水分胁迫对夏玉米干物质积累与分配的影响

采用盆栽方法,通过设置不同的水分处理,研究水分胁迫对夏玉米生长发育的影响.从根、茎秆、叶、叶鞘、雌穗等器官水平上考察水分胁迫对夏玉米物质积累、分配等的影响,以及不同水分处理下各器官对夏玉米干物质积累的贡献率.分析发现,不同水分条件下,叶片、茎秆和叶鞘三者是干物质积累的重要来源,在灌浆期以前,叶片是最主要的干物质积累器官.在灌浆前后期,叶片所占的比重分别为22%,21%;茎秆也是夏玉米干物质积累的来源之一,在抽雄初期,T_3茎秆占总重的26%,在抽雄后期T_4茎秆比重为30%.茎秆在吐丝期和灌浆后期的比重分别为24%和23%,而水分胁迫(T_8)的叶鞘比重分别为21%和18%;在生殖生长阶段,植株对水分胁迫非常敏感;水分胁迫下有利于干物质的快速积累,即缩短灌浆期.     

水分胁迫对玉米光合速率和水分利用效率的影响

以7个玉米品种为试材,采用单株室外盆栽在开花期进行中度水分胁迫处理,研究了水分胁迫对玉米叶片净光合速率(Pn)、水分利用效率(WUE)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)等光合参数的影响.结果表明:水分胁迫使光反应中心受到抑制,非气孔限制是影响净光合速率增加的主要限制因子;WUE与Pn、Gs、Tr存在显著的正相关关系,与Cj存在显著的负相关关系,叶片在水分胁迫条件下主要通过降低蒸腾作用来提高水分利用效率.     

土壤水分胁迫对玉米光合特性的影响

采用盆栽方法,测定了土壤水分胁迫下拔节期和抽雄开花期玉米叶片光合特性。结果表明,水分胁迫下玉米叶片光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和水分利用效率(WUE)的平均水平与对照相比显著降低;抽雄-开花期下降幅度大于拔节期。光合速率下降主要受非气孔因素限制。水分胁迫改变了玉米叶片光合参数日变化规律。水分胁迫下,白单9的Pn,WUE,叶片叶绿素相对含量和叶面积明显高于白单31。     

水分管理和氮肥运筹对水稻养分吸收、转运及分配的影响

在高产施氮量180 kg hm^-2条件下,以杂交稻冈优527为材料,通过“淹水灌溉”(W₁)、“湿润灌溉(前期)+浅水灌溉(孕穗期)+干湿交替灌溉(抽穗至成熟期)”(W₂)和“旱种”(W₃) 3种灌水及不同的氮肥运筹处理,研究水分管理和氮肥运筹对水稻养分吸收、转运、分配及产量的影响,并探讨各养分间及其与产量的相互关系。结果表明,水分管理和氮肥运筹对水稻主要生育期氮、磷、钾的累积、转运、分配及产量的影响均存在显著的互作效应,水氮互作条件下各生育期氮、磷、钾间的吸收存在显著的协同效应;抽穗期氮、磷、钾的累积与各养分在结实期转运总量间,以及结实期各养分转运间均呈极显著正相关,且氮、钾在抽穗前期的累积对促进结实期各养分向籽粒的转运和提高产量影响显著,但氮肥后移比例过重(N₄处理)及W₃处理均会导致结实期叶片和茎鞘各养分转运总量的显著降低,氮、磷、钾降幅分别达2.73%~18.00%、8.03%~19.70%、6.52%~17.02%。据产量及其与养分吸收、转运间关系的表现,W₁模式下氮肥后移量以占总施氮量的40%~60%为宜,W₂模式与氮肥运筹方式为基肥:蘖肥:孕穗肥(倒四、二叶龄期分2次等量施入)=3∶3∶4组合是本试验最佳的水氮耦合运筹模式,W₃模式下,应减少氮肥的后移量,氮肥后移量占总施氮量的20%~40%为宜。     

水分胁迫下葡萄糖对小麦幼苗光合作用和相关生理特性的影响

以15%聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)模拟水分胁迫,以不同浓度外源葡萄糖(Glc)处理小麦幼苗,探讨外源Glc对水分胁迫下小麦幼苗生长发育和光合特性的影响。结果表明,水分胁迫显著降低了小麦叶片水势和光合作用,抑制植株的生长,而水分胁迫下外源Glc处理能明显增加叶片水势和光合色素含量,并使水分胁迫和水分胁迫后复水处理条件下,小麦幼苗叶片的净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)和叶片水分利用效率(WUE)显著升高,而使蒸腾速率(T_r)下降。同时,外源Glc处理显著提高了水分胁迫下叶片中可溶性糖和脯氨酸的积累,促进不定根和侧根的生长,植株干重比单一干旱处理提高14.32%~40.39%。由此表明,水分胁迫下外源Glc通过促进小麦根系生长和提高叶组织的渗透调节能力,改善叶片的水分状况,提高了叶片的光合功能,促进小麦幼苗的生长,降低了水分胁迫对小麦幼苗生长的抑制作用。     

水分胁迫对水稻品种生理特性的影响

本实验以优质杂交粳稻滇型杂交水稻滇杂31为材料,采用盆栽实验,在水稻孕穗期设5个水分胁迫处理,进行了不同程度的水分胁迫,在水分胁迫结束后,对叶片光合特性、叶片与根系的丙二醛(MDA)浓度、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性的变化进行测定,研究水分胁迫对滇杂31孕穗期生理特性的影响。研究结果表明,孕穗期随着水分胁迫的加剧,滇杂31农艺性状、光合特性显著下降;叶片和根系的MDA浓度、POD活性、SOD活性都有所上升。     

玉米自交系叶片水分利用效率差异性及其生理变化

为选育抗旱性强、耗水少、水分利用效率高的品种.以22个玉米自交系为材料,采取正常灌溉和适度水分胁迫处理,对自交系叶片水分利用效率(WUE)、光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、相对叶绿素值( SPAD)和荧光动力学参数进行研究.结果表明,不同自交系WUE差异显著,而且对水分的敏...     

不同水分处理对番茄产量性状及其生理机制的效应

在分析不同处理土壤水分动态的基础上,探讨了不同水分处理对番茄植株营养生长、生殖生长及其生理机制的效应,分析了不同土壤水分状况下番茄的水分利用效率的差异。试验表明：（1）日光温室滴灌条件下深墒较稳层的土壤水分含量在整个生育期有下降趋势,胁迫处理更为明显,土壤含水率变幅为13%~21%;（2）土壤水分对营养生长为正效应,而对生殖生长影响不明显;（3）胁迫处理叶片的细胞液浓度高于高水分处理,而叶片气孔导度低于高水分处理;（4）番茄座果后保持土壤水分不低于田间持水量的70%,较适合番茄生长。     

移植和钾肥对降香黄檀(Dalbergia odorifera)比叶面积和水分利用效率的影响

为了解降香黄檀叶片性状和水分利用效率(water use efficiency,WUE)对移植和钾肥两种抚育措施的响应,以中幼龄降香黄檀为研究对象开展了移植和钾肥两组试验,测定了比叶面积(specificleafarea,SLA)、WUE及相关因子。结果显示:移植各处理中去半冠不移叶干重最大为0.0613 g,断根不移叶干重最低为0.0487 g,去半冠不移叶面积最大为12.072 cm2;SLA的大小顺序为断根不移>去半冠不移>去半冠移植>CK>全冠移植。随着钾肥用量的增加叶干重、叶面积、SLA均呈增大趋势。在光强为1800μmol·m-2·s-1下,各处理中全冠移的净光合速率(net photosynthetic rate,Pn)高于去半冠不移、去半冠移植和断根不移;蒸腾速率(transpiration rate,Tr)最大的为断根不移;WUE的大小顺序为全冠移植>CK>去半冠移植>去半冠不移>断根不移。WUE随钾肥用量的增加逐渐降低。移植和钾肥处理降香黄檀叶片的SLA、WUE均表现出显著的负相关关系。不同培育措施下,降香黄檀通过改变叶片形态,使SLA和WUE形成相反的趋势,反映了其适应光照、土壤等各种因素的资源利用策略和光合产物累积模式。本研究结果为人工培育降香黄檀提供一定的理论依据。     

细胞内IP3-Ca2+途径对UV-B辐射下玉米幼苗光合特性的调控机制

使用外加0.15 Wm^-2 UV-B及不同钙效应剂处理玉米幼苗,研究细胞Ca²⁺信号系统对UV-B辐射下玉米幼苗光合作用的调控机理。结果表明,UV诱导的胞内Ca²⁺荧光增强受胞内IP3通道阻断剂肝素(Heparin)、胞内CaM活性抑制剂三氟啦嗪(TFP)抑制,降低玉米幼苗Chl a、Chl b及Chl T含量、原初光能转化效率(F_v/F_m)、PSII活性(F_v/F_o)、Hill反应活力、水分利用效率(WUE),提高胞间二氧化碳浓度(C_i),最终导致净光合速率(P_n)下降;细胞质膜钙通道阻断剂氯化镧(LaCl₃)引发的此效应较小。据此提出,UV-B辐射下,玉米幼苗叶片细胞IP3动员胞内钙库释放Ca²⁺,调节光合色素合成、Hill反应活性、WUE,CaM介导的下游反应调节G_s,是Ca²⁺信号系统最终实现对P_n调控的主要机制。     

The Physiology and Stability of Leaf Carbon Isotope Discrimination as a Measure of Water‐Use Efficiency in Barley on the Canadian Prairies

Temporal and seasonal water deficit is one of the major factors limiting crop yield on the Canadian prairie. Selection for low carbon isotope discrimination (Δ¹³C) or high water‐use efficiency (WUE) can lead to improved yield in some environments. To understand better the physiology and WUE of barley under drought conditions on the Canadian prairie, 12 barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) genotypes with contrasting levels of leaf Δ¹³C were investigated for performance stability across locations and years in Alberta, Canada. Four of those genotypes (‘CDC Cowboy’, ‘Niobe’, ‘170011’ and ‘Kasota’) were also grown in the greenhouse under well‐watered and water‐deficit conditions to examine genotypic variations in leaf Δ¹³C, WUE, gas exchange parameters and specific leaf area (SLA). The water‐deficit treatment was imposed at the jointing stage for 10 days followed by re‐watering to pre‐deficit level. Genotypic ranking in leaf Δ¹³C was highly consistent, with ‘170011’, ‘CDC Cowboy’ and ‘W89001002003’ being the lowest and ‘Kasota’‘160049’ and ‘H93174006’ being the highest leaf Δ¹³C. Under field and greenhouse (well‐watered) conditions, leaf Δ¹³C was significantly correlated with stomatal conductance (g_s). Water deficit significantly increased WUE, with ‘CDC Cowboy’– a low leaf Δ¹³C genotype with significantly higher WUE and lower percentage decline in assimilation rate (A) and g_s than the other three genotypes (‘Niobe’, ‘170011’ and ‘Kasota’). We conclude that leaf Δ¹³C is a stable trait in the genotypes evaluated. Low leaf Δ¹³C of ‘CDC Cowboy’ was achieved by maintaining a high A and a low g_s, with comparable biomass and grain yield to genotypes showing a high g_s under field conditions; hence, selection for a low leaf Δ¹³C genotype such as ‘CDC Cowboy’ maybe important for maintaining productivity and yield stability under water‐limited conditions on the Canadian prairie.     

灌水时期和灌水量对小麦耗水特性和旗叶光合作用及产量的影响

在2004—2005和2005—2006小麦生长季,以济麦20、泰山23和泰山22为试验材料,研究了不灌水(W0)、拔节水60 mm (W1)、拔节水60 mm+开花水60 mm (W2)和拔节水60 mm+开花水60 mm+灌浆水60 mm (W3) 4个灌水处理条件下小麦耗水特性、旗叶光合作用和产量变化。结果表明,2004—2005生长季,济麦20和泰山23均以W2处理籽粒产量最高,耗水量和灌水效率分别高于和低于W1处理;两品种的水分利用效率均以W1和W2处理高于其他处理,其中济麦20的W1和W2处理无显著差异,而泰山23的W1处理高于W2处理。2005—2006生长季,济麦20和泰山22分别以W1和W2处理获得最高籽粒产量,两处理的耗水量(451.3 mm和459.2 mm)无显著差异;两品种的水分利用效率均以W0处理最高,W3处理最低,其中济麦20的W1处理高于W2处理,而泰山22在两处理间无显著差异。随灌水量的增加,土壤供水量和降水量占总耗水量的百分率降低,灌水量占总耗水量的百分率增大。济麦20的W0处理的旗叶光合速率和磷酸蔗糖合成酶活性在灌浆初期与W1和W2和W3处理无显著差异,灌浆中后期显著降低,但W0处理有利于蔗糖向籽粒转移,灌浆后期旗叶中蔗糖滞留较少,这是W0处理的粒重显著高于其他处理的生理原因之一。综合考虑籽粒产量、水分利用效率和灌水效率,在未灌底墒水条件下,济麦20和泰山23以拔节水灌60 mm或拔节水和开花水各灌60 mm为节水高产的模式;在灌底墒水60 mm条件下,济麦20以拔节水灌60 mm、泰山22以拔节水灌60 mm或拔节水和开花水各灌60 mm为节水高产的模式。     

亏缺灌溉下小麦水分利用效率与光合产物积累运转的相关研究

在大田栽培条件下,以小麦旱地品种晋麦47和西峰20、水旱兼用型品种石家庄8号和水地品种4185为材料,分别进行0水(T0)、一水(T1)和二水灌溉(T2)处理(每次灌水量60mm),研究了光合速率、叶面积指数、干物质积累与分配、根系分布、耗水量、产量因子与水分利用效率(WUE)的关系。结果表明,在拔节前不灌溉,拔节到开花期亏缺灌溉,促进干物质积累和深根发育。随着灌溉水的增加,耗水量显著增加,产量和WUE与耗水量呈二次曲线关系。T0处理显著减少了干物质积累和成穗数,产量、经济系数(HI)和WUE最低。T1和T2产量的提高主要是增加了穗数和穗粒数。灌浆期水分亏缺降低了光合速率(Pn)和气孔导度(Gs),加速了功能叶片的衰老,但诱导了花前储存碳库的再转运,显著提高了HI和产量。因此,在拔节和开花期亏缺灌溉促进根系生长,提高了土壤水分的利用效率。而产量和产量WUE的提高主要是由于增加了灌浆期叶片的Pn和光合功能持续期,促进花前储存碳库的再转运,显著提高了HI。     

亏缺灌溉下小麦水分利用效率与光合产物积累运转的相关研究

在大田栽培条件下,以小麦旱地品种晋麦47和西峰20、水旱兼用型品种石家庄8号和水地品种4185为材料,分别进行0水（T0）、一水（T1）和二水灌溉（T2）处理（每次灌水量60 mm）,研究了光合速率、叶面积指数、干物质积累与分配、根系分布、耗水量、产量因子与水分利用效率（WUE）的关系。结果表明,在拔节前不灌溉,拔节到开花期亏缺灌溉,促进干物质积累和深根发育。随着灌溉水的增加,耗水量显著增加,产量和WUE与耗水量呈二次曲线关系。T0处理显著减少了干物质积累和成穗数,产量、经济系数（HI）和WUE最低。T1和T2产量的提高主要是增加了穗数和穗粒数。灌浆期水分亏缺降低了光合速率（P_n）和气孔导度（G_s）,加速了功能叶片的衰老,但诱导了花前储存碳库的再转运,显著提高了HI和产量。因此,在拔节和开花期亏缺灌溉促进根系生长,提高了土壤水分的利用效率。而产量和产量WUE的提高主要是由于增加了灌浆期叶片的P_n和光合功能持续期,促进花前储存碳库的再转运,显著提高了HI。     

Genetic characteristics of water-use related traits in sugar beet

Improved water use efficiency (WUE, the ratio of dry matter produced to water used) can potentially result in yield improvement in water-limited environments. Genetic variation in WUE can be exploited by carbon isotope discrimination (Δ) in C₃ species. In order to improve WUE and its associated traits, it is necessary to understand the genetic systems controlling the expression of these traits. A full diallel analysis carried out on five inbred lines selected from a previous field experiment revealed that Δ, WUE and specific leaf weight (SLW, the ratio of leaf dry weight to leaf area) had high narrow-sense heritability (H_n, the ratio of additive variance to phenotypic variance) and were controlled largely by additive gene effects indicating that these traits can be improved by selection in early generations. In contrast, maternal effects had a large influence on phenotypic expressions of total dry matter yield, total water use, chlorophyll content and leaf area suggesting the important role of selection of female parent for improvement of these traits. The parental line R49 was found to be the best general combiner for all of the traits. Genetic variation in SLW was strongly associated with Δ (R ² =0.49, P < 0.01). This implies that SLW could be used as an inexpensive alternative measure for Δ to assess genotypes during the early phases of breeding programmes.     

Effects of Soil Moisture on Gas Exchange, Partitioning of Fed 14CO2 and Stable Carbon Isotope Composition (δ13C) of Leymus chinensis Under Two Different Diurnal Temperature Variations

In a pot experiment under controlled condition, Leymus chinensis was grown at five soil water contents and two diurnal temperature variation levels. The leaf relative water content of L. chinensis decreased under soil drought conditions, and increased at high diurnal temperature variation (30/20 °C). Severe and very severe soil drought remarkably reduced photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and water use efficiency (WUE), especially at the low temperature variation. Severe drought mainly increased the specific radioactivity of ¹⁴C of sheaths, roots and rhizomes, but significantly decreased that of fed leaves and the not fully expanded leaves. Root percentage of total radioactivity remaining in the whole plant increased from 15 % at 30/25 °C to 28 % at 30/20 °C. Leaf carbon stable isotope composition (δ¹³C) increased with soil drought, ranged from ?26 ‰ of the well‐watered to ?24 ‰ of severe drought treatments. High diurnal temperature variation improved leaf water status, and increased partitioning of carbon to root and δ¹³C values, especially under severe soil drought conditions. In conclusion, higher diurnal temperature variation enhanced the resistance of the plant to drought.     

Genotypic Variation of Gas Exchange Parameters and Leaf Stable Carbon and Nitrogen Isotopes in Ten Quinoa Cultivars Grown under Drought

Genotypic variations in leaf gas exchange and grain yield were analysed in 10 highland‐adapted quinoa cultivars grown in the field under drought conditions. Trials took place in an arid mountain region of the Northwest of Argentina (Encalilla, Amaicha del Valle, 22°31′S, 65°59′W). Significant changes in leaf gas exchange and grain yield among cultivars were observed. Our data demonstrate that leaf stomatal conductance to water vapour (g_s) is a major determinant of net CO₂ assimilation (A_n) because quinoa cultivars with inherently higher g_s were capable of keeping higher photosynthesis rate. Aboveground dry mass and grain yield significantly varied among cultivars. Significant variations also occurred in chlorophyll, N and P content, photosynthetic nitrogen‐use efficiency (PNUE), specific leaf area (SLA), intrinsic water‐use efficiency (_iWUE) and carboxylation capacity (A_n/C_i). Many cultivars gave promissory grain yields with values higher than 2000 kg ha^?1, reaching for Sayaña cultivar 3855 kg ha^?1. Overall, these data indicate that cultivars, which showed higher photosynthesis and conductances, were also generally more productive. Carbon isotope discrimination (Δ) was positively correlated with the grain yield and negatively with _iWUE, but δ¹⁵N did not show significant correlations. This study provides a reliable measure of specific responses of quinoa cultivars to drought and it may be valuable in breeding programmes.     

Stable isotope technique in the evaluation of tillage and fertilizer effects on soil carbon and nitrogen sequestration and water use efficiency

Agricultural soil could be made to serve as a sink rather than a source of greenhouse gases by suitable soil management. This study was, therefore, conducted to assess the impact of tillage and fertilizer application on soil and plant carbon and nitrogen fractionation and intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE). The experiment was a split–split-plot factorial design with three replications. The main plot consisted of two tillage treatments: zero tillage (ZT) and conventional tillage (CT). The sub-plot contained four NPK fertilizer treatments (0, 90, 120 and 150 kg N ha⁻¹), while the sub–sub-plot comprised three poultry manure (PM) treatments (0, 10 and 20 Mg ha⁻¹). Soil carbon and nitrogen sequestration were evaluated using stable isotope of carbon (δ¹³C) and nitrogen (δ¹⁵N). The δ¹³C in maize plant was used to obtain iWUE. It was observed that soil δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N were more depleted under ZT than CT and in plots treated with 20 Mg ha⁻¹ PM (PM₂₀) implying carbon and nitrogen sequestration under ZT and by PM₂₀. Relative to the control, application of PM₂₀ raised soil δ¹⁵N enrichment by 82% and 96% under CT and ZT, respectively. Higher iWUE of 25.7% was obtained under CT and was significantly higher than the iWUE values under ZT in the second year of the study while the iWUE was significantly lower with PM₂₀ application than other fertilizer treatments. The significant δ¹³C depletion and hence lower iWUE with combination of NPK fertilizer and PM under CT than the control implied that soil disturbance under tilled plots was mediated by combined nutrient management thereby limiting soil C available for fractionation resulting in lower iWUE. This suggests that conservation tillage such as zero tillage and integrated application of organic and inorganic fertilizers are good strategies for reducing soil carbon and nitrogen emission.     

Effect of Salinity on Growth Parameters,Soil Water Potential and Ion Composition in Cucumis melo cv. Huanghemi in North‐Western China

A field trial conducted on the melon cultivar Huanghemi irrigated with saline water was carried out in Minqin County in the 2‐year period, 2007 and 2008. In three irrigation treatments, different saline water concentrations were applied, that is 0.8 g l^?1 (Control C), 2 g l^?1 (Treatment S₁) and 5 g l^?1 (Treatment S₂), reproducing the natural groundwater concentration in the county. The electrical conductivity of the saline water was as follows: 1.00, 2.66 and 7.03 dS m^?1, respectively. The aims of the study were (i) to monitor water consumption and water potential, (ii) assess, during the whole crop cycle, some growth parameters and their relations for estimating the morpho‐functional plant response irrigated with saline water and (iii) determine the ion concentration in different plant tissues to evaluate which mechanism the plant activates in the presence of high salt concentrations. Under salinity stress, the plants sustained the concentration of Ca, Mg and K, but at a level not sufficient to limit the Na adsorption. Therefore, the melon yield decreased and it was determined by a displacement of the ratio K/Na and by a lower (total potential MPa). Consequently with increasing salinity, a significant reduction was observed in: water consumption (ET c, mm), leaf area duration (LAD, m² d), on shoot dry weight aboveground (W , g plant^?1), on specific leaf area (SLA, cm² g^?1) and on leaf area ratio (LAR, cm² g^?1). In treatment S₂, in addition to these changes which mainly affected the plant morphology with effects on the biomass produced, a moderate reduction was also observed in net assimilation rate (NAR, g m^?2 d^?1), water use efficiency (WUE), a significant reduction in the energy conversion efficiency (ECE, %) and, in short, in a reduction in the relative growth rate (RGR, g g^?1 d^?1).     

Leaf Carbon Isotope Discrimination as an Accurate Indicator of Water‐Use Efficiency in Sunflower Genotypes Subjected to Five Stable Soil Water Contents

Leaf carbon isotope discrimination (CID) has been suggested as an indirect tool for breeding for water‐use efficiency (WUE) in various crops. This work focused on assessing phenotypic correlations between WUE and leaf CID and analysing genotypic variability in four sunflower genotypes grown in a greenhouse in pots with five different stable levels of soil water content (SWC). We measured WUE at whole plant and leaf (intrinsic) level. At whole plant level, WUE was derived from the ratio of total dry aerial biomass (BM) to cumulative water transpired (CWT). At leaf level, intrinsic WUE was calculated as the ratio of light‐saturated CO₂ assimilation to stomatal conductance (A/g_s) in younger expanded leaves. Significant differences among the four genotypes and the five SWCs were observed for whole plant and leaf WUE and CID. Strong negative correlations were observed between whole plant WUE and CID as well as between intrinsic WUE and CID with decreasing water availability. No relationships appeared between BM production and WUE or CID. Our results can help agronomists and breeders to evaluate sunflower lines with high WUE for adaptation to drought conditions and for reducing water consumption and crop water needs. Leaf CID appears to be a pertinent and valuable trait to select sunflower genotypes with high WUE.