密花柽柳的两季开花结实及其生态意义

对分布于新疆荒漠地区的密花柽柳开花物候、传粉及结实特性进行了比较研究.结果表明:①密花柽柳一年有2个独立的花期--春花期和夏花期;春花花期短,仅为11 d,为集中开花模式;夏花花期长,为69d,但每天开花数量比春花期少,为持续开花模式.②春花和夏花都有自交亲和性,套袋实验表明,春花和夏花都能进行风媒传粉和虫媒传粉.③夏...     

播娘蒿花部综合征与传粉模式的适应性研究

被子植物中花部特征和形态多变性显示出对多种传粉模式的适应性。前期观测发现,早春短命植物播娘蒿(Descurainia sophia)因花小、不够醒目表现出与自花传粉相适应的花部特征,而花药状的花瓣、宿存的花萼似乎与吸引传粉者有一定的关系。为了探讨其花部综合征与传粉模式的相互关系,通过野外观测、人工控制试验等对其开花习性、花部特征、花瓣的广告效应和交配系统等进行了研究,结果表明:播娘蒿为兼性自交的交配系统类型,自交亲和但保持异交能力。晴朗天气,10:00左右开放,17:00左右闭合,花期1~2 d;开放后的单花,雌蕊不断伸长,经历了低于雄蕊、与雄蕊等高和高于雄蕊3个阶段。播娘蒿有传粉者,但访花频率极低,分别为(0.062±0.027)flower·h^-1(2015年)和(0.01±0.005)flower·h^-1(2016年)。控制试验显示花药状花瓣和宿存花萼不具有增强吸引传粉者的广告效应。播娘蒿柱头花粉主要来源于自花粉,自花粉的传递发生在雌蕊与两轮雄蕊分别等高的时期。播娘蒿极小的花、花药状花瓣、较低的胚珠比(P/O值)等是花器官资源投入减少的结果,是与自花传粉模式相适应的繁殖对策。     

发酵肥料对沙地水分与植物生长的影响

向沙地加入由牛粪分别与棉秆、玉米秆和麦糠发酵而成的肥料,然后种植梭梭与白梭梭,研究发酵肥料对土壤水分和植物生长的影响。结果表明:仅施加1.6%的发酵肥料,不能明显提高土壤含水率;发酵肥料提高了植物的存活率,梭梭的存活率平均比对照高28.1%,白梭梭平均比对照高3.6%;发酵肥料能提高梭梭、白梭梭株高生长量,梭梭、白梭梭肥料处理的累积株高生长量平均比对照高20.3 cm、18.8 cm,两种植物的月生长量与对照差异达显著或极显著水平(P<0.05,P<0.01);发酵肥料能够明显提高两种植物的单枝生长量,肥料处理的月生长量与对照的差异达显著或极显著水平(P<0.05,P<0.01),两种植物肥料处理的累积单枝生长量平均比对照高30.4 cm、25.0 cm。     

晴阴雨天对火柴头雄花与开花传粉型两性花开花特性的影响研究

研究了火柴头6种种子的后代植株开花生物学特性。结果表明,火柴头花期持续约5个月,开花高峰期近70 d。6种种子的植株开花过程相似。一般情况下,气生花枝花序中的第1朵花为雄花,雄花花蕾伸出佛焰苞后30～35 min开放,其后40～45 min开花传粉型两性花（第2朵花）开放。阴雨天,火柴头花时和开花高峰期滞后1 h以上,且开花时间延长。     

水稻杂交制种母本粒黑粉病严重的原因分析

稻粒黑粉病菌Neovossia horrida(Tak.)在大田生产中除极少数品种外,一般发病轻微。但杂交稻三系制种母本(雄性不育系)和化学杀雄制种母本,一般病粒率20-30％,重者50％左右,甚至80％以上。造成这种现象的原因有以下几条: 1.水稻是自花授粉作物,传粉过程在水稻开花时颖壳张开前后的瞬间即已完成,花粉在湿润的柱头上经2分钟即可萌发,15-30     

毛乌素沙地天然臭柏种群风媒传粉的特征

为了揭示天然臭柏种群的风媒传粉特点,对毛乌素沙地天然臭柏种群花粉飞散及空间分布特性进行了研究。结果表明:毛乌素沙地臭柏群落的散粉期约为13d,花粉飞散密度变化规律、分布特点受立地条件和气象因子的综合影响。散粉期内花粉密度出现双峰型,散粉期花粉密度时变化与气象因子逐步回归分析表明,花粉散发与温度、相对湿度有关,与风速作用不显著;不同方位的花粉密度受主风频率影响,主风方向花粉密度占58.07%。花粉密度与座果率密切相关,雌球花周围的花粉密度为81.59粒/cm2.d~436.94粒/cm2.d,座果率为0~31.25%。方差分析表明,日间花粉密度的差异达显著水平(P=0.05),昼夜间差异达极显著水平(P=0.01),花粉密度时变化差异未达显著水平。臭柏花粉垂直高度间、不同地类花粉密度差异不显著,方位间差异不显著。     

保水剂对梭梭（Haloxylon ammodendron）、白梭梭（Haloxylon persicum）种子萌发及幼苗根系的影响

在盆栽条件下,研究保水剂对梭梭（Haloxylon ammodendron）、白梭梭（Haloxylon persicum）种子萌发和幼苗根系形态的影响。结果表明：0.05%浓度的保水剂对梭梭、白梭梭种子萌发有明显的促进作用,发芽率较对照分别提高了18.7%和24.0%;0.05%浓度的保水剂能够抑制梭梭幼苗根系的垂直生长,有效促进侧根数量的增加和根系生物量的积累;0.1%浓度保水剂处理下,白梭梭的主根长度、侧根数量、根系生物量均达到最大;保水剂浓度达到0.2%时,梭梭、白梭梭种子萌发和幼苗根系的生长均受到抑制,表明梭梭幼苗生长最适宜的保水剂浓度为0.05%,白梭梭的浓度以0.05%～0.1%为宜。     

NaCl对囊果碱蓬、梭梭和白梭梭种子及初期幼苗的影响

种子萌发和幼苗阶段是干旱区植物群落建成的关键。试验表明,在700 mmoL/L NaCl处理时,与盐生植物梭梭和囊果碱蓬相比,旱生植物白梭梭种子胚中的K~+含量比对照显著降低。700 mmol/LNaCl处理5 d后,白梭梭、梭梭和囊果碱蓬胚中K~+/Na~+分别是对照的33%,27%和74%。高盐处理显著降低3种植物尤其是白梭梭初期幼苗体内K~+含量以及K~+/Na~+。低盐处理下,囊果碱蓬初期幼苗的生长速率明显高于白梭梭和梭梭;高盐处理对3种植物初期幼苗的生长都具有明显的抑制作用。     

奇台荒漠草地自然保护区典型植物群落物种多样性分析

以重要值为测度指标,选择反映群落物种多样性、丰富度、优势度和均匀度的7个测定指数对奇台荒漠草地自然保护区荒漠植物群落物种多样性进行了研究。结果表明:在整个研究区荒漠植物群落中,白梭梭、梭梭、碱蓬、琵琶柴、沙蓬、驼绒藜和沙漠娟蒿等物种有较高的重要值。依据群落外貌结构和植物种类组成等特征,按照样方中建群种和优势种的重要值,将研究区植物划分为14个典型群落,各群落类型的物种多样性指数(Shannon-wiener指数H′)的顺序为:梭梭+角果藜(2.0740)>白梭梭+驼绒藜(1.9037)>白梭梭+羽毛三芒草(1.8909)>梭梭+芦苇(1.8474)>梭梭+雾冰藜(1.7434)>芦苇+猪毛菜(1.7278)>梭梭+白茎娟蒿(1.6723)>白梭梭+琵琶柴(1.5410)>白梭梭+沙蓬(1.4886)>白梭梭+假木贼(1.4530)>梭梭+碱蓬(1.4437)>白梭梭+刺木蓼(1.4277)>白梭梭+角果藜(1.3637)>白梭梭+沙漠娟蒿(1.3362)。     

梭梭与白梭梭气体交换特征对比分析

梭梭[WTBX](Haloxylon ammodendron)与白梭梭(H.persicum)[WTBZ]是古尔班通古特沙漠植物群落2个最主要的建群种。通过对梭梭与白梭梭光合特性及相关环境因子的同期观测,探讨其光合响应特征及其与环境因子关系的异同。结果表明：梭梭对弱光的利用能力大于白梭梭,而白梭梭利用强光的能力大于梭梭。梭梭和白梭梭净光合速率[WTBX](Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)的日变化特征均为“单峰”型,但Pn、Gs峰值出现时间略有差异,Tr的峰值出现时间为16:00。根据梭梭和白梭梭Pn、胞间[WTBZ]CO2浓度[WTBX](Ci)及气孔限制值(Ls)的变化方向,推测梭梭光合“午休”主要由气孔因素引起。白梭梭日平均Pn、Tr和WUE（水分利用效率）均高于梭梭,说明白梭梭是一种高光合、高蒸腾、高水分利用效率的物种。相关分析表明,对梭梭、白梭梭的Pn影响最显著的环境因子是光量子通量密度(PPFD)。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.