基因表达系列分析技术研究进展

基因表达系列分析技术是一种以测序为基础,采用数字化分析手段,在转录物水平上研究细胞或组织基因表达模式的有效工具.该技术不仅能够全面地分析特定组织或细胞表达的基因,获得这些基因表达丰度的数量信息,还可比较不同组织、不同时空条件下基因表达的差异,具有高通量、高效性的特点,并能发现新基因.论文就基因表达系列分析技术的原理、特点及其改进进行综述.     

mRNA差异显示技术及其在动物科学研究中的应用

基因表达的变化是调控细胞生命活动过程的核心机制,分析不同细胞或同类细胞在不同发育阶段、不同生理状态下基因的表达状况,可以为研究生命活动过程提供重要信息。mRNA差异显示技术(differentialdisplay,DD)是目前应用比较广泛的在mRNA水平上检测基因表达的方法之一。本文介绍了mRNA差异显示技术原理及其优缺点,对包括引物设计改进、反应条件的优化、差异条带显示方法改进和降低假阳性策略等在内的技术改进进行了概述,对mRNA差异显示技术在动物生理学和病理学、动物胚胎、个体发育、动物遗传育种、动物营养研究中的应用作了概括介绍。     

反转录差异显示技术及其方法的改进

运用mRNA反转录差异显示技术可以了解不同细胞或同类细胞在不同发育阶段、不同生理状态下的基因表达状况 ,为研究生命活动过程提供重要信息。文章对差异显示反转录聚合酶链式反应技术的基本原理 ,优点与缺点 ,以及近年来对该技术涉及的RT PCR方法、引物设计、PCR反应参数、电泳及差异条带的显示方法以及杂交方式进行了论述和评价 ,并对其应用前景进行了简单分析。     

抑制性差减杂交技术(SSH)及其研究应用进展

高等生物大约含有 10万个不同的基因 ,其中仅有 15 %即 15 0 0 0个表达 ,基因表达的变化是调控细胞生命活动过程的核心机制 [1 ] 。因此 ,通过比较同一类细胞在不同生理状态下或在不同生长发育阶段的基因表达差异 ,可为分析生命活动过程提供重要信息。生物体几乎所有的生命活动过程包括病理的变化 ,从本质上讲均是基因表达变化的结果。因此 ,关于真核生物发育过程中基因表达与调控的研究已引起人们的高度重视。过去 ,人们对差异表达基因的分离主要依赖于示差筛选和差别杂交技术 ,但它们又存在着重复性差、敏感度低等缺点。近几年 ,随着 PC…     

mRNA差异显示技术及其在寄生虫学研究中的应用

mRNA差异显示技术是在基因转录水平上研究差异表达和性状差异的有效方法之一.该技术以其简便、灵敏和RNA用量少,且可同时比较多组样品等优点成为目前该领域中最受青睐的技术之一.但是,该技术也存在假阳性率高、所得差异片段较短等诸多不足.针对这些缺陷,人们在引物的设计、PCR循环参数的优化、阳性克隆的鉴定等方面进行了改进.文章就该技术的原理、优越性、主要缺点、技术改进及其在寄生虫学研究中的应用方面进行了综述.     

mRNA差异显示技术研究综述

分析一对细胞或组织在不同状态下基因表达的差异,已成为分子生物学研究领域的热点之一,用于识别差异表达基因的方法有多种,DDRT-PCR是近年来较为广泛应用的一种技术。DDRT-PCR技术有很多优点,但同时也存在不少问题,通过对其进行不断地改进使这项技术在分子生物学中能更好更广地应用。     

mRNA差异显示技术及其在猪基因组研究中的应用

差异显示是一种快速分离、鉴定不同细胞类型基因表达差异的有效方法。此技术自建立以来便广泛应用于比较研究中 ;本文简要介绍了有关差异显示的原理及在猪基因组研究中的应用     

抑制性消减杂交技术在动物疫病防控中的应用

抑制性消减杂交技术(SSH)是一种高效分离差异表达基因的方法,可以在转录水平研究机体在不同生理时期、环境变化、疾病等条件下的基因表达差异,因其具有灵敏度高,重复性好的特点,已被广泛用于寻找差异基因的研究。为筛选与病原体致病相关基因,了解病原体与感染细胞之间的分子响应机制,从分子水平探讨某病原体的致病机制;为研究不同强弱毒株之间的毒力差异,寻找新的毒力基因。应用SSH技术,可以同时从病原体和宿主细胞两个层面进行基因表达差异研究。通过构建病原体表达的差减文库或宿主细胞的表达差异文库,分别寻找病原体或宿主细胞的差异表达基因,为进一步研究病原体在机体内引起的各种病变的分子机制,以及今后动物疫病的基因治疗及基因疫苗的研制奠定基础。     

几种差异表达基因筛选方法比较

生命有机体在不同发育时期不同部位的基因表达具有差异性,其按照时间和空间顺序有序地进行复杂而精细的网络调控过程。基因的这种差异表达决定着每一个生命体的生长发育、分化、细胞周期调控、衰老及死亡等生命过程。比较不同细胞或不同     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein