The Effect of Thyroprotein Supplementation of the Ration Upon the Performance of Early-Weaned Pigs

Twenty-four early-weaned pigs were fed three different rations, with and without the addition of 16 mg. iodinated casein/lb. feed. In general, supplementation did not result in any change in liveweight gain, feed intake or feed efficiency, but brought about a noticeable, though not statistically significant, increase in the apparent digestibility of dry matter, gross energy, crude protein, ether extract, and total carbohydrates. An examination of the results of supplementing individual rations revealed that in one case iodinated casein had adversely affected liveweight gain, feed intake and efficiency of feed conversion. This particular ration, in comparison with the other two feeds, contained a high level of soybean oilmeal and a low level of feed of animal origin.     

Studies on the use of wheat rich in crude protein in the feeding of broilers. 1. Experimental procedure, weight gains, food consumption and food efficiency]

A fattening trial was carried out with 8 groups of broilers each comprising 1225 birds. Within this trial tests were made to replace the protein feeds of newly hatched chicks over a period of up to 56 days of age, by wheat rich in crude protein. If wheat with a high crude protein content is fed supplementation with lysine and methionine will be necessary depending on the kind of protein feed used. No supplementation with amino acids is required if rations of fish meal + extracted soya bean meal are used despite their reduced content of these amino acids. The broilers consumed larger quantities of the wheat + extracted soya bean meal+fish meal ration than of the mixtures containing no fish meal. Food requirements per unit of weight gain were the same for the mixtures containing high-protein wheat and for the standard maize ration. The lowest food consumption per unit of weight gain was computed for the wheat + extracted soya bean meal diet supplemented with amino acids. The same quantities of lysine, thioamino acids and threonine were necessary for broilers receiving the wheat rations as for birds of the standard group. Protein feed may be saved by using high-protein wheat in the fattening of broilers. The rates of weight gain obtained with these rations are the same or even better than those achieved with rations of maize + fish meal+soya bean meal.     

茶叶渣替代麸皮对肉兔生长性能、屠宰性能和肉品质的影响

本试验旨在研究茶叶渣替代麸皮对肉兔生长性能、屠宰性能和肉品质的影响。试验选择28日龄体重相近的新西兰兔480只,随机分成4个组,每组5个重复,每个重复24只(公母各占1/2)。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组分别以10%、15%和20%茶叶渣替代等比例麸皮。预试期7 d,正试期42 d。结果表明：1)与对照组相比,10%茶叶渣替代组的终末体重、平均日增重、平均日采食量、料重比、腹泻率和死亡率无显著差异(P>0.05);20%茶叶渣替代组的终末体重、平均日增重、平均日采食量显著下降(P<0.05),且料重比显著升高(P<0.05)。2)与对照组相比,10%茶叶渣替代组的宰前活重、全净膛重和半净膛重无显著差异(P>0.05),但15%和20%茶叶渣替代组的宰前活重、全净膛重和半净膛重显著降低(P<0.05)。3)与对照组相比,10%和15%茶叶渣替代组的肌肉pH24 h和滴水损失无显著差异(P>0.05);20%茶叶渣替代组的肌肉pH24 h显著降低(P<0.05),且肌肉滴水损失显著提高(P<0.05)。4)与对照组相比,10%和15%茶叶渣替代...     

饲料制粒对吉戎兔生长性能的影响

试验对颗粒饲料和粉状饲料饲喂吉戎兔效果生长性能的影响进行了初步探讨。试验选取胎次相同,初始体重无显著差异(P>0.05),60~66日龄健康吉戎幼兔100只,公母各半,随机分为2组,试验组饲喂颗粒饲料,对照组饲喂粉状饲料。试验期为30 d。试验结束测定2组平均日增重、平均日采食量以及料重比;测定日粮中的粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗纤维表观消化率。结果表明:颗粒饲料组与粉状饲料组日增重差异显著(P<0.05),颗粒饲料组比粉状饲料组提高了9.57%;颗粒饲料组与粉状饲料组料重比差异显著(P<0.05),颗粒饲料组比粉状饲料组降低了13.13%;颗粒饲料组与粉状饲料组的粗蛋白、粗脂肪消化率差异显著(P<0.05),分别提高了9.01%、5.00%,粗纤维消化率的差异极显著(P<0.01),提高了31.87%。     

On the effects of a chronic deoxynivalenol intoxication on performance, haematological and serum parameters of pigs when diets are offered either for ad libitum consumption or fed restrictively

Wheat infected naturally with Fusarium, contaminated mainly with deoxynivalenol (DON) (16.6 mg DON/kg), was added to a total constant wheat content of 400 g/kg diet. To distinguish between differences in feed intake and specific effects of the DON contaminated diet, control and DON contaminated feed was administered for 11 weeks under ad libitum and restrictive feeding conditions to 48 pigs of both sexes, which were randomly divided into four groups (n = 12 per group). Feed intake was 2.90 kg/day, live weight gain 987 g/day and feed to gain ratio 2.77 kg/kg for the ad libitum fed control group. The group fed DON contaminated wheat ad libitum significantly consumed 15% less feed and gained 13% less live weight, while the feed to gain ratio was unaffected. Moreover, it was concluded that the lower growth performance by DON contaminated feed resulted mainly from the lower voluntary feed intake, because there were no differences in live weight gain between the groups with the restrictive feeding regimen. On the contrary, metabolizable energy, nitrogen retention digestibility of organic matter, crude protein, crude fat and crude fibre were significantly increased by 3, 10, 3, 6, 9 and 20% in the DON group respectively. Animals fed DON contaminated diets needed more time to consume the restrictive ration than the control group. For example in the first hour after feeding 85% of the control pigs had consumed all feed, but only 39% of the DON group had. There were only few differences in haematological and serum parameters, which were characterized by a high variation between individuals. DON and IgA concentrations in serum were significantly influenced by DON exposure.     

饲喂微生物发酵小麦秸秆对肉牛生长性能和屠宰性能的影响

为研究微生物发酵小麦秸秆对肉牛生长性能和屠宰性能的影响,试验采用单因素设计,选择体重相近的健康肉牛120头,随机分成4组,每组3个重复,每个重复10头,试验1、2、3、4组分别饲喂微生物发酵小麦秸秆替代0%、20%、40%、60%普通小麦秸秆的基础日粮,试验期为60 d,在试验结束时测定生长性能和肉品质。结果表明:(1)试验3、4组料重比较1组分别降低6.74%、5.87%(P<0.05);试验2、3、4组的平均日采食量均高于1组(P>0.05);试验3、4组的日增重较1组分别提高36.6%、24.4%(P<0.05);试验2、3、4组熟肉率、失水率、肉色、嫩度与1组均差异性不显著(P>0.05);试验2、3、4组的粗灰分、p H均低于1组(P>0.05);试验3、4组粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、大理花纹分别较1组提高19.28%、18.94%、45.15%、42.35%、46.75%、43.09%(P<0.05)。综上所述,饲喂微生物发酵小麦秸秆替代40%普通小麦秸秆日粮可以提高肉牛的生长性能和肉品质。     

The Effects of Replacing Rhodes Grass (Chloris gayana) Hay with Ghaf (Prosopis cineraria) Pods on the Performance of Omani Native Sheep

A feeding trial using various levels of dry pods of ghaf (Prosopis cineraria) was carried out with 28 Omani native male sheep. Individual feed intake and body weight were determined for 50 days to allow assessment of the effects of the feeds on growth, feed intake, feed conversion and carcase measurements. The ripened ghaf pods contained 91% dry matter (DM), 13.5% crude protein (CP), 14.3% crude fibre (CF), 1.3% ether extract (EE) and 5.2% ash (on DM basis). Four levels of ghaf (0, 15%, 30% and 45%) were used with corresponding decreasing proportions of Rhodes grass (RGH) hay. Animals fed rations containing RGH as the sole source of roughage and no ghaf grew faster (135 g/day) and had better feed conversion than those fed various levels of ghaf. Sheep fed 15% ghaf gained reasonably well (90 g/day) and had carcase attributes similar to those fed no ghaf. Sheep fed 30% ghaf still gained weight but those fed 45% ghaf lost weight. Negative effects on growth appeared to occur after 6 weeks of feeding ghaf.     

The effect of dietary fibre on feed intake and growth in beagle puppies.

We studied the growth, feed intake, feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio of groups of female Beagle puppies fed 16% or 22% crude protein rations to which 6% or 12% wheat bean was added at the expense of the total diet. The final neutral detergent fibre concentrations were 12%, 16%, 22% and 23% (dry matter basis). The addition of wheat bran to puppy rations, bringing the neutral detergent fibre up to 16% in a 21% crude protein diet had no deleterious effects on feed intake, feed and protein efficiency or growth in Beagle puppies. Over a sufficiently long period of time, the growth of this group did not differ from that of the controls (12% neutral detergent fibre, 23% crude protein) although it was higher at intermediate times. The effects of the high fibre (22 or 23% neutral detergent fibre) diets on growth, feed intake feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio are consistent with an energy deficit resulting from the animals' inability to adapt fully to the dilution of their rations leading to lower growth, less efficient use of feed and, in the case of group 3 (22% crude protein, 22% neutral detergent fibre), a lower protein efficiency ratio. The protein efficiency ratio of group 4 (16% crude protein, 23% neutral detergent fibre) was higher than that of group 3, most likely the result of a more limiting amount of dietary protein leading to a more efficient use for growth by the animal. We have concluded that intermediate levels of neutral detergent fibre (up to 16%) were not deleterious even in puppy rations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Response to partial replacement of yellow corn with potato processing waste as non-traditional source of energy on the productive performance of Ossimi lambs

Twenty-one male growing lambs aged 6 months with an average weight 27.6 ± 0.24 kg were used to determine the effects of partial replacing yellow corn with potato processing waste (PPW) on performance of Ossimi lambs. Animals divided into three equal groups and assigned for control and two experimental diets containing PPW which was replaced from yellow corn at 0% PPW (R₁), 25% PPW (R₂), and 50% PPW (R₃). The results showed that tested rations were almost isocaloric and isonitrogenous. Dietary treatments had no significant effect on feed intake, while water intake insignificantly decreased. Digestibility coefficients of dry matter, organic matter, and crude protein significantly (P < 0.05) improved. However, dietary treatment had no significant effect on crude fiber and nitrogen-free extract digestibilities. Values of total digestible nutrient and digestible crude protein significantly (P < 0.05) increased. Nitrogen retention was positive for all groups. Dietary treatments had no significant effect on ruminal pH but insignificantly decreased ammonia nitrogen (NH₃–N) concentrations. However, total volatile fatty acid concentration was increased. Dietary treatments increased molar proportion of volatile fatty acids. Final weight, body weight gain, and average daily gain were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased, while feed conversion ratio insignificantly decreased. Inclusion of PPW decreased total daily feeding costs of experimental rations. PPW could be used as a source of energy in lamb rations instead of corn grain. Also, PPW can be successfully fed to lamb without any adverse effect on their performance, and it can be an economical substitute for grain.     

Feeding brittle culm1 whole crop rice replacing wheat by-products to growing-finishing pigs

Abstract

The effect of feeding brittle culm1 whole crop rice (WCR) replacing wheat by-products on performance, digestibility and carcass quality was evaluated in growing-finishing pigs. Fifty-four pigs (Duroc) were randomly assigned to three dietary treatments: WCR at levels of 0 (control), 10 or 20%, respectively. Pigs were fed from about 29 to 85 kg. A digestion trial was conducted with all pigs at about 60 kg live weight. When the feeding trial was completed, six pigs from each treatment were slaughtered to determine carcass quality. In the growing period, pigs receiving the 10 or 20% WCR diet were not significantly different in daily feed intake, daily weight gain and feed conversion from the control pigs (p>0.05). In the finishing period, daily feed intake and daily weight gain of pigs fed the 20% WCR diet were significantly lower than control pigs or 10% WCR diet (p<0.05). However, the feed conversion was not significantly different among the pigs on three different diets. No significant (p>0.05) difference was shown in the apparent nutrient digestibility with the WCR substituting for wheat by-products. The dressing percentage and mean backfat thickness tended to be lower in pigs fed the 10 or 20% WCR diet than in control pigs. The meat from pigs on the 20% WCR diet showed a higher pH value at 24 h post mortem, and higher protein and lower fat content in longissimus muscles than control pigs (p<0.05). This study indicated that WCR could be an alternative feed source to replace wheat by-products in growing-finishing pig diets, but a high proportion of the WCR may result in an adverse effect on the performance traits.     

Joint research on the precise determination of the energy and protein requirements of fattening pigs. 5. The effect of the crude protein concentration in the isocaloric diet on the fattening performance of swine of the Bulgarian Landrace

Live weight development and feed expenditure on 3 levels of crude protein supply and with isocaloric rations were investigated in scientific feeding experiments with 7 castrated male pigs each of the Bulgarian land race in the live weight range between 30 and 100 kg with a subdivision at 60 kg. The crude protein concentrations in the rations for the 3 groups were 17%, 15% and 13% in the first fattening period and 15% 13% and 11% in the second fattening period. In the two fattening periods the digestibility of the feed mixtures used was ascertained in experiments. The daily live weight gain in the three groups over the whole fattening period reached a high level of performance (836 g, 778 g and 757 g). The feed expenditure values were 3.3, 3.7 and 3.7 kg mixed feed (88% dry matter) per kg live weight gain. The highest protein supply resulted in the best weight gain performance and the lowest feed expenditure.     

Effect of protein : energy ratio in milk replacers on growth performance of goat kids

Two separate experiments were carried out to establish the effects of the protein:energy ratio in milk replacers on growth performance, plasma lipid concentrations and fatty acid composition in adipose tissue of male goat kids. In the first experiment there were 211 3-day- old goat kids and in the second experiment there were 121 kids aged 3-7 days. The animals were fed ad libitum for a period of 4 weeks on milk replacers containing either 11.5 or 9.5 g crude protein/MJ metabolizable energy. In essence, protein was exchanged with fat on a weight basis. Milk concentrations were increased from 160 to 190 g/l in experiment 1, from 150 to 180 g/l in experiment 2. There were significant increases in body weight and feed intake when the milk replacer with high protein : energy ratio was fed. Group mean average daily weight gain was 168 and 203 g for the groups with low and high dietary protein:energy ratio in experiment 1; for experiment 2 the values were 139 and 160 g. Average dry matter intake was 18 and 14% higher for the diet with high protein:energy ratio in experiments 1 and 2, respectively. There was no change in either feed conversion (feed:gain ratio) or energy conversion (weight gain:energy intake ratio). There were no consistent diet effects on plasma lipid concentrations. Dietary fatty acid composition was reflected by that of adipose tissue. The milk replacer with high protein:energy ratio produced a small increase in the contents of myristic and palmitic acid in adipose tissue.     

Effects of dietary protein level in the early fattening period on free amino acids and dipeptides in the blood and Longissimus thoracis muscle in Japanese Black steers

The effects of crude protein (CP) concentration in feed using soybean meal as its source in the early fattening period on the levels of free amino acids (FAAs) and dipeptides in the blood, and the levels in the M. longissimus thoracis after slaughter were studied in Japanese Black steers. Sixteen steers were divided into four groups and given feed with a CP content of 12, 14, 16, or 18% of dry matter (DM) from 10 to 20 months old, and they were fed with the same level of CP (13.5–13.9% of DM) until slaughter at 30 months of age. There was no significant difference in the weight gain, carcass weight or marbling score between the groups. Concerning the serum FAA and dipeptide contents at 20 months of age, the alanine, tyrosine and tryptophan levels decreased, while the carnosine (Car) level increased, with increases in the CP level in the feed. Although there were no significant differences in the FAA contents of the Longissimus thoracis muscle between the groups, the Car content decreased with increases in the feed protein level.     

Growth performance and carcass characteristics of growing ram lambs fed sweet sorghum bagasse-based complete rations varying in roughage-to-concentrate ratios

Different roughage-to-concentrate ratios of sweet sorghum bagasse (SSB) (a by-product of the biofuel industry)-based complete diets were assessed. Twenty four growing Nellore × Deccani ram lambs aged about 3 months (average body wt., 10.62?±?0.25 kg) were randomly allotted to four complete rations (CR) varying in roughage-to-concentrate ratios viz. 60:40 (CR-I), 50:50 (CR-II), 40:60 (CR-III) and 30:70(CR-IV) for a period of 180 days. The feed intake was comparable among the lambs fed different experimental complete diets. Average daily weight gain (in grams) was 77.31?±?4.90, 81.76?±?5.16, 85.83?±?2.83 and 86.30?±?3.25, and feed conversion ratio (in kilograms of feed per kilogram gain) averaged 11.42?±?0.68, 10.57?±?0.64, 10.17?±?0.37 and 9.96?±?0.38 in ram lambs fed CR-I, CR-II, CR-III and CR-IV rations, respectively. Statistically, differences in daily weight gain and feed conversion ratio among the lambs fed four experimental rations were not significant (P?>?0.05). The cost per kilogram gain was significantly (P?<?0.01) higher in ram lambs fed CR-IV and CR-III rations compared to CR-I ration, and it was comparable between CR-I and CR-II rations. Dressing percentage averaged 44.90?±?0.15, 42.57?±?0.72, 43.67?±?0.16 and 44.42?±?0.76 for the respective diets. No significant difference and trend was observed in preslaughter weight, empty body weight, carcass weights, dressing percentage, wholesale cuts and edible and non-edible portions of experimental animals. Similarly, no significant variation could be seen in bone and meat yield (in per cent) and their ratios in various wholesale cuts among the dietary treatments. The roughage-to-concentrate ratio did not affect the chemical composition of meat; however, the fat content of meat was linearly increased with increase in the proportion of concentrate in the diets. The results of the experiment indicated that SSB can be included at 60 % level in the complete diet for economical mutton production from growing Nellore × Deccani ram lambs.     

Urea utilization in growing lambs. 4. N balances with unprocessed rations

N balance experiments were carried out with lambs of the ages of 8, 12 and 15 weeks fed with wheat rations with and without 2% urea supplement (N 1 and N 2) as well as with 3% urea and 20% straw (N 3) or with a soya bean meal supplement (N 4). There were no significant differences in the digestibility of the crude nutrients and in per cent of N retention between the individual ages. The straw supplement decreased the digestibility of organic matter, crude protein, crude fibre and NfE. The supplements of soya bean meal or urea increased the crude protein content in comparison to the wheat ration without supplements by 6% in the dry matter and resulted in N intakes 55 ... 60% higher and in 23 ... 38% higher N retention, which was, however, lower in relation to N intake. There were no significant differences with regard to N retention between N 2, N 3 and N 4. Consequently urea supplement to the feed mixture with 14% native crude protein resulted in increased N retention, which was not lower than with a soya bean meal supplement.     

降低北方寒冷季节生长育肥猪日粮蛋白质水平的可行性研究

试验选用147头体重约35 kg的健康大白猪随机分为3组,分别饲喂3种日粮,生长期（35～60 kg）和育肥期（60～100 kg）对照组分别饲喂粗蛋白质水平为16.4%和13.9%的玉米－豆粕型日粮;低蛋白质Ⅰ组分别饲喂粗蛋白质水平为15.4% 和13.0%日粮;低蛋白质Ⅱ组分别饲喂粗蛋白质水平为14.3%和11.6%日粮。试验猪舍平均温度16 ℃。试验结果表明,在低于临界温度的猪舍温度环境下,日粮蛋白质水平降低6%,对生长育肥猪的生长性能、饲料转化效率、背膘厚及每千克增重的饲料成本均无差异显著性影响（P>0.05）。因而,在冬季没有供暖的猪舍,考虑到降低日粮蛋白质带来的减少蛋白质饲料消耗、减少有害气体的排放和对环境的有利影响,日粮蛋白质水平降低6%是完全可行的。     

日粮中添加不同水平玉米胚芽粕对育肥猪生产性能、血清生化指标及营养物质表观消化率的影响

This experiment was to study the effects of corn germ meal in different levels on use value of finishing pigs.120 health PIC piglets aged 45 days with similar body weight （17±2.1）kg were randomly divided into 4 groups of 5 replicates for each group and 6 pigs for each replicates （male and female were the same in each replicate）.Control group was fed basic diet,group one to three were fed diets containing different amounts of corn germ meal （5%，10% and 15%） with the same concentration of the main nutrient items.The results showed that compared with the control group，feed conversion rate in group one was no significant difference （P＞0.05），feed conversion rate in group two had a significantly decreased （P＜0.05），feed conversion rate in group three was significantly increased （P＜0.05)，average daily feed intake in control group was significantly lower than that in other groups （P＜0.05），and there were no significant differences in daily feed intake among experimental groups （P＞0.05）.With the corn germ meal level increasing，the daily feed intake was increased slightly.Group one and group two had a tendency to reduce the serum urea nitrogen content，but group two had a significant difference （P＜0.05），the content of serum urea nitrogen in group three was increased significantly （P＜0.05），there were no significant differences in serum albumin，total protein and glucose levels among all groups （P＞0.05）. Compared with the control group，the apparent digestibility of crude protein and crude fiber in group one had no significant differences （P＞0.05）.The apparent digestibility of crude protein and crude fiber in group two increased significantly （P＜0.05）,and the apparent digestibility of crude protein and crude fiber in group three decreased significantly （P＜0.05）.There were no significant differences in the apparent digestibility of crude fat and crude ash compared with the control group （P＞0.05）.Theses results indicate that the best supplementation level of corn germ meal was 10%，the anti-nutritional factors of corn germ meal may be the cellulose.     

Comparison of fattening performance in Brahman grade cattle (Bos indicus) and crossbred water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) fed on high roughage diet

The objective of this study was to compare the fattening performance in Brahman grade cattle (crossbred cattle) and crossbred water buffalo at the same young age and fed with high roughage based fattening rations in the Philippines. Ten crossbred cattle and 10 crossbred water buffalo, aged between 18 and 24 months old were used in this experiment. The animals were fed diets consisting of 85% Napier or Para grass and 15% concentrate mixture (CM) on a dry matter (DM) basis. The grass, total DM intake and bodyweight gain were significantly (P < 0.01) higher for the crossbred water buffalo than for the cattle. There was no species significant difference in the digestion coefficient and feed conversion rate between the crossbred cattle and water buffalo. The return over feed cost for fattening was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the crossbred water buffalo than in the cattle. These results clearly indicate that under high roughage‐based fattening rations, young crossbred water buffalo are better able to utilize the roughage and they perform better in terms of feed intake and live weight gains than the crossbred cattle in the Philippines.     

不同净能水平的低蛋白日粮对猪生长性能和养分消化率的影响

选取120头22kg左右的杜×长×大三元杂交健康生长猪,随机分成5个处理,每个处理6个重复,每个重复4头,探讨低蛋白不同净能水平(10.54、10.28、9.96、9.63、9.45MJ/kg)日粮对生长猪生长性能和养分消化率的影响。结果表明:日粮蛋白降低4个百分点,不同净能处理间的采食量和饲料转化率没有显著差异(P>0.05),日增重随净能的下降呈线性增加,以9.45MJ/kg组最高(P<0.05);养分消化率中,除钙的消化率外,其余养分的消化率均随净能水平的增加而线性下降(P<0.05)。降低净能水平后,血清赖氨酸含量线性增加(P=0.03),对其余氨基酸影响差异不显著(P>0.05);对血清尿素氮含量的影响不显著(P>0.05)。由此可得出,低蛋白日粮中净能水平的降低并不影响生长猪的生长性能和养分消化率。     

Joint research on the precise determination of the energy and protein requirements of fattening pigs. 8. The effect of various protein levels on the performance and feed expenditure of fattening pigs

Live weight development and feed expenditure were investigated on 3 levels of protein supply and isocaloric rations in scientific feeding experiments with 10 castrated male pigs each of the genetic origin land race pig X large white fed individually in the live weight range between 30 and 100 kg with a subdivision at 60 kg. In the air-dried matter the crude protein content of the feed mixtures used in the first fattening period was 17.6; 15.7 and 13.7% resp. and in the second fattening period from 60 kg live weight onwards 14.9; 12.8 and 11.4% resp. for the 3 test groups. In both fattening periods the digestibility of the rations and the N-balance were determined at 3 representative animals from each of the 3 groups. The following average live weight gains were achieved in the 3 test groups: 1st fattening period: 662; 592 and 539 g resp.; 2nd X fattening period: 709; 676 and 644 g resp. Feed expenditure over the complete fattening period was 4.2; 4.5 and 5.2 kg air-dried matter per kg live weight gain. The highest protein supply resulted in the best live weight gain performance and the lowest expenditure.