Feed preference and feeding behaviours in grower broilers fed diets containing wheat naturally contaminated with fusarium mycotoxins

1. Two trials were conducted to determine the effect of feeding diets contaminated with fusarium mycotoxins (primarily deoxynivalenol (DON)) on broiler chicken feed preference, feeding behaviour and growth performance.

2. A total of 120 male Ross 308 chicks (4 birds/cage, 30 cages) were fed a common corn-based starter diet from 1 to 20 d of age. At 21 d, 15 cages were randomly assigned to the feed preference trial or a feeding behaviour trial. Three wheat-based experimental diets (0.14, 2.27 and 5.84 mg/kg DON) were prepared with a clean wheat and a naturally contaminated wheat. Broilers were ad libitum fed the experimental diets during 21–27 d.

3. In the preference trial, each cage’s feeder was split into two equal-sized compartments so birds were provided a choice of two diets (control vs. low, control vs. high and low vs. high DON). In the feeding behaviour trial, diets were randomly assigned to 15 cages (5 cages/diet). Feeding and drinking behaviour was recorded for 1 h before and after the dark period and 1-h period at 9 h after the light was turned on (middle of day). Growth performance was assessed at 27 d.

4. In the preference trial, broilers preferred the control diet over low (93.0 vs. 66.1 g/d, P < 0.01) and high (104.4 vs. 50.4 g/d, P < 0.01) DON diets. At all three timepoints, where behaviour was recorded, birds offered the DON diets spent more time at the feeder compared to birds provided control diets (P < 0.05). Control birds had lower feed to gain ratio (1.65) than birds fed low (1.82) and high (1.94) DON diets (P < 0.01).

5. It is clear that broilers are sensitive to the presence of fusarium mycotoxins and that moderate levels of DON negatively affect feed preference and growth performance when fed during the grower period.     

Effect of feeding different sources of selenium on growth performance and antioxidant status of broilers

ABSTRACT

1. This study was conducted to determine the effect of different sources of selenium (Se) on breast and liver tissue deposition, apparent metabolisable energy (AME), growth performance and antioxidant status of broilers, measured as Se content in liver and breast tissues and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in blood, when used in 0–35 d broiler chicken diets.

2. A total of 200 male Ross 308 broilers were used in the feeding trial, which comprised two dietary phases, a starter from 0 to 21 d and finisher from 21 to 35 d of age. Four treatments with 10 replications each were used. A control diet (C) was formulated that was sufficient in protein and energy (230 and 215 g/kg of crude protein and 12.67 and 13.11 MJ/kg of metabolisable energy, respectively), for both phases, but contained background Se only from the feed ingredients. Diet 2 (IS) was supplemented with 10.35 g/t inorganic, elemental source of Se. Diet 3 (SY) was supplemented with 136.36 g/t selenised yeast, an organic source derived from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Diet 4 (SS) was supplemented with 0.666 g/t sodium selenite, an inorganic source.

3. Birds fed the SY diet consumed less and weighed less than those fed IS or C (P < 0.05; 0–35 d of age), but there was no difference compared to birds fed SS diets. There were no differences in FCR or dietary AME between broilers fed different Se sources. All diets containing supplementary Se increased concentrations in the liver and breast muscle, and for GSH-Px levels in blood compared to birds fed the C diet (P < 0.001). Birds fed SY diets had greater Se levels in liver and breast tissues compared to birds fed any of the other diets (P < 0.001).

4. Diets supplemented with Se had variable effects on broiler growth performances and antioxidant status. Feeding Se from a yeast source has higher transfer into breast tissues. Feeding different sources and levels of Se to birds in a more challenging situation to induce oxidative stress may bring more conclusive results.     

4种配合饲料对育肥猪生长性能及经济效益的影响

试验旨在研究猪场自配小麦型饲料、自配玉米型饲料和商品配合颗粒饲料对肉猪生长性能的影响。采用对比试验设计,选用108头育肥猪随机分为4组,每组3个重复,每个重复9头猪。A组饲喂玉米型基础料+A型预混料,B组饲喂小麦型基础料+B型小麦专用预混料,C组饲喂玉米型基础料+C型预混料,D组饲喂D型生长育肥猪配合饲料,试验期31 d。结果显示,各组间平均日采食量、日增重和料重比差异均不显著（P>0.05）;A组增重饲料成本与其他3组之间差异均不显著（P>0.05）,B组与C、D组之间均差异显著（P<0.05）,C、D组之间差异不显著（P>0.05）。综合分析得出,B组获得的经济效益最高,每头平均利润达473.07元。     

复方黄芪颗粒对肉鸡肉品质的影响

试验旨在探究复方黄芪颗粒对肉鸡肉品质的影响.采用罗斯肉仔鸡进行饲喂试验,试验组分别添加0.87％、1.74％、3.48％复方黄芪颗粒,试验期42 d.结果 显示,肉质含水量均在71％～78％之间,复方黄芪颗粒给药组含水量均高于对照组.胸肌和腿肌的pH2h值和pH24h值均在优质鸡pH值范围内,给药组pH值均大于对照组....     

乳化剂在肉鸡饲料中的效果研究

乳化剂是一种亲油又亲水的物质,能显著降低脂肪的粘度,弥补动物胆盐分泌不足,从而提高脂肪消化率,防止脂肪肝发生和畜禽因脂肪消化不良引起的下痢,且利于脂溶性营养物质（VA、VD、VE、色素等）的吸收。因此,可通过乳化剂调低配方的代谢能水平,降低成本,提高经济效益。本试验研究了乳化剂对白羽肉鸡生产性能的影响。结果显示：减少油脂后添加乳化剂对肉鸡平均日采食量和平均日增重的影响均不显著,从试验全期看,日粮减少油脂5 kg/t 或降低代谢能30 kcal/kg （1 kcal=4.187 kJ,下同）后添加乳化剂,可以使肉鸡平均日增重和料重比保持正常的水平。     

益生菌剂、异麦芽寡糖对肉仔鸡生产性能的影响

本试验研究在玉米-豆粕型基础日粮中添加益生菌剂、异麦芽寡糖对肉仔鸡生产性能的影响.结果表明与空白对照组相比,益生菌剂、异麦芽寡糖显著提高了肉仔鸡的体增重,改善了饲料效率(P＜0.05)益生菌组,日增重提高了3.1%,饲料效率提高了6.63%;异麦芽寡糖组,日增重提高了4.4%,饲料效率提高了1.1%.益生菌剂和异麦芽寡糖联合应用,日增重提高了4.9%,饲料效率提高了4.42%(P＜0.05),且效果优于畜禽常用抗生素-金霉素,是比较理想的抗生素替代品,益生菌剂和异麦芽寡糖的联合应用效果优于单独使用,但与单独使用的效果差异不显著(P＞0.05).     

The effect of dietary energy:protein ratio,protein quality and food allocation on the efficiency of utilisation of protein by broiler chickens

1. Various theories have been proposed to explain the reduced performance of broilers when given feeds excessively high in protein, but a satisfactory solution to this problem had, up to now, not been found. Three experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that the efficiency of utilisation of protein (e_p) is a linear–plateau function of the ratio between the feed apparent metabolisable energy and digestible crude protein contents (AMEn:DCP) and that dietary protein quality, feed allocation and sex do not influence this relationship.

2. A ‘linear–plateau’ model successfully described the efficiency of protein utilisation (e_p) as a function of AMEn:DCP in all three experiments. In Experiment 1, with both sexes being both ad libitum and control fed, the breakpoint was at 58.6 MJ AMEn/kg DCP. In Experiment 2, both sexes were fed balanced and unbalanced protein series, and at different rates, the slopes of the ascending part of the linear–plateau relationships for the different treatments were the same for all treatments (0.0204), and the inflection point was at 71 MJ AMEn/kg DCP. Using similar treatments in Experiment 3, the breakpoint for the balanced protein was 72 MJ/kg and for the unbalanced, 64, with a combined slope of 68 MJ AMEn/kg DCP.

3. The three experiments provide adequate evidence that e_p is a linear–plateau function of the dietary AMEn:DCP ratio with a breakpoint of around 66.2 ± 1.98 MJ AMEn/kg DCP. Below this critical ratio, food intake declines as does protein and lipid retention.

4. That broilers, like pigs, exhibit an energy-dependent phase when high-protein feeds are offered is of practical importance when formulating pre-starter feeds for broilers and starter feeds for turkey poults as the e_p of such feeds may well fall below the maximum due to the lack of dietary energy required to process the high dietary protein contained in such feeds resulting in poorer performance than expected.     

Effect of quantitative feed restriction on broiler performance

The objective of the current study was to determine the effect of quantitative feed restriction on the performance of broilers. A total of 270 unsexed broilers were randomly allocated to three treatments: with no feed restriction (T1), one week (T2) and two (T3) weeks of feed restriction from 22 days of age and then fed ad libitum until the age of 42 days. Treatments were replicated three times with 30 birds per replicate. Birds were fed with starter, grower and finisher diets. The feed consumed and body weights were recorded every week from the third to the sixth week. The average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and the feed conversion ratio (FCR) were computed for each week. At Week 6, body weights of T3 birds were similar (P > 0.05) to those of T1 and T2 birds. There were also no treatment effects on the ADG at Week 6. In addition, no treatment effects (P > 0.05) were observed on ADFI at each stage of growth. Since ADFI and FCR were similar among the three groups, it was concluded that feed restriction by limiting the time to eat was not successful. There was also no evidence of compensatory growth in the restricted groups.     

全混合日粮对断奶后期犊牛生长发育的影响

本试验主要探讨全混合日粮（TMR）对断奶后期犊牛生长发育的影响。试验选取40头3月龄断奶后体重、体型均一的健康母犊牛随机分为试验组（TMR饲养）和对照组（传统饲养）,分别在4、5、6月龄进行体重和体尺的测量。结果显示,TMR对断奶犊牛的生长发育有加快的趋势,阶段末体重和日增重与对照组相比差异均极显著（P＜0.01）;5、6月龄阶段犊牛体尺指标,与对照组相比影响达显著水平（P＜0.05）,表明TMR饲喂模式比传统饲养更有利于断奶后犊牛早期生长发育。     

日粮中添加酶制剂对樱桃谷肉鸭

选用1 200羽刚出壳的樱桃谷肉鸭,依性别随机分为 2组,每组设4个重复(每个重复150羽鸭,公母各半),一组为对照组,饲喂基础日粮,另一组为试验组,在基础日粮中添加0.1%华芬1511型肉鸭用复合酶.试验结果表明华芬1511型肉鸭用复合酶可以极显著地提高樱桃谷肉鸭的日增重(P<0.01),0～45日龄日增重提高7.44%;能显著提高饲料利用率(P<0.05),0～45日龄饲料效率提高7.38%;能获取较好的经济效益(提高毛利润47.54%).     

日粮中添加酶制剂对樱桃谷肉鸭生产性能的影响

选用 12 0 0羽刚出壳的樱桃谷肉鸭 ,依性别随机分为 2组 ,每组设 4个重复 (每个重复 15 0羽鸭 ,公母各半 ) ,一组为对照组 ,饲喂基础日粮 ,另一组为试验组 ,在基础日粮中添加 0 .1%华芬 15 11型肉鸭用复合酶。试验结果表明 :华芬 15 11型肉鸭用复合酶可以极显著地提高樱桃谷肉鸭的日增重 (P <0 .0 1) ,0～ 4 5日龄日增重提高 7.4 4 % ;能显著提高饲料利用率 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,0～ 4 5日龄饲料效率提高 7.38% ;能获取较好的经济效益 (提高毛利润 4 7.5 4 % )。     

不同蛋白水平日粮补饲羔羊的效果研究

选择90只无角道塞特(♂)与小尾寒羊(♀)的杂交一代羔羊(30日龄)随机分为3组,每组10只羔羊,公母各半。采用单因子设计,研究19%,17%,15%蛋白水平日粮补饲羔羊的效果。试验结果表明:三组羔羊日增重分别为291g/d、319g/d、258g/d,第2组、第3组间日增重差异显著(P<0.05),第2组日采食量显著高于第3组(P<0.05),第1组料肉比优于第3组(P<0.05)。19%和17%蛋白水平日粮适于羔羊补饲,其中以17%水平最好。     

益生菌对肉鸡法氏囊发育及淋巴细胞增殖的影响

试验旨在研究不同种类的益生菌制剂对内鸡法氏囊发育以及淋巴细胞增殖的影响.选用雄性0日龄817肉鸡75只,随机分成5组.空白对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组分别添加牧丁宝Ⅰ型、牧丁宝Ⅱ型、丁酸梭菌和益芪康,试验周期21 d.结果 显示:与对照组相比,益芪康、牧丁宝Ⅰ、牧丁宝Ⅱ和丁酸梭菌组的法氏囊增重分别提高13.61％、9.0...     

谷氨酰胺对肉仔鸡脾组织结构发育的影响

160只 1日龄艾维茵肉仔鸡随机分成 4组 ,分别饲喂添加 0 % ,0 2 % ,0 4%和 0 8%谷氨酰胺的饲粮 2 8d。每周末每组取 6只鸡 ,颈静脉放血致死 ,取脾脏 ,Bouin液固定 ,制作石蜡切片 ,HE染色 ,光镜观察 ,显微摄影 ,研究基础日粮中添加谷氨酰胺对肉仔鸡脾组织结构的影响。结果显示 :添加谷氨酰胺的各试验组脾小结增多、增大 ;动脉周围淋巴鞘增厚 ;椭球增多、增大 ,细胞排列疏松 ,鞘毛细血管内皮细胞增高、增多 ;红髓比例降低 ,脾索内浆细胞和巨噬细胞增多。添加 0 8%谷氨酰胺的脾小结变化明显 ,添加 0 4%谷氨酰胺的动脉周围淋巴鞘和椭球变化明显。说明日粮中适量添加谷氨酰胺可促进脾内淋巴细胞的增殖与分化 ,从组织学角度证明 ,谷氨酰胺可促进脾的免疫应答能力 ,提高机体的免疫功能     

低蛋白质氨基酸平衡饲粮对生长猪生长性能和氮素减排的影响研究

试验旨在研究饲喂低蛋白质氨基酸平衡饲粮对生长猪生长性能和氮排泄量的影响,采用单因子完全随机设计,将144头平均体重30 kg左右的杜长大三元杂种生长母猪分成3组,每组设6个重复,每个重复8头猪,对照组饲喂实测粗蛋白质含量为18.10%的普通饲粮,试验1组、试验2组分别饲喂实测粗蛋白质含量为16.08%和14.12%的氨基酸平衡饲粮。试验期37 d,前7 d为预试期,正试期30 d。结果显示,3组日采食量、日增重、料重比指标均没有显著差异(P0.05),而日氮素总排泄量试验1组、试验2组分别比对照组减少18.69%、38.68%,3组之间差异均显著(P0.05),且试验1组、试验2组猪每增重1 kg所需要的饲料成本分别较对照组节省0.11和0.23元。综合考虑,生长猪饲喂低蛋白质氨基酸平衡饲粮,可以作为实现养殖效益与环保双赢的主要技术措施予以推广。     

晋阳肉兔配套系杂交效果研究

对以新西兰白兔、加利福尼亚兔为基础群经过 3个世代纯种选育的父系 (晋 系 ) ,母系(晋 系 )进行配合力测定 ,结果表明 :在 CP1 6.1 3%、CF1 4.57%的中等偏下营养条件下 ,晋 系×晋 系、晋 系×晋 系、晋 系×晋 系 ,42～ 77日龄平均日增重分别为 2 6.62 g、2 6.1 0 g和30 .2 3g,日增重的杂种优势率为 1 4.68%( P<0 .0 1 ) ;料肉比分别为 3.1 6∶ 1、3.37∶ 1和 2 .82∶ 1 ,料肉比的杂种优势率为 1 3.63%( P<0 .0 1 ) ;屠宰率分别为 54.1 2 %、56.2 1 %和 55.79%,屠宰率的杂种优势率为 1 .1 3%( P>0 .0 5)。     

畜禽旺饲料添加剂对猪、鸡疾病预防及生产性能的影响

畜禽旺饲料添加剂对猪鸡生产性能的影响,试验结果显示：生产母猪进行生产试验,母猪产仔成活率提高23.40%;猪增重试验,与对照组比较,断奶仔猪增重提高20.08%,提高饲料报酬34.21%;育肥猪提高增重18.38%,提高饲料报酬25.58%.添加于产蛋鸡,可提高蛋重4.4 g/枚,破蛋下降率76.30%。