抗苏云金芽孢杆菌Cry1B毒蛋白质单链抗体的筛选与鉴定

利用人源化噬菌体抗体库筛选抗Bt Cry1B毒蛋白质的单链抗体(Single-chain antibodies,scFv)。将扩增后的噬菌体抗体库与固相化包被的Cry1B毒蛋白质特异性结合,经4轮"吸附-洗脱-扩增"后,富集特异性识别Cry1B毒蛋白质的噬菌体单链抗体。从最后一轮筛选中随机挑取单菌落进行单克隆ELISA鉴定,对阳性克隆进行PCR扩增、DNA电泳鉴定及测序,成功筛选获得8个阳性噬菌体scFvs,经鉴定均有完整外源基因片段插入。挑取阳性值最高的scFv(1E2)建立了基于单链抗体的Cry1B毒蛋白质间接竞争ELISA检测方法。结果表明,Cry1B毒蛋白质对噬菌体scFv(1E2)的抑制中浓度(IC50)为1.075μg/ml,最低检测限(IC10)为0.013 4μg/ml,线性检测范围在0.5μg/ml至4.0μg/ml之间。     

杂交竹梢枯病菌毒素蛋白的质膜结合位点

为探明杂交竹梢枯病菌毒素蛋白的质膜结合位点及在不同品种的结合活性,在低压层析分离纯化毒素蛋白的基础上,以该蛋白免疫新西兰大白兔制备毒素特异性抗血清,并将该蛋白用不同浓度的抗体吸附后处理杂交竹幼嫩枝条。结果表明:毒素所引起的症状有不同程度的减轻,说明所制备的抗体在与毒素发生特异性免疫学反应的同时,可部分封闭毒素分子上与毒素受体结合的位点;利用竞争酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)测定杂交竹嫩枝的质膜制剂与毒素蛋白的结合活性显示,质膜制剂与毒素结合后能部分阻断毒素与其抗体的免疫学反应,即质膜制剂中含有毒素的结合位点,且不同品种的结合活性有差异;用胰蛋白酶或加热处理质膜制剂后,质膜制剂对毒素与其抗体反应的抑制作用消失,证实质膜制剂中与毒素结合的是蛋白类物质。     

植物生长素响应因子基因的研究进展

生长素响应因子(ARF)是一类调控生长素响应基因表达的转录因子,在生长素的信号传导过程中处于中心位置,它可与生长素响应元件特异结合,促进或抑制基因的表达.介绍了ARF结构特征,生物学功能以及调控机制.植物ARF由3个结构域组成:氨基端的DNA结合结构域(DBD),中间结构域(MR)以及羟基末端的二聚结构域(CTD).中间结构域包括激活结构域(AD)和抑制结构域(RD).在生长素信号转导过程中,ARF主要通过与生长素响应元件结合,促进早期基因转录,从而调节下游基因的表达.不同的ARF在不同的组织和器官中都有特异表达,同时通过ARF突变体的研究表明:不同的ARF具有各自独特的功能.这些功能特异性的产生,既可以来自在时间和空间表达上的不同,也可能是来自对目的基因启动子的亲和性差异.植物激素、外界环境因子和非编码区小RNA对ARF功能的发挥具有重要的调控作用.     

小菜蛾碱性磷酸酯酶受体表达与分子模拟

【目的】利用原核表达小菜蛾(Plutella xyllostella)中肠膜结合碱性磷酸酯酶(membrane-bound alkaline phosphatase,mALP)并经Ligand blot验证其具有与Cry1Ac毒素结合的能力;通过同源建模和分子对接研究Cry1Ac-mALP的结合模式,预测毒素和受体结合区域及关键氨基酸位点(热点残基),为了解毒素-受体互作机制及分子改造增强Cry毒素活性的研究打下基础。【方法】针对小菜蛾mALP全长设计引物,并以小菜蛾c DNA为模板扩增mALP基因,双酶切后用T4连接酶连接至pET-26b原核表达载体,将构建的pET-26b-mALP载体转化Trans1-T1克隆感受态,挑取克隆并提取质粒后进行PCR、双酶切和测序验证,将验证无误的重组质粒转化E.coliBL21(DE3)表达感受态细胞,进行诱导表达。将诱导表达后的mALP转至PVDF膜上,通过Western blot和Ligand blot分别验证mALP是否成功表达以及是否具有与Cry1Ac毒素结合的能力。对mALP进行同源建模、分子动力学模拟以及模型评价,获得的mALP最佳三维结构与Cry1Ac毒素利用Patch DOCK和Fire Dock程序进行分子对接试验,对确定的最佳毒素-受体复合物进行结合区域和结合氨基酸位点分析,并通过计算机辅助的丙氨酸突变扫描试验确定毒素和受体参与的关键氨基酸残基。【结果】扩增出小菜蛾mALP基因并克隆至pET-26b原核表达载体,转化E.coli BL21(DE3)表达感受态后挑取阳性克隆提取质粒后进行PCR、双酶切和测序均显示构建正确。通过原核表达和Western blot验证成功表达了mALP蛋白,并经Ligand blot试验证实了原核表达的mALP具有和Cry1Ac毒素结合的能力。利用同源建模成功获得了mALP的三维结构,通过Patch DOCK和Fire Dock分子对接程序,获得毒素和受体的对接复合物,通过溶剂可及表面积变化计算和Ligplot分析,确定毒素结构域Ⅱ和结构域Ⅲ均参与了受体结合,并且毒素和受体均以疏水结合和氢键结合模式参与结合,最后通过热点残基预测发现Cry1Ac毒素和mALP中分别有3个氨基酸残基(376ASN、443SER和486SER)和4个氨基酸残基(452ARG、499THR、502TYR和513TYR)是参与互作的关键氨基酸位点。【结论】经原核表达的小菜蛾mALP同样具有与Cry1Ac毒素结合的能力,并利用分子模拟技术预测了小菜蛾mALP三维结构及与Cry1Ac毒素结合模式。     

Mutations in diphtheria toxin separate binding from entry and amplify immunotoxin selectivity

Monoclonal antibodies linked to toxic proteins (immunotoxins) can selectively kill some tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. However, reagents that combine the full potency of the native toxins with the high degree of cell type selectivity of monoclonal antibodies have not previously been designed. Two heretofore inseparable activities on one polypeptide chain of diphtheria toxin and ricin account for the failure to construct optimal reagents. The B chains (i) facilitate entry of the A chain to the cytosol, which allows immunotoxins to efficiently kill target cells, and (ii) bind to receptors present on most cells, which imparts to immunotoxins a large degree of non-target cell toxicity. This report identifies point mutations in the B polypeptide chain of diphtheria toxin that block binding but allow cytosol entry. Three mutants of diphtheria toxin have 1/1,000 to 1/10,000 the toxicity and 1/100 to 1/8,000 the binding activity of diphtheria toxin. Linking of either of two of the inactivated mutant toxins (CRM103, Phe508; CRM107, Phe390, Phe525) to a monoclonal antibody specific for human T cells reconstitutes full target-cell toxicity--indistinguishable from that of the native toxin linked to the same antibody--without restoring non-target cell toxicity. This separation of the entry function from the binding function generates a uniquely potent and cell type-specific immunotoxin that retains full diphtheria toxin toxicity, yet is four to five orders of magnitude less toxic than the native toxin is to nontarget cells.     

Selective elimination of HIV-1-infected cells with an interleukin-2 receptor-specific cytotoxin

Infection by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is associated with cellular activation and expression of the interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor. A genetically engineered fusion toxin, DAB486 IL-2, that contains the enzymatic site and translocation domain of diphtheria toxin and the receptor binding domain of IL-2 specifically kills cells that express high-affinity IL-2 receptors. This toxin selectively eliminated the HIV-1-infected cells from mixed cultures of infected and uninfected cells and inhibited production of viral proteins and infectious virus. Thus, cellular activation antigens present a target for early antiviral intervention.     

Toxicity and binding analyses of Bacillus thuringiensis toxin Vip3A in Cry1Ac-resistant and-susceptible strains of Helicoverpa armigera(Hübner)

The Bacillus thuringiensis vegetative insecticidal protein, Vip3 A, represents a new family of Bt toxin and is currently applied to commercial transgenic cotton. To determine whether the Cry1Ac-resistant Helicoverpa armigera is cross-resistant to Vip3 Aa protein, insecticidal activities, proteolytic activations and binding properties of Vip3 Aa toxin were investigated using Cry1Ac-susceptible(96S) and Cry1Ac-resistant H. armigera strain(Cry1Ac-R). The toxicity of Vip3 Aa in Cry1Ac-R slightly reduced compared with 96 S, the resistance ratio was only 1.7-fold. The digestion rate of full-length Vip3 Aa by gut juice extracts from 96 S was little faster than that from Cry1Ac-R. Surface plasmon resonance(SPR) showed there was no significant difference between the binding affinity of Vip3 Aa and BBMVs between 96 S and Cry1Ac-R strains, and there was no significant competitive binding between Vip3 Aa and Cry1 Ac in susceptible or resistant strains. So there had little cross-resistance between Vip3 Aa and Cry1 Ac,Vip3A+Cry proteins maybe the suitable pyramid strategy to control H. armigera in China in the future.     

梭梭ARF1基因的克隆及序列分析

二磷酸腺苷-核糖基化作用因子(ADP-ribosylation factors,ARFs)属小G蛋白超级家族中的Arf亚族,是真核细胞囊泡运输通道的关键组成成分,参与细胞运输和信号传导。本试验采用RT-PCR、RACE等方法从超旱生、耐盐植物梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)中扩增出ADP-ribosylation factor(ARF1)基因的cD-NA序列(命名为HaARF1),其开放阅读框为546bp,推测氨基酸序列全长为181个氨基酸残基,具有典型的小GTP结合蛋白结构域。其氨基酸序列与GenBank中已发表同源对比相似度达99%以上,表明ARF1基因在不同物种间高度保守。     

嗜水气单胞菌HEC毒素单克隆抗独特型抗体研究

用嗜水气单胞菌ＨＥＣ毒素免疫Ｂａｌｂ／Ｃ小鼠，通过一次性杂交瘤融合，在筛选ＨＥＣ毒素单克隆抗体（ＭｃＡｂ１）的同时，用兔抗ＨＥＣ毒素血清（ＰＡｂ）包板的ＥＬＩＳＡ方法，筛选到两株抗ＨＥＣ毒素的单克隆抗独特型抗体（ＭｃＡｂ２）。两株ＭｃＡｂ２腹水ＥＬＩＳＡ效价分别为１：２０４８０和１：５１２０，属于ＩｇＧ１亚类。ＨＥＣ毒素的模拟抗原ＭｃＡｂ２不能溶解人的Ｏ型红细胞，但能与相应的ＰＡｂ反应，并能阻断ＰＡｂ与ＨＥＣ毒素的结合。将ＭｃＡｂ２连接到同源小鼠红细胞（ＭＲＢＣ）后免疫小鼠，用ＨＥＣ毒素包板的ＥＬＩＳＡ检测其血清，呈阳性结果，说明ＭｃＡｂ２能模拟ＨＥＣ刺激机体产生抗ＨＥＣ毒素的抗体（Ａｂ３）。     

小麦ADP-核糖基化因子克隆及序列分析

二磷酸腺苷-核糖基化作用因子(ADP-ribosylation factors,ARFs)是真核细胞囊泡运输通道的关键组成成分,参与细胞运输和信号传导。根据GenBank中已知ARF基因序列设计引物,对小麦及其二倍体供体种基因组DNA进行PCR扩增、克隆、测序。结果表明:从小麦中克隆的ARF基因属于ARF1基因;与其他物种的ARF基因对比发现,该基因的内含子存在特殊的剪切方式。氨基酸序列分析表明,小麦的ARF同其他物种一样,具有保守的GTP结合区域。     

Memory extinction, learning anew, and learning the new: dissociations in the molecular machinery of learning in cortex

The rat insular cortex (IC) subserves the memory of conditioned taste aversion (CTA), in which a taste is associated with malaise. When the conditioned taste is unfamiliar, formation of long-term CTA memory depends on muscarinic and beta-adrenergic receptors, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and protein synthesis. We show that extinction of CTA memory is also dependent on protein synthesis and beta-adrenergic receptors in the IC, but independent of muscarinic receptors and MAPK. This resembles the molecular signature of the formation of long-term memory of CTA to a familiar taste. Thus, memory extinction shares molecular mechanisms with learning, but the mechanisms of learning anew differ from those of learning the new.     

木毒蛾氨肽酶N1基因克隆与表达分析

  目的  氨肽酶N（APN）是昆虫中肠一类重要的Bt受体蛋白,Bt细菌产生的Cry毒素对昆虫的毒杀作用机理在学术界存在一定争议,但是普遍认为毒素与Bt受体蛋白的结合是产生毒力的必要环节。本研究通过基因克隆、生物信息学分析以及不同龄期组织中的表达对木毒蛾APN1基因进行研究,为后续研究APN基因家族、其他Bt受体蛋白及Cry毒素作用机制提供有益补充。  方法  以木毒蛾中肠cDNA为模板,对木毒蛾APN1基因进行克隆并进行生物学分析,利用实时定量PCR（qRT-PCR）技术分析该基因在木毒蛾发育阶段及不同组织中的表达模式。  结果  克隆获得木毒蛾APN1基因的全长DNA,命名为LxAPN1。LxAPN1序列全长为3 159 bp,ORF为3 054 bp,编码1 017个氨基酸,序列比对和进化树分析表明,LxAPN1与舞毒蛾的LdAPN1高度同源,在N-端都具有信号肽,都具有锌结合位点HEXXH（X₁₈）E以及保守区域GAMENWG,在末端具有GPI结合位点;LxAPN1在木毒蛾卵期无表达,在所有幼虫阶段中均有表达,幼虫期过后LxAPN1表达量锐减;LxAPN1在肠道的表达量明显高于头部和表皮。  结论  LxAPN1在木毒蛾中肠被成功克隆,LxAPN1与LdAPN1高度同源,并且在进化树的分布上也极其相近,推测两者的APN1功能上近似;LxAPN1在木毒蛾2龄幼虫期表达量最高。并且在6龄幼虫肠道中表达量最高,肠道高表达与LxAPN1作为Bt受体在木毒蛾中肠发挥作用息息相关。      

Penetration of a Single Domain of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ie-Domain I to a Lipid Membrane In vitro

Domain I of the activated Crystal protein from Bacillus thuringiensis has a seven α-helix bundle structure, which is responsible for membrane channel formation in its insecticidal mechanism. Cry1Ie is toxic to Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée), and plays important roles in insect biological control. The domain I from Cry1Ie has been expressed and purified in its normal conformation, as embedded in the full length homologous toxin structure. The membrane insertion ability of this single domain was compared with the full length homologous toxin using a monolayer insertion experiment. The results indicated that the Cry1Ie-domain I had the ability to insert into the lipid monolayer, and this ability is greater than that of the IE648 toxin. However, the state of insertion is not stable and remains for only a short period of time. The Cry1Ie-domain I plays no role in receptor binding as it had a nonspecific binding with the brush border membrane vesicles of the Asian corn borer.     

苏云金芽孢杆菌的概况及其研究进展

苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis,Bt)杀虫剂是对人和环境友好的安全型细菌杀虫剂。目前Bt杀虫剂已被广泛应用,但因使用剂量较大,导致防治害虫时费用过高。若在生物防治中使用超高效的细菌杀虫剂,就可降低其使用剂量。Bt 00-50-5菌株是从美国引进的高效杀虫菌株,其晶体蛋白的特征分析尚未完成,其毒素的作用机理研究也未进行。本项目即将开展如下研究:(1)先用具有特异性杀虫功能的Bt 00-50-5菌株进行发酵,继续完成对防治中国害虫防治效果的评价;再分析细菌的编码杀虫毒素基因和毒素的生化特征;然后混合荧光标记毒素和中肠细胞,加入昆虫中肠蛋白酶(或单独加入氨肽酶、碱性磷酸酶、ATP酶、枯草杆菌蛋白酶、钠或钾离子代之)反应,用荧光显微镜观察细胞变化;最后阐明杀虫毒素对靶标细胞作用机制。(2)通过研究毒素分子与受体分子的作用关系,拟在分子水平上阐明毒素的作用机制。     

昆虫Bt作物抗性与中肠类钙粘蛋白的关系

Bt作物已在世界范围内广泛种植,为有效控制害虫的危害发挥了重要作用。靶标害虫的抗性问题是影响Bt作物长期利用的关键因素。通过分析Bt Cry1A毒素的主要受体类钙粘蛋白（cadherin-like）的生物学特性及其与Bt毒素的结合作用,讨论类钙粘蛋白基因突变与Bt抗性的关系,综述了基于基因突变的抗性分子检测技术的研究进展。