基于响应面法的玉米秸秆成型工艺优化

为了研究玉米秸秆成型过程中各参数之间的交互作用,获得最佳的工艺参数,该文采用5因素的响应面试验设计研究了原料水分(8%~24%)、温度(50~150℃)、压缩速度(10~50 mm/min)、压力(51.0~127.4 MPa)、保压时间(10~50 s)5个成型参数对玉米秸秆成型颗粒的松弛密度、Meyer强度以及压缩比能耗3个成型技术指标的影响,建立了响应面模型,结合成型燃料标准,获得了最佳的工艺参数,并对优化后的试验参数进行了试验验证。试验结果表明:在选取试验参数范围内,温度、原料水分、压力均会对技术指标产生较大影响;而压缩速度和保压时间所产生的影响相对较小。最优化的工艺参数(压力、温度、水分)为:4 k N(51.0 MPa)、110.8℃、17%,在该参数组合下的验证试验结果为:松弛密度为1031 kg/m~3,Meyer强度为27.1 N/m~2,比能耗为10.03 k J/kg。该研究可为秸秆生物质成型燃料制备产业提供参考。     

水葫芦颗粒燃料成型工艺优化

为了提高水葫芦颗粒燃料的成型品质,该文对水葫芦颗粒燃料的致密成型工艺进行了试验研究,分析了加工压力、温度、原料含水率和粉碎粒度与水葫芦颗粒燃料的颗粒密度和径向抗压力的关系。单因素和多因素正交试验研究结果表明:影响水葫芦颗粒燃料的颗粒密度的主次工艺参数排序为:压力粒度温度含水率;工艺参数温度、压力和粒度的对水葫芦颗粒燃料的径向抗压力的影响差别不大,而原料含水率的影响最小。水葫芦颗粒燃料的最佳工艺参数条件为:压力6 k N、温度100℃、含水率12%、粒度0.58 mm,在此最佳工艺参数条件下,水葫芦颗粒燃料的颗粒密度和径向抗压力可分别达到1 362.21 kg/m3和1.44 k N。研究结果为工业化生产高质量的水葫芦颗粒燃料提供理论依据。     

水稻秸秆与木屑混合原料热压成型试验

为提高水稻秸秆原料成型燃料的质量,提出通过添加木质素含量较高的木屑原料即形成混合原料并通过试验的方法进行研究。首先进行对比试验,以成型燃料的物理性能为指标,在相同实验条件下对木屑、水稻秸秆和水稻秸秆与木屑1∶1混合的原料进行热压成型试验。对比试验的结果表明小压力下1∶1混合原料成型燃料的综合物理性能优于水稻秸秆成型燃料,证明混合原料可提高单一水稻秸秆原理成型燃料的质量。但由于木屑原料本身的结构特性使得1∶1混合原料成型燃料的抗渗水性较弱。因此为进一步提高混合原料成型燃料质量,我们利用正交试验方法研究对于混合原料成型燃料各物性指标而言最显著影响因素及最佳参数组合并通过试验加以论证。试验结果表明:针对不同性能指标,各工艺参数的影响力不一致,对于松弛密度、抗碎强度及抗压强度而言,压力对其影响较大;而对于抗渗水性而言,原料混合比影响较大。对于松弛密度,最佳成型参数(混合比、温度、压力)组合为0.5∶1,70℃、31.11 MPa,抗碎强度的成型参数最优组合为2∶1,110℃、31.11 MPa,抗渗水性和抗压强度的最佳成型参数组合为1.5∶1,90℃、31.11 MPa。     

水稻秸秆热压成型工艺参数试验研究

水稻秸秆冷压成型试验得到的成型燃料能耗较高且质量不佳,为提高水稻秸秆成型燃料质量,本次试验利用水稻秸秆成型设备,在不同成型压力、原料粒径、温度以及含水率等工艺参数条件下对水稻秸秆进行热压成型试验。通过分析成型燃料的物理性能,确定各工艺参数最佳选取范围为：粒径0~2mm、温度70~100℃、成型压力8.89～40MPa、含水率12%～25%。为进一步提高水稻秸秆原料成型燃料的质量,提出通过添加木质素含量较高的木屑原料即形成混合原料,并通过对比试验进行研究。结果表明,混合原料可以有效提高水稻秸秆成型燃料的综合质量。     

秸秆坯块成型工艺参数及保水性试验研究

为探究玉米秸秆、豆粕和聚丙烯酸钠混合制备农用保水剂的生产工艺,以最大压缩力、混料水分、压缩速度、豆粕质量分数和聚丙烯酸钠质量分数为试验因素,以成型坯块的松弛密度为评价指标进行二次回归旋转组合试验,优化工艺参数组合并试验验证,在松弛密度的最优范围内分析其对坯块保水性能的影响。试验结果表明:坯块的松弛密度为460～540 kg/m3的条件下,得出最大压缩力为16～20.59 kN,混料水分为8.84%～12.96%,压缩速度为95.56～155.51 mm/min,豆粕质量分数为16.08%～24.02%,聚丙烯酸钠质量分数为4.91%～7.15%的最佳成型工艺参数;坯块的保水效果随松弛密度的增大而逐渐增强,有砂土时释水量随时间变化符合对数模型,无砂土时则符合线性模型,拟合方程的回归系数均大于0.9,成型坯块保水性的分析可靠,可为复合型农用保水剂的应用提供参考。     

适宜操作条件提高松木屑超临界水气化制氢效果

为了解操作条件对生物质在超临界水中气化制氢过程的影响,该文以松木屑作为原料,在反应温度500℃、反应压力30 MPa、停留时间30 min、木屑质量分数8%、粒径8~16目的条件下,探索了Fe、Na2CO3、Cu SO4 3种催化剂对制氢过程的催化活性:FeNa2CO3Cu SO4。选用Fe催化剂,考察了反应压力30 MPa、停留时间30 min、反应温度(420~500℃)、木屑质量分数(8%~40%)、粒径(2~1 000目)对制氢过程的影响。试验结果表明:Fe催化剂质量分数增大,能显著提高制氢效果;随着温度的升高,气化率、碳气化率、氢气化率及氢气产量均相应增大;木屑质量分数越低,气化率和氢气化率越高;粒径对气化结果影响不大;在优化后的操作条件下(反应温度500℃、反应压力30 MPa、停留时间30 min、Fe质量分数2%、松木屑质量分数8%、粒径8~16目),H2的摩尔分数、氢气化率、氢气产量分别达到42.1%、98.1%、6.62 mol/kg。该文研究结果可为该技术今后的工业化发展和应用提供参考。     

水稻秸秆冷压成型参数试验研究

利用单孔成型设备对水稻秸秆在不同参数条件下进行冷压成型试验。通过单因子试验和正交试验,观测不同成型压力、原料粒径及含水率等条件下成型颗粒的松弛密度、耐久性及退模压力,研究成型参数对成型颗粒物理性能指标的影响,以寻求冷压成型一般参数范围和各参数对不同成型指标的影响,为秸秆热压成型和连续成型试验提供数据支持。单因子试验结果表明,水稻秸秆各成型参数的范围为成型压力120～180MPa、粒径小于0.9mm、含水率15%～25%。在单变量试验基础上,设计正交试验。正交试验结果表明,针对不同性能指标,各工艺参数成型颗粒的影响力不一致,成型压力对松弛密度、抗碎强度及抗压强度的影响较大;而原料粒径对抗渗水性的影响较大。对于松弛密度和抗碎强度,成型参数中成型压力、原料粒径、含水率的最佳组合为180MPa、0～0.2mm、18%,抗渗水性的成型参数最佳组合为180MPa、0～0.2mm、12%,抗压强度的成型参数最佳组合为180MPa、0.6～0.9mm、18%。     

含稻秸蔬菜育苗基质块成型工艺参数优化

为了确定黄瓜育苗块成型的最优工艺参数,以育苗基质和水稻秸秆的混合物为原料,育苗块的抗破坏强度和尺寸稳定性为成型质量检测指标,采用四元二次回归通用旋转组合试验设计结合响应面法,探讨了原料含水率、压力、秸秆长度和秸秆含量对育苗块成型的影响,建立了黄瓜育苗块成型特性参数与各因素之间的回归模型.综合分析表明,各因素对育苗块抗破坏强度的影响主次顺序为:压力＞秸秆长度＞含水率=秸秆含量,在交互作用中,含水率与秸秆含量、压力与秸秆长度、秸秆长度与秸秆含量对育苗块抗破坏强度的影响显著(P＜0.05);各因素对育苗块尺寸稳定性的影响主次顺序为:秸秆含量＞含水率＞压力＞秸秆长度,含水率与秸秆长度的交互作用对育苗块尺寸稳定性的影响较显著(P＜0.05).利用Design-Expert8.0.6软件得出理论最优工艺参数,并考虑试验的可操作性,对理论最优工艺参数进行调整及试验验证,得到最优工艺参数:含水率为21％,压力为4.5 kN,秸秆长度为10mm,秸秆质量分数为12％,该组合条件下的育苗块抗破坏强度为23.03 N,尺寸稳定性为82.83％.分析表明,优化后育苗块的理化特性符合黄瓜育苗的农艺要求.该研究可为黄瓜育苗块成型机工艺参数优化提供理论和实践依据.     

环模式成型机压缩水稻秆成型工艺参数优化

为了确定环模式成型机压缩水稻秸秆最佳的成型工艺参数,该文以水稻秸秆为原料,利用9JYK-2000A型环模式成型机进行压缩成型,寻求工作参数对环模式成型机压缩水稻秸秆成型影响规律和优化工艺参数组合。采用四因素五水平二次回归正交旋转中心组合设计试验方法,以含水率、成型温度、模辊间隙和主轴转速为影响因子,以成型压块的松弛密度和抗破碎性为评价指标。利用Design-expert8.0.6的回归分析法及响应面分析法,建立并分析了4个因子对评价指标影响的数学模型。结果表明：当参数组合含水率为17.5%～27.1%、成型温度为81.9℃～88.1℃、磨辊间隙为2.49～3.78 mm、主轴转速为157.6～186.5 r/min条件下,成型压块的松弛密度大于1.0 g/cm3,成型压块的抗破碎性大于65%;各因素对松弛密度贡献率的主次关系为：主轴转速>磨辊间隙>含水率>成型温度,各因素对抗破碎性贡献率的主次关系为：含水率>主轴转速>磨辊间隙>成型温度。研究可为环模式成型机压缩水稻秸秆成型提供一定理论依据和技术支撑。     

榆木木屑快速热裂解主要工艺参数优化及生物油成分的研究

以榆木木屑为原料,在自制的流化床反应器上,采用正交实验设计,进行了快速热裂解主要工艺参数优化试验,并对产生的生物油成分进行了GC-MS分析.结果表明,榆木木屑快速热裂解最优工艺参数组合为热裂解温度500℃、气相滞留期0.8s、物料粒径O.180mm,生物油最大产率为46.3%(质量分数).热裂解温度、气相滞留期对生物油产率影响显著,而热裂解温度和气相滞留期的交互作用、物料粒径对生物油产率影响不显著.生物油是一种成分极其复杂的有机化合物的混合物,含氧量较高.该项研究为生物质快速热裂解技术的发展提供了科学的依据.     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

In-situ enrichment and analysis of atrazine-degrading microbial communities using atrazine-containing porous beads

We examined the community composition of microbes that colonized atrazine-containing beads buried in agricultural soils that differed in atrazine treatment history. Bacterial abundance was 5-40-fold greater in atrazine-fortified beads. In beads containing 20 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ buried in soil with a history of atrazine application (conditioned soil), the abundance of Actinobacteria increased approximately 80-fold whereas in control soil, Actinobacteria were enriched only 10-fold and the gamma-Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes increased by 60- and 25-fold, respectively. The gamma-Proteobacteria were enriched by 120- and 230-fold in beads containing 200 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ in conditioned and control soil, respectively. The results demonstrate that BioSep^® beads are a suitable matrix for recruiting a diverse subset of the bacterial community involved in atrazine degradation.