两性木薯渣用于废纸浆助留助滤和改善成纸强度性能的研究

探讨了两性木薯渣在不同用量、pH值、电导率、剪切力等条件下对废纸脱墨浆的细小纤维首程留着率、滤水性能以及手抄片物理性能的影响。研究结果表明,两性木薯渣用量为1.2%时,对废纸浆助留助滤效果最好,首程留着率可达90.46%,60 s滤液质量可达244.6 g;在pH值为8.5时助留效果最好,pH值超过8.5后助留助滤效果下降,因此两性木薯渣适用于在中偏弱碱性的抄造环境;随着电导率的升高,浆料细小组分首程留着率(FPR)降低了3.8%,数据表明两性木薯渣受电导率的影响较小;但两性木薯渣受剪切力影响较大,因此选择在压力筛出口处添加两性木薯渣有利于助剂发挥助留作用。同时两性木薯渣提高成纸的强度效果比较显著,抗张指数、耐破指数、撕裂指数和裂断长分别提高了104.38%、12.77%、12.95%和88.58%。     

水乳性腰果酚醛树脂的研制

用α-烯基磺酸钠(AOS)与苯乙烯-丙烯酰胺-丙烯酸酯共聚物(BAA)(质量比3∶5)的复配物为乳化剂制备了稳定性高的腰果酚醛树脂乳液.最佳乳化条件为乳化剂用量10 %,温度为100～105 ℃,搅拌速度为800 r/min.AOS与BAA复配物对腰果酚醛树脂的乳化效果与其临界胶束浓度(CMC)变化趋势相同,在质量比为3∶5时AOS与BAA的协同作用最大.抄纸时添加0.1 %的含有催干剂的腰果酚醛树脂乳液YGE-8,纸页的干、湿强度分别增加了17.1 %和16.3 %.     

pH敏感型葡萄糖基水凝胶的制备及溶胀性能测试

以葡萄糖为模板化合物,利用甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油醚对其改性后与丙烯酸、丙烯酰胺进行共聚反应,再经冷冻干燥,制备了具有pH值敏感特性的葡聚糖基水凝胶,并表征了其结构,优化了制备条件。结果表明:最佳条件为葡萄糖/丙烯酸/丙烯酰胺质量比为1∶4∶4,交联剂用量0.5%,引发剂用量1%,反应温度为65℃,在此条件下,水凝胶的平衡溶胀度可达90.5 g/g。研究发现该葡聚糖基水凝胶在同一pH值介质中的溶胀度随时间延长而增大,最后趋于平衡;其在无酶人工肠液(p H值7.4)中的溶胀度明显高于无酶人工胃液(pH值1.2),且该凝胶在两种介质中基本无降解。     

用湿地松树皮提取物制备改性酚醛树脂胶的工艺

采用湿地松树皮提取物对酚醛树脂胶改性,以研制人造板胶粘剂.选用L9(34)方案进行正交试验,找出最佳改性酚醛树脂胶制备的工艺条件.结果表明:制备改性酚醛树脂胶最佳工艺条件为反应温度90℃、反应时间25 min、催化剂加入量(催化剂与总酚量摩尔比)0.06∶1、湿地松树皮提取物替代苯酚量40%.所制成的胶粘剂用于压制胶合板,其质量符合类胶合板国家标准.     

木材液化产物制备热塑性树脂的研究

在酸性催化剂作用下,用木材的苯酚液化产物和甲醛进一步树脂化制备了液化木基热塑性酚醛树脂(PWF).用正交试验方法研究了各影响因素对树脂产率和软化点的影响,结果表明,pH值和反应温度对PWF树脂产率的影响最大,而甲醛与苯酚的投料比对PWF树脂软化点的影响最大.当木材液化产物中残留的苯酚与甲醛的物质的量之比为1∶0.75,pH值为木材液化产物的实际值,在105℃反应150min时,液化木基热塑性酚醛树脂的产率达到124%,软化点为110℃左右.用凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)、傅立叶红外光谱(FT-IR)和核磁共振(NMR)对比研究了PWF和传统热塑性酚醛树脂(PF)的结构特征.结果显示PWF和PF的结构基本相似,酚单元之间的连接形式主要是邻-对位和对-对位连接.PWF中含有木材组分的液化碎片,且相对分子质量较低,分布较窄.     

适合廊坊当地土质的园林专用有机肥的研制

通过调查发现廊坊市周边园林绿化地块土壤普遍为碱性,且盐分过高,有机质含量偏低,不利于植物的健康生长.为解决这个问题,该试验拟研究一种改良当地土质的园林专用有机肥.试验发现:牛粪∶羊粪∶废菌棒∶牛骨粉=2∶2∶5.7∶0.3,牛粪∶羊粪∶废菌棒∶牛骨粉∶废饲料=3∶1∶5.7∶0.2∶0.1,两种配比通过有氧高温发酵后,利用柠檬或草酸调节其pH在6.5～7之间,将其干燥造粒,粒径为0.6～0.8mm,制成适宜廊坊土质的园林专用有机肥.该有机肥有机质含量51％,总养分(N+P2O5+K2O)含量10.8％,pH值6.7,每公顷用量6750kg能显著提高花卉生长量和存活率.     

三倍体毛白杨制备活性炭的研究

以三倍体毛白杨木屑为原料,经磷酸浸渍、马沸炉高温烧制后制备活性炭,并且通过模拟染料废水探讨其吸附性能.研究结果表明,活性炭适宜的制备条件为:木屑粒径40～60目,磷酸质量分数55%,固液体积比1∶2,活化温度400 ℃,活化时间4 h;该活性炭对碱性品红的最佳吸附条件为:30 ℃,pH值7,吸附时间4 h;其再生性能良好,与商品活性炭相比,具有更好的吸附性能.     

Fenton氧化法处理碱性大红模拟废水

以碱性大红模拟废水为对象,采用Fe~(2+)和Fe~(3+)作为催化剂与H_2O_2构成芬顿体系进行了Fenton氧化反应,考查了pH值、反应时间、Fenton试剂配比与用量等影响因子对色度处理效果的影响。结果表明:最佳处理条件为:初始pH=3、C(Fe~(2+))∶C(H_2O_2)=1∶5或C(Fe~(3+))∶C(H_2O_2)=1∶5、反应时间为30 min。当碱性大红模拟废水浓度为1000 mg/L,初始H_2O_2浓度为5 mmol/L时,最佳条件下Fe~(2+)、Fe~(3+)芬顿体系的脱色率去除效率分别为92.30%、95.68%。对比了Fe~(2+)和Fe~(3+)作为催化剂进行Fenton氧化反应的处理效果。说明Fe~(3+)作为催化剂与Fe~(2+)效果相近。     

木质素胺基多元醇的合成及其化学结构表征

以木质素、二乙醇胺及甲醛为原料,通过Mannich反应合成木质素胺基多元醇,研究了反应温度、时间、pH值及物料配比等因素对产物羟值的影响。实验结果表明,反应物料按质量比m(二乙醇胺)∶m(木质素)为0.35∶1、物质的量比n(甲醛)∶n(二乙醇胺)为1.1∶1时,在反应体系pH值为11条件下,80℃反应2.5~3 h,产物的羟值最高,为279 mg/g。通过FT-IR及元素分析方法表征了木质素胺基多元醇的化学结构。     

从栀子皮中提取果胶的研究

对栀子皮提取果胶的方法进行了研究,先用水提取水溶性果胶,再用酸水解法提取水不溶性果胶.用正交试验法优化了水不溶性果胶提取工艺.最佳工艺条件为:pH值1～1.5,温度 90 ℃,时间 120 min,水料比8.25∶1(mL∶g).水溶性果胶得率 13.2%,水不溶性果胶得率 14.1%,总得率 27.3%.本方法提取的果胶甲氧基含量为 4.93%,果胶含量为 82.4%.     

Variable-retention harvests in the Pacific Northwest: A review of short-term findings from the DEMO study

In the Pacific Northwest (PNW) region of the contiguous United States, retention of live (green) trees in harvest units is an integral part of forest management practices on federal lands, yet the ecological benefits that result from various levels or patterns of retained trees remain speculative. The Demonstration of Ecosystem Management Options (DEMO) study was established to address these informational gaps. The experimental design consists of six treatments, each 13 ha in size, replicated at six locations (blocks) in western Washington and Oregon. Treatments represent strong contrasts in retention level (15–100% of original basal area) and pattern (trees dispersed vs. aggregated in 1-ha patches) in mature Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) forests. A wide variety of ecological responses and public perceptions of visual quality have been examined; this paper provides a comprehensive review of the short-term (1–7 years) results of these studies. Level of retention had a strong effect on many responses. At 15% retention, regardless of pattern, microclimate, ecological responses, and public perceptions of visual quality did not differ from those measured in the “clearcut” areas of aggregated treatments. In contrast to level of retention, pattern of retention had limited effect on most measures of biological response. Small changes within forest aggregates were balanced by large changes in adjacent harvested areas, thus on average, responses within aggregated treatments were comparable to those in dispersed treatments. Nevertheless, retaining trees in 1-ha aggregates provided several benefits over dispersed retention. Aggregates greatly reduced damage to and mortality of residual trees (particularly at lower levels of retention) and provided short-term refugia for forest organisms sensitive to disturbance or environmental stress (e.g., bryophytes and late-seral herbs). However, aggregates were susceptible to edge effects (e.g., elevated light and temperature), which may compromise their ability to serve as sources for recolonization of adjacent harvested areas. Collectively, our findings suggest that retention levels >15% are needed to effectively retain sensitive plants and animals, ameliorate harsh microclimatic conditions, and gain public acceptance of retention harvests in these forests. A combination of relatively large (≥1 ha) aggregates and dispersed trees at levels considerably greater than current minimum standards in the PNW may be the most effective strategy for sustaining a broad array of forest values in managed stands.     

Alternative silvicultural practices with variable retention to improve understory plant diversity conservation in southern Patagonian forests

Understory plants could can act as indicators of temperate forest sustainability, health and conservation status due to their importance in ecosystem function. Harvesting impacts on understory plant diversity depends on their intensity. Variable retention has been proposed to mitigate the harmful effects of timber harvesting, but its effectiveness remains unknown in southern Patagonian Nothofagus pumilio forests. The objectives of this study were to: (i) define a baseline of understory plant diversity in old-growth forests along a site quality gradient and under canopy gaps; (ii) evaluate stands with three different variable retention treatments compared to old-growth forests; and (iii) assess temporal changes during 4 years after harvesting (YAH). A 61 ha N. pumilio forest was selected. Understory plant (Dicotyledonae, Monocotyledonae and Pteridophyta) richness, cover (including woody debris and bare forest floor) and aboveground dry biomass were characterized in summer for 5 years. Before harvesting, baseline samples were conducted along a site quality gradient and outside/inside canopy gaps. Analyzed treatments include a control of old-growth forest (OGF) and three different harvesting treatments with variable retention: (i) dispersed retention (DR) of 30 m² ha⁻¹ (20-30% retention); (ii) aggregated retention (AR) with one aggregate per hectare and clear-cuts (28% retention); and (iii) combined dispersed and aggregated retention (DAR) with one aggregate per hectare and dispersed retention of 10-15 m² ha⁻¹ (40-50% retention). Data analyses included parametric and permutational ANOVAs, multivariate classification and ordinations.Before harvesting, 31 plant species were found, where richness, cover and biomass were directly related to site quality. The presence of canopy gaps did not have a significant impact on the measured variables. After harvesting, 20 new species appeared from adjacent associated environments (two from N. antarctica forests and 18 from grasslands and peatlands). At the stand level, understory values were higher in AR > DR > DAR > OGF. Most (81-95%) plant richness at baseline conditions was conserved in all treatments, where inside the aggregates understory remained similar to OGF. Combination of aggregated and dispersed retention (DAR) better limited exotic species introduction and protected sensitive species, improving conservation in harvested stands. Changes in understory variables were observed after the first YAH in all treatments; greater changes were observed in the harvested areas than in aggregates. Changes stabilized at the fourth YAH. As a conclusion, the location of retention aggregates should be selected to preserve species understory diversity of more speciose and diverse habitats or particularly uncommon stands. Implementation of different kinds (patterns and levels) of retention for improvement of biodiversity conservation in harvested forests should be included in timber and forest management planning.     

Timber management with variable retention in Nothofagus pumilio forests of Southern Patagonia

Forestry practices integrating ecological and social criteria have been replacing those based only on economic values. Traditional silviculture, such as shelterwood cuts (SC), transforms uneven-aged original stands to an even-aged managed forest. Recently, other methods have proposed to conserve some of the original heterogeneity of the old-growth forests. One proposal leaves 30% of the timber quality forest area as aggregated retention and 20% basal area as dispersed retention. The aim of this study was to analyze the feasibility of timber management with aggregated and dispersed retention in Nothofagus pumilio old-growth forests by analyzing timber and harvesting yield potential compared with traditional regeneration systems. Also, remnant tree stability of aggregated retention was analyzed.     

Control of retention in paper-making by colloid titration and zeta potential techniques

The concentration influence of some commercial polyethylenimines, used as retention agents, on the retention efficiency during the sheet formation is studied in this paper. The conditions of an industrial wire end have been simulated by means of a dynamic jar of exclusive design. Measurements of the zeta potential have been taken to quantify the surface charge of particles and the colloid titration ratio (quotient between the cationic demand and the anionic demand of pulp slurries) has been evaluated. Both techniques have proved convenient to monitor the retention level; therefore, they are efficient methods to control the retention level in the sheet formation. The univocal relation existing between zeta potential and the logarithm of the colloid titration ratio has been demonstrated. Finally, the variation of the level of turbulence has proved the importance of the hydrodynamics factors in the retention.     

不同污染程度下树种滞尘能力与叶表微形态关系研究

为筛选出适合郑州市种植的滞尘能力强的园林绿化树种,提升城市绿化植物的滞尘能力,应用分级滤膜过滤法,测定郑州市3个不同污染程度下的5种园林绿化树种单位叶面积滞留的不同粒径颗粒物(TSP、PM₁₀、PM_2.5)含量,并通过超景深光学显微镜观察5种园林树种叶表面微结构和颗粒物分布。结果表明,滞尘能力最强的树种为枇杷和石楠,滞尘能力最弱的树种为海桐,石楠滞留PM₁₀和PM_2.5的能力很强,大叶黄杨对大颗粒物(TSP)滞留能力更显著。同种植物在不同污染程度下的颗粒物滞留量不同,树种的颗粒物滞留量随污染程度增加而增加。叶表粗糙,毛状体数量多,叶片沟槽和中脉明显的树种其滞尘能力强,而叶表光滑无毛,叶片平整的树种滞尘能力较弱。叶表颗粒物主要分布在中脉或中脉周围,远离中脉区域则颗粒物滞留量较少或颗粒物分布较分散。根据不同污染程度下5种树种的单位叶面积滞尘量和叶表面形态结构,得出滞尘能力较强的树种为枇杷和石楠。     

木聚糖碱抽提液超滤过程中截留率的研究

研究了木聚糖碱抽提液超滤过程中截留率的变化规律。研究结果表明：GC5、GC10、G-C30这3种超滤膜对木聚糖截留率均大于90％，操作压力、进料速度、木聚糖浓度等操作参数几乎不影响它们对木聚糖的截留能力；另外，操作压力、进料速度、木聚糖浓度等操作参数增大时，PS6超滤膜对木聚糖的截留率随之略有增大，在76％～87％之间。上述4种超滤膜对木聚糖碱抽提液中非还原糖类固形物的截留率均小于15％。GC5、GC10、GC30、PS6等4种超滤膜适用于纯化木聚糖碱抽提液，但GC类超滤膜更适合于木聚糖碱抽提液的超滤纯化过程。     

深圳市常见园林植物滞尘效应初步研究

采用蒸干称重法和显微观察法对深圳市28种常见园林绿化植物的滞尘能力及部分植物的滞尘方式进行了初步研究。单位叶面积滞尘量的测定结果表明,针状叶类乔木中:龙柏﹥木麻黄;阔叶类乔木中:麻楝>霸王棕>黄花夹竹桃>海枣>大花紫薇>长芒杜英>椰子>紫檀;灌木类中:紫薇>金叶榕=小蜡树>黄花马缨丹>锈鳞木犀榄>红花檵木>龙船花>散尾葵>紫雪茄花>大佛肚竹>四季桂>朱槿>棕竹>软叶刺葵>朱蕉;草本类中:中国文殊兰>花叶艳山姜>蔓花生。以显微观察比较叶片滞尘能力有显著差异的种类,紫薇、金叶榕、红花檵木和朱蕉的滞尘方式分别以颗粒物堆叠式、块状层结式、颗粒镶嵌式及零星嵌入式为主。研究筛选出的常见园林绿化植物中滞尘能力强的种类,可为相似大气环境的亚热带城市绿化提供优先选择,使其成为有效改善空气质量的生物基本元素。     

Retention patches maintain diversity of epiphytic and epixylic indicator lichens more effectively than solitary trees

The effectiveness of retention trees and patches in preserving diversity of nine epiphytic and epixylic old-growth forest lichens was studied in north boreal spruce forests in Finland. We compared (1) 7–8-year-old retention cuts, with at least 5–10 living or dead retention trees per hectare, (2) 10–12-year-old clear-cuts, with some scattered living and dead retention trees on the sites, (3) old-growth spruce forests, and (4) 7-8-year-old retention patches (0.06–0.45?ha) representing the original tree species composition of old-growth forests. The occurrence of indicator lichens was studied on 150 deciduous trees and snags in each forest category. The species richness was significantly higher in old-growth forests than in the clear-cuts and retention cuts, but did not differ between old-growth forests and retention patches. Only three species were found in clear-cuts and two in retention cuts. Foliose cyanolichens Leptogium saturninum and Nephroma bellum thrived on solitary retention trees, whereas humidity-requiring pin lichens from the genus Chaenotheca were found only in old-growth forests and retention patches. Our results suggest that the ability of epiphytic and epixylic species to survive on retained trees depends on several factors: (1) substrate quality (tree species, tree type and diameter of a tree), (2) environmental factors (e.g. humidity, slope exposition), and (3) morphological and physiological characteristics of species. Besides of substrate trees, the retained conifers (esp. spruce) seem to be important in retention patches to provide the shading necessary to maintain humidity.