six types of organic residue (cattle dung, herbal waste, rice straw, soybean straw, garden waste, and tea residues) during vermicomposting. Each type of organic residues was placed in a pot with earthworms Eisenia fetida, and the physicochemical properties of the organic residues and earthworm growth dynamics were recorded at 0, 30, 60, and 90 d of vermicomposting. The biomass and population structure of earthworms were stable or increased in rice straw, garden waste, and cattle dung within 60 d of vermicomposting, whereas in tea residues and herb waste, very little earthworm activity (3 adults and 2 cocoons) was recorded on day 30. Among the physicochemical parameters, the substrate C/N ratio was negatively correlated with earthworm growth dynamics. Decomposing organic residues showed higher NH₄⁺-N and NH₃^--N concentrations but a lower total organic carbon content, which negatively affected earthworm growth and reproduction. We recommend that chemical properties of vermicomposting systems should be monitored regularly. At the threshold levels of decomposing organic residue NH₄⁺-N and NH₃^--N concentrations, earthworms should be removed and the vermicompost can be harvested. Small- and large-scale farmers thus need to monitor the physicochemical properties of vermicompost to sustain active earthworm populations.     

The Maturity and CH4, N2O,NH3 Emissions from Vermicomposting with Agricultural Waste

This study investigated the maturity and gaseous emissions from vermicomposing with agricultural waste. A vermicomposting treatment (inoculated Eisenia fetida) was conducted over a 50-day period, taking tomato stems as the processing object and using cow dung as the nutrient substrate. A thermophilic composting treatment without earthworm inoculation was operated as a control treatment. During the experiment, maturity indexes such as temperature, pH, C/N ratio, and germination index (GI) were determined and continuous measurements of earthworm biomass and CH₄, N₂O, and NH₃ emissions were carried out. The results showed that the temperature during vermicomposting was suitable for earthworm survival, and the earthworm biomass increased from 10.0 to 63.1 kg m^?3. Vermicomposting took less time on average to reach the compost maturity standard (GI 80%), and reached a higher GI (132%) in the compost product compared with the thermophilic composting treatment. Moreover, the decrease of the C/N ratio in vermicompost indicated stabilization of the waste. The activities of earthworms played a positive role in reducing gaseous emissions in vermicompost, resulting in less emissions of NH₃ (12.3% NH₃-N of initial nitrogen) and total greenhouse gases (8.1 kg CO₂-eq/t DM) than those from thermophilic compost (24.9% NH₃-N of initial nitrogen, 22.8 kg CO₂-eq/t DM). Therefore, it can be concluded that vermicomposting can shorten the period required to reach compost maturity, can obtain better maturity compost, and at the same time reduce gaseous emissions. As an added advantage, the earthworms after processing could have commercial uses.     

Biological weathering of phlogopite during enriched vermicomposting

As the dominant macrofauna in many soils, earthworms play a significant role in mineral weathering and nutrient release from mineral structures into available forms for root uptake. Phlogopite is a trioctahedral micaceous mineral that can be weathered to other minerals through release of its interlayer potassium (K). In this study, we investigated the effect of earthworm activities and associated microbial communities on phlogopite weathering during the production of phlogopite-enriched vermicompost with different quantities of phlogopite added. An experiment was run under laboratory conditions using three levels of phlogopite (0, 20% and 40% by weight) in triplicates. Each Petri dish contained 20 g of a mixture of cow manure and phlogopite, and vermicomposting process was performed by inoculation of eight Eisenia foetida earthworms. Changes in clay mineralogy and C/N ratio in each dish were assessed at days 0, 45, 90, 135, and 180 during vermicomposting. The results indicated that phlogopite was partially weathered to vermiculite and interstratified mica-vermiculite during the vermicomposting process. The rate of weathering was higher during the early stages of vermicomposting (the first 90 d). The weathering of phlogopite was influenced considerably by the activity of earthworms and associated microbial communities during the organic matter transformation process. At the early stages of the process, the weathering rate for different levels of phlogopite was not significantly different, but over time it accelerated steadily, and the difference increased.     

Influence of earthworm culture on fertilization potential and biological activities of vermicomposts prepared from different plant wastes

The present investigation was aimed to analyze influence of earthworm culture on nutritive status, microbial population, and enzymatic activities of composts prepared by utilizing different plant wastes. Vermicomposts were prepared from different types of leaves litter of horticulture and forest plant species by modified vermicomposting process at a farm unit. Initial thermophilic decomposition of waste load using cow‐dung slurry was done in the separate beds. The culture of Eisenia fetida was used for vermicomposting in specially designed vermibeds at the farm unit. The physico‐chemical characteristics, enzyme activities (oxido‐reductases and hydrolases), and microbial population (bacteria, fungi, free‐living nitrogen‐fixing bacteria, actinomycetes, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, phosphate‐solubilizing bacteria and fungi) of vermicomposts were found significantly higher (p < 0.05) than those of control (without earthworm inoculum). The study quantified significant contributions of earthworm culture to physico‐chemical, enzymatic, and microbiological properties of vermicompost and confirmed superior fertilization potential of vermicompost for organic farming. The agronomic utility of vermicompost was assessed on yellow mustard plant in a pot experiment. Pot soil was amended with different ratios (5%, 10%, 20%) of vermicompost and normal compost (without earthworm inoculum). Effects of these amendments on the growth of Brassica comprestis L. were studied. The significant differences (p < 0.05) in the growth of plant were observed among vermicompost‐, compost‐amended soil, and control. Vermicompost increased the root and shoot lengths, numbers of branches and leaves per plant, fresh and dry weights per plant, numbers of pods and flowers, and biochemical properties of plant leaf significantly, especially in 20% amendment. These results proved better fertilization potential of vermicompost over non‐earthworm‐inoculated compost.     

蚯蚓辅助堆肥处理蔬菜废弃物及其温室气体减排效果

蚯蚓辅助堆肥是近年兴起的处理有机废物的有效方法,为探明蚯蚓辅助堆肥法处理蔬菜废弃物的效果及其温室气体排放规律,该文以牛粪和新鲜番茄秧作为原料,在蚯蚓养殖场分别设置蚯蚓辅助堆肥和常规堆肥处理,对比研究了腐熟度指标变化和温室气体排放规律。结果表明:蚯蚓辅助堆肥堆垛温度较低,达不到无害化温度标准(50～55℃以上持续5～7d),但可满足蚯蚓生存需求,蚯蚓生物量在堆肥前期(0～10d)较低,为14.6×103～20.8×103条/m3,其后随着堆体温度的降低逐渐增长,至堆肥结束时达到90.2×103条/m3。综合pH值、电导率(EC)、碳氮比(C/N)、发芽率指数(GI)等腐熟度指标分析,蚯蚓辅助堆肥处理的腐熟度优于常规堆肥处理,并提前达到腐熟,堆肥周期缩短;蚯蚓辅助堆肥氮素损失较常规堆肥减少30.8%,CH4、NH3和N2O排放比常规堆肥分别减少12.8%、17.4%和46.1%,温室气体总量减排35.9%,因此蚯蚓辅助堆肥可有效降低堆肥过程中的氮素损失和温室气体排放量。研究结果可为有机固体废弃物循环利用和温室气体减排控制提供参考。     

Potential of Eisenia foetida for Sustainable and Efficient Vermicomposting of Fly Ash

Vermicomposting of fly ash has been attempted, using red earthworm, Eisenia foetida. Fly ash, which was obtained from thermal power station, was mixed with cowdung in different proportions (20, 40, 60 and 80%). These mixtures were used as feed for earthworms, and after 30 days, vermicast recovery, worm zoomass and numbers of juveniles produced were recorded. A total of six runs each of 30 days were conducted during the whole study. Concentrations of heavy metals in different mixtures of fly ash–cowdung, before and after vermicomposting and in the earthworms used in the study were also estimated. Results show maximum output of vermicasts and maximum number of juveniles produced was in reactors with 40% fly ash while maximum weight gain by earthworm was in 20% fly ash vermireactors. Performance of vermireactors up to 60% fly ash was more or less similar but at 80% fly ash, there is a marked reduction in overall performance of the reactors. Chemical analysis of different samples of fly ash–cowdung mixtures prior to vermicomposting revealed high concentrations of zinc, chromium, lead, nickel and copper. Chemical analysis of vermicomposted samples showed 30–50% reduction in heavy metals up to 60% fly ash and 10–30% reduction in 80% fly ash. Metal analysis of earthworms revealed considerable bioaccumulation of heavy metals in their body. The Present study indicates the feasibility of E. foetida for mitigating the toxicity of metals and up to 60% fly ash–cowdung mixtures can be used for sustainable and efficient vermicomposting.     

Vermipharmaceuticals and active proteins isolated from earthworms

The earthworm is one of the typical saprophagous organisms that has been successfully used to convert organic waste into biomass. Indeed, vermicomposting occurs throughout the world. More recently, research on pharmaceuticals derived from earthworms, known as green biomedicine, has been increasing. As a result, earthworms have become an international medicine, even though their original utilization in traditional medicine has been known for thousands of years. With the development of biomedicine, scientists have rediscovered the medicinal value of earthworms related to many chemical components, including (1) earthworm proteases (lumbrokinase, collagenase, superoxide dismutase, cholinesterase, catalases, glycosidases); (2) metal-binding protein (metallothionein, calmodulin-binding protein); (3) other active proteins including those with proliferative improving activity like lysenin, eiseniapore, antitumor proteins, and glycoprotein; (4) active peptides (gut mobility regulation peptide, antibacterial peptide); (5) earthworm metabolites (carbamidine, lumbrinin, lumbrofobrin, terrestrolumbrolysin); (6) special organic acids (succinic acid, lauric acid, and unsaturated fatty acid) and (7) other components such as purin, vitamin B, tyrosine and Se. In this paper, we mainly describe earthworm fibrinolytic enzymes and antibacterial peptides in particular.