The mRNA of the Arabidopsis gene FT moves from leaf to shoot apex and induces flowering

Day length controls flowering time in many plants. The day-length signal is perceived in the leaf, but how this signal is transduced to the shoot apex, where floral initiation occurs, is not known. In Arabidopsis, the day-length response depends on the induction of the FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) gene. We show here that local induction of FT in a single Arabidopsis leaf is sufficient to trigger flowering. The FT messenger RNA is transported to the shoot apex, where downstream genes are activated. These data suggest that the FT mRNA is an important component of the elusive "florigen" signal that moves from leaf to shoot apex.     

Hd3a protein is a mobile flowering signal in rice

Florigen, the mobile signal that moves from an induced leaf to the shoot apex and causes flowering, has eluded identification since it was first proposed 70 years ago. Understanding the nature of the mobile flowering signal would provide a key insight into the molecular mechanism of floral induction. Recent studies suggest that the Arabidopsis FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) gene is a candidate for encoding florigen. We show that the protein encoded by Hd3a, a rice ortholog of FT, moves from the leaf to the shoot apical meristem and induces flowering in rice. These results suggest that the Hd3a protein may be the rice florigen.     

Abscisin II: Inhibitory Effect on Flower Induction in a Long-Day Plant

The flowering response by plants of Lolium temulentum after exposure to 1 long day was significantly reduced by single applications of abscisin 11 to the leaves or near the shoot apex. The time course of this inhibitory effect suggests that abscisin 11 acts at the shoot apex when the floral stimulus arrives there.     

3种FT基因诱导杨树早期开花比较

为了促进杨树早期开花,缩短杨树遗传育种周期,采用农杆菌AGL1介导的转化方法及热激诱导方法,进行了热激启动子HSP控制下的3类FT基因转化2种杨树无性系(353与717)诱导杨树早期开花的比较研究.结果表明:来自拟南芥的FT基因促花效果优于来自杨树的FT1和FT2基因;FT类基因与受体基因型/性别之间互作明显,开花较好...     

高等植物开花基因FT研究进展

FT是光周期途径植物开花时间决定关键基因,FT基因编码的蛋白产物是可以长距离转运的成花激素,在花形成过程中起关键作用。目前,已经证明FT基因的表达可促进植物提早开花。主要对植物开花基因FT研究进展及其在花发育转换过程中的功能等研究现状进行综述,并对该基因研究前景提出展望。     

CaMV35S启动子驱动的FT基因调控杨树早期开花的初步研究

为了研究CaMV35S启动子驱动的FT基因对转基因杨树Populus早期开花的影响,利用Gateway技术构建了35S::FT基因表达载体,并对杨树进行了遗传转化,从转基因杨树花的发育、花器官变异等方面初步探讨了35S::FT促进杨树早期开花性能。结果表明:35S::FT转基因杨树分生组织属性的改变及初始花结构的形成发生于试管培养阶段;花开始发育后如不及时把开花植株继代培养或转至土壤温室培养,初始花结构会凋谢枯萎,不能继续发育。转基因植株花器官的分化与发育发生于温室培养阶段的3~5周内,能够分化出典型的花器官,但发育不完全,具雌雄蕊、花盘结构,无成熟苞片结构,雄蕊不能成熟发育。35S::FT诱导的花均为单朵花,而非野生型的柔荑花序;多数花属于单性花,但转基因雄性无性系中会出现两性花。转基因植株的开花率随着试管苗继代次数的增加而急剧下降,但两性花比例会上升。     

Cloning and Characterization of Putative Hd6 Ortholog Associated with Zea mays L.Photoperiod Sensitivity

The photoperiod response of fowering is critical to the survival and successful reproduction in crops.The Hd6 gene,encoding a protein similar to the Arabidopsis α-subunit of CASEIN KINASE2α(CK2α)has been reported to affect flowering time through the photoperiodic pathway in rice.In this study,the maize ortholog,ZmHd6,has been cloned and its role in the photoperiodic pathway was investigated.ZmHd6 encodes 332 amino acids with six distinct domains: two CK2 active domains,a nuclear localization signal sequence,a N terminal domain,an ATP binding site,and an active site of serine/threonine protein kinase.ZmHd6 was constitutively expressed in the leaves and shoot apical meristem(SAM)with the highest expression in SAMs of plants with seven leaves under long and short day conditions.Delayed flowering time under long day(LD)conditions were observed in ZmHd6 overexpression transgenic Arabidopsis plants compared to the wild type.In transgenic Arabidopsis plants,ZmHd6 was expressed in a circadian oscillatory pattern,TOC1 peak expression was delayed,new G1,CO,and FT expressions reached to peak after 3 h while entering illumination period and oscillatory expression patterns of CO and FT were created during the dark phase.These results suggested that ZmHd6 might negatively regulate flowering time under LD conditions by delaying TOC1 peak expression and disrupting CO and FT expression in transgenic Arabidopsis plants.     

Multiple roles of Arabidopsis VRN1 in vernalization and flowering time control

Arabidopsis VRN genes mediate vernalization, the process by which a long period of cold induces a mitotically stable state that leads to accelerated flowering during later development. VRN1 encodes a protein that binds DNA in vitro in a non-sequence-specific manner and functions in stable repression of the major target of the vernalization pathway, the floral repressor FLC. Overexpression of VRN1 reveals a vernalization-independent function for VRN1, mediated predominantly through the floral pathway integrator FT, and demonstrates that VRN1 requires vernalization-specific factors to target FLC.     

陆地棉GhWDR基因的克隆和功能初步解析

WD40蛋白广泛存在于真核生物,在多种生物过程中发挥着重要作用,棉花中鲜有关于WD40蛋白的研究。本研究从陆地棉TM-1克隆了1个WD40基因GhWDR,并对该基因序列、转录及功能进行了研究。结果表明：GhWDR含有4个典型的WD40-repeat结构域,属于WD40超家族蛋白基因。在棉属中该基因高度保守,并且在葡萄、莲花等古老物种中同源序列相似度也较高,表明该基因功能保守,但其同源基因的功能均未见报导。转录分析表明GhWDR在各组织器官中广泛表达,且在迅速伸长的纤维中高水平转录,说明其可能在棉花生长发育及纤维伸长调控中发挥作用。利用模式植物拟南芥对GhWDR功能进行研究,发现其具有促进开花整合子FT和SOC1表达,加速开花的功能。此外,该基因响应冷胁迫下调表达,且启动子包含ABRE元件,推测GhWDR转录在冷胁迫下受ABA抑制。高温诱导GhWDR的表达,缩短营养生长期,使植物提早进入生殖生长,促进早熟。总之,GhWDR可能参与温度调控路径,促进开花,在棉花适应温度变暖和平衡抗寒与生长过程中发挥作用。     

春石斛试管花芽分化与开花的影响因素

以春石斛(Dendrobium nobile‘Huoniao’)试管苗为试验材料,研究了植物生长调节剂种类、无机盐质量分数、培养条件及芽体营养生长状态对诱导试管内花芽分化的影响。结果表明:以MS为基本培养基,附加有1.0 mg·L-1PP333(多效唑)时,添加0.2 mg·L-1TDZ(噻苯隆)与0.1 mg·L-1NAA(萘乙酸),诱导试管开花较为有效;将基本培养基中P、K质量分数加倍,花芽分化率显著提高;低温恒温10℃或23℃/10℃(昼/夜)处理较常温恒温23℃条件下培养提前30 d开花,且花芽分化率有所增加;植株茎节数为2是其从营养生长向生殖生长转化的临界条件;植株茎粗对试管内成花数量影响显著,花芽数量随茎粗度增加而呈上升趋势。试验以茎节数为3个、茎粗为7 mm的试管苗,接种在改良1/2MS+TDZ0.2 mg·L-1+NAA0.1 mg·L-1+PP3331.0 mg·L-1培养基上,恒温10℃条件下培养30 d后,转为恒温23℃条件下培养60 d花芽分化率最高,达56.92%,成花数量最多。     

赤霉素处理影响草莓成花的解剖学研究

赤霉素(GA3)处理茎尖分生组织处于成花诱导前后的草莓植株,较全面地报告了由此引起的草莓植株发育状况、成花情况、花芽分化进程以及分化状态等内容,并且对不同时期处理所引起的成花逆转、成花抑制以及成花延迟等现象进行了分析,旨在为进一步深入研究激素调控草莓花芽分化奠定基础。     

蕙兰Flowering locus T基因的克隆及其对开花的影响

【目的】 探讨CfFT基因在蕙兰成花中的作用。【方法】采用RT-PCR结合RACE技术从蕙兰(Cymbidium faberi)中克隆Flowering locus T（FT）同源基因CfFT。采用实时定量RT-PCR对不同组织及不同花发育时期CfFT进行表达分析。将该基因克隆到PBI121载体上导入烟草中,并对不同转基因烟草株系中的CfFT、NFL、NtFUL和NAP1基因进行实时定量RT-PCR分析。【结果】对蕙兰花芽分化不同时期的CfFT的表达分析表明,CfFT在花芽分化初期的表达量最高,之后随着花芽的成熟表达量逐渐降低。将CfFT导入烟草进行异源表达,转基因株系表现出明显的早花表型。对开花时间不一的转基因株系中的CfFT表达分析表明,其表达量与转基因烟草开花时间早晚成正比。进一步对这些株系内源的NFL、NAP1和NtFUL表达分析表明,NFL、NAP1和NtFUL基因的表达量与CfFT表达成正比,说明NFL、NAP1和NtFUL的表达受FT基因的上游调控。【结论】在烟草中异源表达蕙兰中的CfFT基因能促进烟草提前开花。     

菜心茎尖DNA甲基化水平及GA、蛋白质含量的变化与花芽分化

研究了菜心花芽分化起始前后茎尖部位DNA甲基化水平、赤霉素(GA)含量和蛋白质(Pr)含量的变化.结果表明:花芽分化前夕,即一级分化之前DNA甲基化水平就开始下降,且随着花芽分化的进行进一步下降;GA含量在花芽将要分化时,稍有下降,但花芽开始分化后又有所回升;蛋白质含量从花芽分化前夕开始伴随着花芽分化的进行呈逐步上升的趋势.     

成花素基因PdFT的克隆及其对牡丹成花的影响

【目的】克隆紫牡丹FT同源基因,分析其表达模式以及对紫牡丹成花的调控作用。【方法】以紫牡丹为试验材料,通过RT-PCR的方法克隆紫牡丹FT同源基因PdFT。通过实时荧光定量PCR分析PdFT在紫牡丹不同组织、紫牡丹开花物候期各过程及不同处理的表达情况,并探讨PdFT与花芽发育状态的关系。同时,将克隆到的紫牡丹PdFT克隆到表达载体pET-28a上,构建融合表达载体pET-28a-PdFT,转化到大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）并诱导表达。【结果】克隆得到包括完整开放阅读框（ORF）的PdFT cDNA序列,ORF长度为522 bp,编码173个氨基酸,GenBank登录号为KF113360。氨基酸序列比对表明：PdFT蛋白具有一个典型的PEBP结构域,属于PEBP家族;并且与GenBank中已克隆的FT同源基因具有高度的同源性。实时荧光定量PCR分析结果表明,PdFT在紫牡丹根、茎、叶、芽中均有表达,芽中表达量最高,叶中表达量最低。紫牡丹开花物候期各过程PdFT的表达分析表明,在花芽膨大期表达量最高,随着花蕾的发育,PdFT的表达量逐渐降低。PdFT在不同光照温度条件下的表达分析表明,短日照和低温处理均抑制PdFT基因的表达。不同状态花蕾中PdFT的表达分析结果表明,败育花蕾PdFT的表达量低于正常花蕾。同时,GA3及去叶处理均能提高PdFT的表达量。所构建的原核表达载体,经IPTG诱导和SDS-PAGE电泳检测结果表明,表达蛋白与预期蛋白大小一致。【结论】紫牡丹PdFT与已克隆的FT同源基因高度同源,属于FT亚家族,在紫牡丹顶芽中表达量最高,可能调控牡丹开花,PdFT的克隆及表达分析为研究紫牡丹成花的分子机理奠定了基础。     

Distinct roles of CONSTANS target genes in reproductive development of Arabidopsis

In plants, flowering is triggered by endogenous and environmental signals. CONSTANS (CO) promotes flowering of Arabidopsis in response to day length. Four early target genes of CO were identified using a steroid-inducible version of the protein. Two of these genes, SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CO 1 (SOC1) and FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT), are required for CO to promote flowering; the others are involved in proline or ethylene biosynthesis. The SOC1 and FT genes are also regulated by a second flowering-time pathway that acts independently of CO. Thus, early target genes of CO define common components of distinct flowering-time pathways.     

AT-hook基因AHL27过量表达延迟拟南芥开花

拟南芥中有29个被称为AHL的蛋白质 (AT-hook motif nuclear localized protein),但是大多数AT-hook蛋白的功能未知,其中AHL27蛋白含有一个AT-hook基序和一个PPC结构域。AHL27在不同器官的mRNA表达和GUS 组织化学染色分析表明,AHL27主要在根和花中表达;GFP-AHL27亚细胞定位显示AHL27蛋白是一个核定位蛋白。AHL27基因的过量表达,可抑制开花基因FT的表达,同时促进FLC的表达,从而延迟拟南芥在长日和短日条件下的开花时间。研究表明,AHL27基因在拟南芥的生长发育中起重要作用。