厦门白哈礁人工鱼礁拟投海域渔业资源调查

根据2014年5月在厦门白哈礁人工鱼礁拟投海域及对照海域开展的本底调查所获的渔业资源资料,对人工鱼礁拟投海域和对照区渔业生物的种类组成、数量分布、优势种和多样性等进行了分析研究。调查共鉴定出渔业生物23种,其中笼壶作业12种,刺网作业20种,渔获种类均以蟹类为主。笼壶作业平均生物量为16.34g/(h·10笼),刺网作业平均生物量为37.00g/(h·片)。综合笼壶作业和刺网作业的调查结果,拟建礁区及周边海域春季渔业资源经济种类少、渔获比重小,生物种类多样性水平低,渔业资源结构总体质量较低。     

浙江嵊泗枸杞岛岩礁生境两种刺网采样网具的比较

为寻求适宜于岩礁生境的采样网具和采样方式,于2011年7、8月份进行欧洲引进的定置单片刺网和国内常用定置三重刺网的对比实验,对两种不同采样网具的渔获物组成和差异进行了分析,结果显示:(1)定置单片刺网的渔获量和种类数显著低于定置三重刺网,定置单片刺网捕获鱼类20种,渔获物8 572.6 g,定置三重刺网捕获鱼类29种,渔获总重为20 793 g;(2)定置单片刺网的主要优势种类为褐菖鲉、斑头鱼、棘头梅童鱼,定置三重刺网的主要优势种类为褐菖鲉、鲐、棘头梅童鱼、斑头鱼,欧洲定置单片刺网对鱼类种类的选择稍强于定置三重刺网;(3)两种网具获得的岩礁生境多样性指数无显著性差异,但两种网具的渔获物相似度并不高,仅为0.41;(4)两种网具对渔获大小的选择性不同,定置单片刺网渔获的平均体长为106.1 mm,定置三重刺网为119.1 mm;(5)不同网目下鱼类分布具有一定的选择性,优势种类褐菖鲉、斑头鱼、棘头梅童鱼等集中分布在几个网目尺寸.通过对比实验发现,定置三重刺网的渔获率高于定置单片刺网,渔获体长分布较广,反映的多样性指数并无差异,两者均通过多网目组合来消除选择性强的特点,但欧洲定置单片刺网的设计构造强度较低,渔获效率较低,相比之下,定置三重刺网较为适宜岩礁生境的调查.     

三横山人工鱼礁区鱼类和大型无脊椎动物诱集效果初探

为了解人工鱼礁投放对鱼类和大型无脊椎动物(简称FM,以下同)的诱集效果,分别于2007年5、9月和2009年3、5、7月对上三横山人工鱼礁B区与泥底区进行了拖网本底和跟踪调查,并于2009年1-8月对下三横山人工鱼礁A区与鳗头山岩礁和泥底区进行了刺网调查。采用CPUE、Margalef种类丰富度d、经济种类数变化、Whilm多样性指数H′′等反映FM的资源状况。结果显示,(1)鱼礁A区和岩礁区在CPUE、种类丰富度、经济种和多样性上均无明显差异(P>0.05),而两者各指标与泥底区皆存在显著差异(P<0.05);(2)鱼礁B区,投礁后CPUE和经济种类数都明显高于投礁前也大于同期对照区,差异显著(P<0.05);礁区平均丰富度水平高出同期对照区31.1%(P<0.05);多样性水平相对投礁前和对照区都有一定提高,但尚无显著差异(0.05相似文献   

人工鱼礁区的增殖鱼类资源效果初步研究

2009年春季采用地笼网分别对山东省西港小石岛、牟平养马岛、威海寻山和日照前三岛附近人工鱼礁区及对照区的鱼类资源进行调查.结果表明,人工鱼礁区的鱼类种类数比对照区增加了1.8倍,平均数量和平均质量分别比对照区增加了3.5倍和1.9倍.人工鱼礁区的主要优势种为岩礁性鱼类大泷六线鱼和许氏平鲉.人工鱼礁区鱼类资源的物种丰富度指数、物种多样性指数和物种均匀度指数的均值分别大于对照区相应生态指数数值.人工鱼礁的建设可以增加鱼类资源的种类、数量及鱼类群落的丰富度和多样性.     

天津大神堂海域人工鱼礁区游泳动物群落特征变化

为研究天津大神堂海域人工鱼礁建设初期游泳动物群落特征的变化,于2014年6月10日、7月28日、9月22日对人工鱼礁区和对照区进行三次调查。结果表明:人工鱼礁区游泳动物种类与对照区相近,但优势种种类在6月和7月少于对照区;6月份人工鱼礁区的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数均显著低于7月份和9月份(P﹤0.05),而对照区在各月份没有显著性差异(P﹥0.05);6和7月份人工鱼礁区的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数均显著低于同一月份对照区数值(P﹤0.05);人工鱼礁区渔获物CPUE、渔获数量和埃三极能值仅在7月份存在显著性差异(P﹤0.05);人工鱼礁区各月份经济渔获物CPUE和经济渔获数量与对照区的差异均未达到显著水平;人工鱼礁区经济渔获数量从6月到9月呈逐渐增加的趋势,并且6月和9月达到显著性差异水平,但对照区各月份数值相近。结果表明,人工鱼礁投放初期渔业资源种群会受到一定程度扰动,随着时间的推移人工鱼礁良好生态效益逐步显现。     

渤海口虾蛄三重刺网渔获组成及其捕捞性能分析

为研究渤海口虾蛄(Oratosquilla oratoria)三重刺网的捕捞性能,以河北省昌黎县的口虾蛄三重刺网为基础,于2013年4、5、7月在河北省秦皇岛近海进行50 mm、55 mm、60 mm和65 mm 4种网目尺寸的三重刺网作业性能比较实验,并与60 mm网目单片刺网和底拖网进行渔获对比分析。结果表明:三重刺网具有捕获渔场中绝大多数渔业种类的能力,选择能力较差。春季的渔获种类19种,为渤海近岸底层种类;夏季的渔获种类19种,除了小黄鱼(Pseudosciaena polyactis)和带鱼(Trichiurus lepturus)等底层鱼类外,还有日本鲭(Scomber japonicus)和蓝点马鲛(Scomberomorus niphonius)等中上层鱼类。春季的渔获结构单一,口虾蛄占渔获量的90%以上,主要兼捕种类鲜明鼓虾(Alpheus distinguendus)占4.1%,渔获选择性较好;夏季的渔获中,口虾蛄比例在75%左右,兼捕对象主要为小黄鱼、蓝点马鲛等经济鱼类的幼鱼,对渔业资源造成一定程度的损害,但渔获选择性比底拖网好。单片刺网的选择性最好,但渔获量低,只有三重刺网渔获量的30%左右,无法满足生产要求。建议开展渤海口虾蛄的可捕产量和分区域捕捞管理研究,开发作业性能更优越的口虾蛄专业捕捞渔具。     

朱家尖人工鱼礁区鱼类和大型无脊椎动物群落结构变动初探

基于2002年朱家尖建礁水域的本底调查和2005～2006年4个航次跟踪调查数据,初步探讨了朱家尖人工鱼礁海域投礁前后鱼类和大型无脊椎动物的组成、优势种和群落结构变化。结果表明,投礁后出现的种类数为投礁前的2.8倍,鱼礁海域采集到鱼类和大型无脊椎动物53种,由鱼类、甲壳类和软体类3大类组成,鱼类和甲壳类分别占调查种类的49%和45%;投礁前后,甲壳类优势种发生了很大变化,从低值虾类转变成以日本（Charybdis japonica）和日本鼓虾（Alpheus japonicus）等经济虾、蟹类为主;甲壳类为拖网渔获的主要构成部分;投礁前后鱼类和大型无脊椎动物种类组成具有相近的群落多样性测度值,但皆未达到中等相似水平,优势种在不同月份差异大。人工鱼礁的建设使石首鱼科种类和岩礁性鱼类增加明显,鱼礁生境既具有维持固有种类的优势,还可为更多生物提供栖息地。     

嵊泗人工鱼礁海域鱼类和大型无脊椎动物群落结构特征

为了探明鱼礁生境中群落结构的组成情况,评估人工鱼礁投放取得的生态效果以及探索人工鱼礁投放对整个资源组成情况的影响,根据2004年-2007年嵊泗海域人工鱼礁区及周边海域和自然海域的资源调查资料,对比分析了上述3个海域的资源种类组成、优势种、多样性等群落结构特征。共发现鱼类和大型无脊椎动物150种,其中鱼礁区119种。鱼类和节肢类在生物量和数量上均占较高比例,为3个海域的主要资源组成。鱼礁区在历次调查中共发现季节性优势种类11种,随时间的推移,鱼类作为优势种的次数增多。同步调查中,鱼礁区丰富度和多样性高于其余2个海区,最高丰富度和多样性分别为6.349和3.303,鱼礁周边海域分别为3.982和2.158,自然海域为5.751和3.003。3个区域之间,鱼礁区和自然海域的相似度最高;其次是鱼礁周边海域和自然海域;鱼礁周边海域与鱼礁区的相似度最低。结论认为,鱼礁的投放有利于生物的栖息和聚集,对鱼类的诱集和分布影响明显。     

海州湾人工鱼礁养护资源效果初探

20 0 3年 7月至 2 0 0 3年 12月在连云港海州湾投放了第一批人工鱼礁 ,2 5 0个单体大礁 ,75 0个小礁体 ,30只船礁 ,共计 135 30m3 (空方 )。为了探讨海州湾人工鱼礁投放后鱼礁区的渔业资源养护情况 ,对该海区进行 6个航次的调查 ,投礁前调查 3次 ,投礁后调查 3次。调查结果表明 :人工鱼礁投放后鱼礁区生物多样性指数和丰度均有所增加 ;鱼礁区CPUE比投礁前增加 1倍左右 ,其中鱼类的CPUE增加最多。鱼礁区比对照区相对应时期的CPUE要高许多 ;优势资源种类也有一定的变化。     

大亚湾杨梅坑人工鱼礁区渔业资源变动初步研究

杨梅坑人工鱼礁区位于大亚湾西北部,2007年12月25日完成投礁9．51×10^4m^3,礁区面积2．75km^2。分别于2007年、2008年和2009年春季,采用拖网和刺网相结合的方法,进行了1次建礁前的本底调查和2次建礁后的跟踪调查。结果表明,礁区2次拖网跟踪调查的游泳生物平均渔获种数分别为建礁前调查的2．13倍和2．50倍,平均资源密度分别为建礁前调查的3．38倍和8．19倍,平均尾数资源密度分别为建礁前调查的11．57倍和23．39倍。礁区2次刺网跟踪调查礁区游泳生物平均渔获种数分别为建礁前的2．29倍和3．14倍,平均渔获率分别为建礁前的5．51倍和9．49倍,平均尾数渔获率分别为建礁前的11．33倍和10．06倍。渔业资源生物多样性指数呈上升趋势。     

Direct interaction between wild fish aggregations at fish farms and fisheries activity at fishing grounds: a case study with Boops boops

Coastal aquaculture installations concentrate large numbers of wild fish species of both ecological and economic importance, including schools of bogue, Boops boops (L.), in high abundance and biomass. The aggregated species consume large quantities of the easily available pellets lost from cages. As a consequence, the physical condition of farm‐associated wild fish is increased and their physiology is altered. These changes may influence local fisheries as many of these aggregating species are targeted by fishers. We assess whether local fishers catch wild fish that have previously aggregated at fish farms by comparing the body condition, trophic indexes, diet overlap and the fatty acid (FA) composition of B. boops obtained from local fish markets and around fish farms. Bogue captured by trammel‐nets and around fish farms facilities presented a similar biological condition, as well as high quantities of pellets in the gut, and their FA profile was affected by vegetal‐derived FAs. In contrast, bogue captured by trawlers were not influenced by fish farms, as they consumed natural trophic resources. We conclude that artisanal fishers exploit these aggregated fish populations once they have dispersed away from farms, and benefit from a ‘biomass export’ from fish farms at a local scale.     

Incidental capture of Caretta caretta in trammel nets off the western coast of Sardinia (Italy): statistical models of capture abundance and immediate survival

• 1. Trammel nets are one important cause of sea turtle mortality resulting from incidental capture. This study presents findings over a 10‐year period during which loggerhead turtle by‐catch in trammel nets, set off the central west coast of Sardinia (Italy) in the summer months, was recorded by 17 fishing vessels.
• 2. Since the by‐catch registered represented counts of a rare event, data from the 17 vessels were used in the zero‐inflated Poisson (ZIP) model to determine the abundance of turtle by‐catch in trammel nets of the entire fleet, while a binomial generalized linear model was used to assess the probability of immediate survival for sea turtles incidentally caught in this gear.
• 3. The ZIP model quantified in about 45% the probability that 0.6 turtles have been caught by each vessel using trammel nets during summer over the 10‐year period. In addition, the model estimated a total of 916 by‐catch if the entire small‐scale fleet was to use trammel nets in the study area in the summers between 1992 and 2001, with a direct mortality rate of 69%.
• 4. The probability of immediate survival for sea turtles caught in trammel nets seems to be directly related to the size of the specimens caught; however, this relationship is plausible only when incidental capture in the net occurs shortly before gear retrieval.
• 5. The study area represents a region where the abundance of sea turtle by‐catch per vessel in trammel nets was much higher in July and August than in June and could represent a potential hot spot for the presence of juvenile loggerhead turtles, with high levels of interactions between the species and this fishing gear. Further research should better characterize the incidents of by‐catch and assess potential innovative solutions that allow small‐scale fisheries to coexist alongside sea turtles. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

     

东海区单层流刺网对棘绿鳍鱼的选择性

为了解东莞生态园湿地水域群落结构特征,探讨2种类型刺网 (沉网和浮网)及不同网目网片渔获物组成的差异性,实验利用多网目 (1.0、1.25、1.6、2.0、2.5、3.1、3.9、4.8、5.8、7.0、8.6和11.0 cm)单层刺网对该湿地的鱼类进行了调查。研究期间共采集到13种鱼类,相对重要性指数显示,海南似鱎和莫桑比克罗非鱼为优势种,前者密度最高 (占84.8%),后者生物量居多 (40.2%)。渔获物物种组成沉浮网间差异显著,但单位努力捕捞数量 (NPUE)、单位努力捕获重量 (BPUE)及物种数与沉浮网间均无显著差异;海南似鱎的NPUE在2种类型刺网间无显著差异,但莫桑比克罗非鱼和尼罗罗非鱼的NPUE浮网显著低于沉网。12个网目网片的渔获物物种聚成2类,1.0~2.0 cm网目网片渔获物聚为1类,海南似鱎为指示种;2.5~11.0 cm片的聚为另1类,莫桑比克罗非鱼和尼罗罗非鱼为指示种。渔获物大小结构聚为2类,1.0~3.9 cm网目网片渔获物聚为1类,4.8~11.0 cm网目网片的聚为另1类。随着网目大小增加,渔获物平均体长线性递增,NPUE呈幂函数式下降。研究表明,为对内陆水域鱼类群落特征进行更加科学地估计,刺网需要增加1~2 cm网目网片,且需要同时放置沉网和浮网进行鱼类调查。     

Sampling fish assemblages in forested floodplain wetlands

Abstract– Four quantitative (area-standardized electrofishing, trap nets, small-mesh [1.3 and 2-cm bar mesh] gill nets, large-mesh [2.5 and 5-cm bar mesh] gill nets) and two qualitative (non-standardized electrofishing, dip netting) sampling techniques were concurrently used to capture larval to adult fish in forested wetland habitats on seasonally inundated floodplains of two Alabama (USA) streams. Standardized area electrofishing appeared to be the best sampling technique for collecting and quantifying species because of high catch rate, broad species and size coverage, and rapid sampling. Electrofishing accounted for most fish (47 and 57% of pooled catch), almost all taxa, and a broad range of fish sizes. Large-mesh gill nets captured few fish (2% and 8%), a distinct subset of the species present, and the largest fish. Light traps were the most efficient and taxa-comprehensive sampling technique for larval fish. Light traps captured the vast majority of the pooled larval fish catch, including 6 of 7 families recorded at the sites. Larval fish dip netting captured larval fish of most families known to be present but in low numbers. For surveys of species composition and rapid bioassessments, nonstandardized electrofishing and larval fish dip netting appear adequate. For intensive research studies, the combination of area electrofishing, large-mesh (and in some cases small-mesh) gill nets, and light traps provide thorough and comprehensive data on wetland fish assemblages.     

Pinger affects fish catch efficiency and damage to bottom gill nets related to bottlenose dolphins

There is some evidence that the presence of Tursiops truncatus in fishing areas represents a real economic threat to fishermen due the dolphin feeding on the entangled fish, damaging the nets and reducing the fish catch. We have carried out experiments to assess the efficiency of a pinger in decreasing the interaction between the dolphins and fishing nets, in a fishing area off the coast of southern Italy, where Tursiops truncatus is frequently observed to interact with bottom gill nets. Two identical monofilament bottom gill nets (900 m long), one equipped with pingers and the other without, were used to measure the effect of these pingers on the abundance of the catch and net damage. For each haul (58 in total), data on dolphin sightings near the nets, damage judged to have been done by dolphins, weight and species composition of the catch were collected. All damage to the nets were recorded at the end of each haul. Dolphins in the fishing area were sighted 11 times out of 29 fishing activities (38%). The net equipped with pingers contained 28% more fish (biomass) than the net without pingers (t test, P < 0.04) and was less damaged (−31%, t test, P < 0.01). To assess whether the efficacy of these pingers remain constant over long period, long-term experiments should be carried out.     

人工鱼礁物理稳定性及其生态效应的研究进展

为探究人工鱼礁投放后的不同底质对底栖游泳生物群落结构特征的影响,实验以海区中央投放的构件礁划分半径为20、400和600 m 3个样带,采用地笼与摄像相结合的方法,分别于2017年6月和8月、2018年6月 (2次)、2019年6月和7月在小竹山岛人工鱼礁区进行了6个航次的调查。应用相对重要性指数 (IRI)、主坐标分析 (PCoA)和单因素方差分析等分析群落时空组成变化,利用广义加性模型 (GAM)研究环境因子对单位捕捞努力量 (CPUE)和多样性指数的影响。IRI和PCoA测定结果显示,地笼主要捕获日本蟳、海燕、大泷六线鱼、许氏平鲥及其他梭形鱼类;摄像主要捕获海燕等棘皮类、葛氏长臂虾、纹缟虾虎鱼、六丝钝尾虾虎鱼、钟馗虾虎鱼及矛尾刺虾虎鱼。单因素方差分析显示,两种采样方法在200和400 m样带的CPUE均较高,与600 m样带有显著差异,但年份间无显著差异。GAM模型显示,CPUE随投礁年份和底质类型的复杂度增加而增加,与构件礁及石块礁底质呈正相关,且受盐度及温度影响。多样性指数在样带、年际间无显著差异,GAM模型显示,其在地笼渔获物的多样性指数显著高于摄像,并受盐度、透明度影响,但与底质类型无关。本研究揭示了不同底质对底栖游泳生物的影响,证明了地笼与摄像结合调查方法的互补性,为多种鱼礁底质的管理提供参考依据。

     

离底拖网的游泳动物群落特征——以兄弟岛渔场为例

为探究离底拖网对游泳动物的群落结构以及捕捞量的影响,于2019年9月和2020年9月在福建海域兄弟岛渔场开展了36网次的底拖网专项试验,通过调整曳纲长度控制底拖网作业过程中的网位变动,分别保持底拖网作业在贴底或离底1 m的状态,以物种组成、渔获量对数均值、优势度、多度谱、多样性等参数,分析和比较了贴底拖和离底拖的游泳动物群落结构变化。结果显示:贴底拖和离底拖游泳动物的种类数分别为126种和79种,贴底拖游泳动物的总尾数和总体质量均为离底拖的3倍,贴底拖的渔获量对数均值比离底拖要高0.36,表明贴底拖网的渔获物以栖息于底层的游泳动物为主;贴底拖的游泳动物多样性、均匀度和丰富度分别为2.81、0.65和10.01,均高于离底拖(2.29、0.60和8.13),经济幼鱼的比例更高,说明贴底拖会对游泳动物的多样性以及幼鱼造成更大的损害;离底拖游泳动物的优势度指数为0.41,高于贴底拖的0.29,其多度谱曲线更陡,说明近底层游泳动物群落优势种分布更集中、数量分布不均匀。研究结果可以为底拖网渔业的科学管理提供依据。     

东莞生态园湿地鱼类群落结构

为了解东莞生态园湿地水域群落结构特征,探讨2种类型刺网(沉网和浮网)及不同网目网片渔获物组成的差异性,实验利用多网目(1.0、1.25、1.6、2.0、2.5、3.1、3.9、4.8、5.8、7.0、8.6和11.0 cm)单层刺网对该湿地的鱼类进行了调查。研究期间共采集到13种鱼类,相对重要性指数显示,海南似和莫桑比克罗非鱼为优势种,前者密度最高(占84.8%),后者生物量居多(40.2%)。渔获物物种组成沉浮网间差异显著,但单位努力捕捞数量(NPUE)、单位努力捕获重量(BPUE)及物种数与沉浮网间均无显著差异;海南似的NPUE在2种类型刺网间无显著差异,但莫桑比克罗非鱼和尼罗罗非鱼的NPUE浮网显著低于沉网。12个网目网片的渔获物物种聚成2类,1.0～2.0 cm网目网片渔获物聚为1类,海南似为指示种;2.5～11.0 cm片的聚为另1类,莫桑比克罗非鱼和尼罗罗非鱼为指示种。渔获物大小结构聚为2类,1.0～3.9 cm网目网片渔获物聚为1类,4.8～11.0 cm网目网片的聚为另1类。随着网目大小增加,渔获物平均体长线性递增,NPUE呈幂函数式下降。研究表明,为对内陆水域鱼类群落...     

Comparative analysis of ichthyoplankton sampling gear for early life stages of walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma)

Comparative gear tows were conducted during the summers of 1987–1990 in the Gulf of Alaska. Efficiencies of four types of ichthyoplankton sampling gear were compared with respect to total catch and size distribution of larval fish. Fish were sampled using the bongo net (333 and 505 μm mesh), 1 m Tucker net, 3 m Tucker net and the Methot frame net. Results indicate that the bongo and the 1 m Tucker nets caught similar numbers and size distribution of fish. The larger 3 m Tucker and Method frame nets caught a larger size class of fish but a smaller total catch. Although there was a slightly significant diel difference in total catch detected in the smaller nets, no diel differences in size distribution of fish caught were detected for any of the nets.