Effects of medium‐chain fatty acid‐cyclodextrin complexes on ruminal methane production in vitro

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate effects of medium‐chain fatty acid‐cyclodextrin (CD) complexes on ruminal methane and volatile fatty acid production, and protozoal activity in vitro. Medium‐chain fatty acid‐CDs used in this study were caprylic acid (C8)‐αCD or ‐βCD, capric acid (C10)‐αCD or ‐βCD, and lauric acid (C12)‐αCD or ‐βCD. A 60‐mL of diluted rumen fluid was incubated anaerobically at 38°C for 6 h with the addition of the complex (10–40 mg as fatty acid). Each of the fatty acid‐CDs reduced the number of protozoa, with the order C10 > C12 > C8, and βCD complexes were more effective than αCD complexes. Molar proportions of acetic acid remained unchanged with the addition of fatty acid‐CD, while that of propionic acid increased, being significant for C8‐αCD and βCD, and C10‐αCD and βCD (P < 0.05). Hydrogen production decreased by about 70% of control with the addition of 40 mg of C8 and C10‐CD, on the other hand, it tended to increase with the addition of C12‐CD in both αCD and βCD. Methane production decreased by about 20% with the addition of 40 mg of complexes, except for C10‐βCD, which significantly reduced methane production by about 60%. In conclusion, the addition of C8 or C10‐CD to ruminant diets may be effective in reducing methane production.     

In vitro rumen fermentation and methane production are influenced by active components of essential oils combined with fumarate

Two trials were conducted to identify the optimal levels of essential oil active components (EOAC) and their combination with fumarate on in vitro rumen fermentation. In trial 1, eugenol, carvacrol, citral and cinnamaldehyde were mixed at ratios of 1:2:3:4, 2:1:4:3, 3:4:1:2, 4:3:2:1 and 1:1:1:1 to make up five combinations (EOAC1, EOAC2, EOAC3, EOAC4 and EOAC5 respectively). The mixtures were supplied at levels of 0, 50, 200 or 500 mg/l to identify the optimal combination for methane reduction. Methane production and ammonia nitrogen were decreased by adding EOAC, irrespective of component compounds, but the production of gas and total volatile fatty acids (VFA) were also decreased. Hydrogen balance analysis indicated that the ratio of hydrogen consumed via methane to hydrogen consumed via VFA was lowest at 200 mg/l of EOAC5 treatment, from which the proportional change in methane was more than the change in VFA, with 31.5% of methane reduction and 12.9% of VFA reduction. In trial 2, 200 mg/l of EOAC5 was added with 0, 5, 10 and 15 mm monosodium fumarate to see whether fumarate had a further effect on rumen fermentation. The addition of fumarate had no influence on gas production, but it further decreased methane and increased the total VFA in comparison with EOAC added solely, with the greatest decrease occurring in methane (78.1%) from 10 mm of fumarate. Quantification of the microbial populations in rumen fluids by RT‐PCR showed that methanogen, protozoa, fungi, Fibrobacter succinogenes and Ruminococcus flavefaciens populations were significantly decreased by EOAC5, but were not influenced by fumarate. In summary, the addition of EOAC had consistent effects on rumen fermentation parameters, but high levels of EOAC would induce the inhibition of rumen fermentation. Adding fumarate can enhance the methane‐inhibiting effect of EOAC, and the decrease was higher than that calculated stoichiometrically.     

肉桂油和牛至油及其主要成分对体外瘤胃发酵和甲烷产生的影响

采用压力读取式体外产气法,研究了肉桂油、牛至油及其主要成分肉桂醛、香芹酚在0(对照组)、50、200、500、750 mg/L 5个水平下添加对瘤胃甲烷产量、氨氮浓度、各挥发酸浓度等指标的影响。结果表明,添加植物挥发油及其主要单体时,瘤胃甲烷和总挥发性脂肪酸产量随添加浓度的增加而降低,但高浓度添加(500,750 mg/L)时,显著抑制瘤胃发酵。添加50 mg/L的牛至油和肉桂油可分别降低甲烷13.3%和21.2%,而对总挥发性脂肪酸影响较小。200 mg/L挥发油添加降低了氨氮浓度和乙丙酸比,但也显著降低了总挥发性脂肪酸。牛至油和肉桂油对瘤胃发酵的影响与其主要成分肉桂醛、香芹酚具有相似趋势,但香芹酚和肉桂醛对瘤胃发酵的抑制作用强于牛至油和肉桂油;挥发油及其主要组分的添加水平是影响其作用效果的重要因素。     

活性干酵母和纤维素酶对草原红牛瘤胃挥发性脂肪酸浓度及甲烷排放的影响

利用大型动物开放式呼吸测热装置等设备,研究活性干酵母和纤维素酶对草原红牛瘤胃挥发性脂肪酸浓度及甲烷排放的影响。试验选用8月龄、体况相近的草原红牛公牛4头,采用4×4拉丁方试验设计分为4组:Ⅰ组为对照组,饲喂基础日粮,Ⅱ组在基础日粮中添加200 mg/kg活性干酵母,Ⅲ组在基础日粮中添加190 mg/kg纤维素酶,Ⅳ组在基础日粮中添加200 mg/kg活性干酵母和190 mg/kg纤维素酶,试验分4期,每期37 d。结果表明,日粮中添加活性干酵母后,对瘤胃内丙酸浓度和总挥发性脂肪酸浓度影响显著(P<0.05),Ⅱ、Ⅳ组总挥发性脂肪酸浓度和丙酸浓度显著高于Ⅰ、Ⅲ组(P<0.05);活性干酵母显著抑制了草原红牛甲烷的产生(P<0.05),Ⅱ组甲烷排放量比Ⅰ组降低9.84%;纤维素酶对草原红牛瘤胃挥发性脂肪酸及甲烷排放的影响均不显著(P>0.05)。因此,日粮中添加活性干酵母能促进草原红牛瘤胃发酵,增加丙酸浓度,并显著降低甲烷排放,减少能量损失。     

不同植物精油对体外瘤胃发酵及甲烷产量影响的比较研究

在底物精粗比为6∶4的条件下,在底物中添加不同剂量[使发酵液中植物精油的浓度分别为0(对照)、50、100、200和400 mg/L]的丁子香酚、D-柠烯、茴香脑、肉桂醛、百里香酚或香芹酚,通过体外产气法比较研究不同植物精油对体外瘤胃发酵和甲烷(CH4)产量的影响。每种植物精油的每个剂量设3个重复。体外模拟瘤胃发酵培养24 h,测定产气量和气体中的CH4含量以及发酵液的p H、挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)和氨态氮(NH3-N)浓度。结果表明:1)除百里香酚外,添加各种植物精油对体外发酵液p H均无显著影响(P0.05)。2)添加丁子香酚、D-柠烯、茴香脑和肉桂醛对体外发酵液总VFA浓度没有显著影响(P0.05),但总VFA浓度随百里香酚和香芹酚浓度的增加呈二次曲线变化(PQ0.01)。与对照组相比,添加400 mg/L百里香酚和香芹酚显著降低体外发酵液总VFA浓度(P0.01)。D-柠烯、茴香脑、百里香酚和香芹酚的添加改变了各VFA占总VFA的摩尔百分比。与对照组相比,添加50 mg/L D-柠烯和茴香脑使乙酸比例显著增加(P0.05),丙酸比例显著降低(P0.05);而添加400 mg/L D-柠烯和茴香脑则使乙酸比例显著下降(P0.05),丙酸和丁酸比例显著上升(P0.05)。百里香酚和香芹酚的添加对乙酸比例没有产生显著影响(P0.05),与对照组相比,400 mg/L百里香酚和香芹酚使丙酸比例显著下降(P0.05)。3)添加茴香脑、百里香酚和香芹酚显著影响体外发酵液NH3-N浓度(P0.05),与对照组相比,400 mg/L百里香酚和香芹酚显著降低NH3-N浓度(P0.05)。4)添加D-柠烯、茴香脑、肉桂醛对体外发酵24 h产气量没有显著影响(P0.05)。与对照组相比,各浓度的百里香酚和香芹酚均显著降低体外发酵24 h产气量(P0.05),且产气量随百里香酚和香芹酚浓度的增加呈二次曲线变化(PQ0.01)。5)添加D-柠烯、茴香脑和肉桂醛对体外发酵24 h CH4产量没有显著影响(P0.05)。与对照组相比,50和100 mg/L的丁子香酚显著增加体外发酵24 h CH4产量(P0.05),而400 mg/L的百里香酚和香芹酚体外发酵24 h CH4产量分别降低84.7%(P0.05)和73.9%(P0.05)。综合以上试验结果可知,不同植物精油对体外瘤胃发酵和CH4产量的影响结果不同,且与添加剂量有关。其中,低剂量的百里香酚和香芹酚促进体外瘤胃发酵,而高剂量的百里香酚和香芹酚抑制体外瘤胃发酵且显著降低24 h CH4产量。     

Incorporation of soya oil hydrolysate in the diet of defaunated or refaunated sheep: effect on rumen fermentation in vitro

The effects of incorporation in the diet of 7% soya oil hydrolysate (SOH) on in vitro incubations of cellobiose + maltose, maize starch and casein by rumen microbes were studied using defaunated and refaunated sheep as rumen fluid donors. Feeding refaunated sheep the SOH supplemented diet lowered the protozoal numbers in the rumen from 1.61 10(6)/ml to 6.1 10(5)/ml. SOH addition reduced in vitro methane production, rather by a depletion of methanogens is than by a simple inhibition of their activity. This reduction seemed to be independent of protozoa depletion. With cellobiose-maltose and maize starch incubations, SOH supplementation increased molar proportion of propionate while acetate decreased. Both variations could be linked to the inhibition of methanogenesis. Volatile fatty acid production from casein was strongly reduced by SOH supplementation with or without protozoa in the rumen of the donors animals.     

Reducing methane production by supplementation of Terminalia chebula RETZ. containing tannins and saponins

This study investigates the effects of Terminalia chebula Retz. meal supplementation on rumen fermentation and methane (CH₄) production by using an in vitro gas technique. The experimental design was a completely randomized design (CRD) and the dietary treatments were T. chebula supplementation at 0, 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 mg with 0.5 g of roughage and concentrate ratio at 60:40. The results revealed that cumulative gas production (96 h of incubation) were higher (P < 0.01) with T. chebula supplementation at 12, 16 and 20 mg than other treatments. However, in vitro dry matter degradability (IVDMD) and in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) were not significantly different among treatments (P > 0.05). The NH₃‐N concentrations tended to quadratically increase with increasing levels of T. chebula in the diet. In addition, total volatile fatty acids (VFA) and propionate concentrations were increased (P < 0.01), while acetate concentration, acetate‐to‐propionate ratio, CH₄ production and protozoal populations were decreased (P < 0.01) when supplemented with T. chebula at 8, 12 and 16 mg, respectively. Based on this study, it could be concluded that supplementation of T. chebula at 12 mg could improve rumen fermentation by reducing CH₄ production and protozoa populations, thus improving in vitro gas production and VFA profiles.     

Sulphur availability and microbial fermentation in the fauna-free rumen.

The concentration of H2S and rate of feed digestion, VFA and methane production in the rumen were measured in sulphur deficient (-S) and S supplemented (+S) sheep while fauna-free (-P) and after refaunation (+P). The concentration of rumen H2S was increased by S supplementation but was not affected by the presence of protozoa. When fauna-free, -S sheep had reduced rates of feed digestion (30 v 48%/d), acetate synthesis (35 v 115 g/d) and methane synthesis (0.4 v 7.4 g C/d) compared to +S sheep and up to 36% (v/v) of total rumen gas was H2. When these sheep were given a single dose of 8.8 g Na2SO4, the proportion of methane increased and the proportion of H2 in rumen gas decreased. After refaunation of sheep, their rates of feed digestion, VFA production and methane production were higher and were not affected by the level of S. From this differential response to S deficiency by -P and +P sheep, it is concluded rumen protozoa increase the availability of S to other rumen microbes. This is probably because they degrade protein through to peptides and amino acids.     

Dynamics of methanogenesis,ruminal fermentation and fiber digestibility in ruminants following elimination of protozoa: a meta-analysis

Background: Ruminal microbes are vital to the conversion of lignocellulose-rich plant materials into nutrients for ruminants.Although protozoa play a key role in linking ruminal microbial networks,the contribution of protozoa to rumen fermentation remains controversial; therefore,this meta-analysis was conducted to quantitatively summarize the temporal dynamics of methanogenesis,ruminal volatile fatty acid(VFA) profiles and dietary fiber digestibility in ruminants following the elimination of protozoa(also termed defaunation).A total of 49 studies from 22 publications were evaluated.Results: The results revealed that defaunation reduced methane production and shifted ruminal VFA profiles to consist of more propionate and less acetate and butyrate,but with a reduced total VFA concentration and decreased dietary fiber digestibility.However,these effects were diminished linearly,at different rates,with time during the first few weeks after defaunation,and eventually reached relative stability.The acetate to propionate ratio and methane production were increased at 7 and 11 wk after defaunation,respectively.Conclusions: Elimination of protozoa initially shifted the rumen fermentation toward the production of more propionate and less methane,but eventually toward the production of less propionate and more methane over time.     

日粮中添加玉米油对肉牛瘤胃发酵的影响

3头装有瘤胃瘘管的成年杂种牛 ,按 3× 3拉丁方试验设计 ,饲以添加 0 %、4 %和 8%玉米油的稻草和精料混合料 ( 2 1 )日粮。在饲喂后 2、4、6、8h采集瘤胃液样品 ,分别测定瘤胃液pH值、NH3-N和VFA浓度。结果表明 ,添加 4 %和 8%玉米油对瘤胃液pH值、NH3-N浓度没有显著影响 (P >0 .0 5) ;添加玉米油 4 %对瘤胃总VFA浓度没有显著影响 (P >0 .0 5) ,但添加 8%玉米油使瘤胃总VFA和乙酸浓度显著下降 (P <0 .0 5)。添加 8%以下的玉米油对丙酸、丁酸浓度没有影响 (P >0 .0 5) ,结果使乙酸 /丙酸比值从 3.75分别下降到 3.2 6和 3.1 4 (P <0 .0 5)。     

Effects of supplemental lauric acid-rich oils in high-grain diet on in vitro rumen fermentation

A series of in vitro studies were performed to evaluate the effects of lauric acid (LA)‐rich oils on rumen fermentation with a high‐grain diet. Soy oil (SO) and palm oil (PO) as long‐chain fatty acid triglycerides, palm kernel oil (PKO), coconut oil (CO), powdered coconut oil (pCO) and coconut oil calcium salt (COCa) as medium‐chain LA‐rich oils were used as tested additives. Rumen fluid from steers fed high‐grain diet was incubated with ground corn with or without oil supplementation (2.0 g/L) for 6 h at 39°C to monitor rumen products. Methane production decreased, while hydrogen production increased on LA‐rich oils except COCa. All the LA‐rich oils increased total volatile fatty acids (VFA) production and molar proportion of propionate. Also, amylase activity in culture was higher when these oils were added. The most potent additives, pCO and free LA, were further tested to determine dose–response of rumen fermentation. Powdered coconut oil and LA altered rumen fermentation toward more propionate production by supplementation at 1.2 and 0.3 g/L, respectively. These results suggest that some LA‐rich oils and free LA could be used for improving rumen fermentation under high‐grain diet feeding conditions.     

Dietary dragon fruit (Hylocereus undatus) peel powder improved in vitro rumen fermentation and gas production kinetics

Plant phytophenols especially condensed tannins (CT) and saponins (SP) have been demonstrated to impact on rumen fermentation. Dragon fruit (Hylocereus undatus) peel powder (DFPP) contains both CT and SP. The current study aimed to investigate the influence of DFPP and varying levels of concentrate and roughage ratios on gas production kinetics, nutrient degradability, and methane production “using in vitro gas production technique.” The dietary treatments were arranged according to a 3?×?5 Factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design. The two experimental factors consisted of the roughage to concentrate (R:C) ratio (100:0, 70:30, and 30:70) and the levels of DFPP supplementation (0, 1, 2, 3, and 4% of the substrate) on DM basis. The results revealed that the R:C ratio at 30:70 had the highest cumulative gas production when compared to other ratios (P?<?0.01). The in vitro true dry matter degradability at 12 and 24 h was affected by R:C ratio (P?<?0.01). Furthermore, volatile fatty acids (VFA) and propionate (C3) were significantly increased by the levels of DFPP, while acetate (C2) and C2:C3 ratios were decreased (P?<?0.05). The rumen protozoal population was significantly decreased by DFPP supplementation (P?<?0.05). Rumen methane production was significantly impacted by R:C ratios and decreased when the level of DFPP increased (P?<?0.01), while NH₃-N and ruminal pH were not influenced by the DFPP supplement. It could be summarized that supplementation of DFPP resulted in improved rumen fermentation kinetics and could be used as a dietary source to mitigate rumen methane production, hence reducing greenhouse gas production.

     

Influence of Carotino oil on in vitro rumen fermentation,metabolism and apparent biohydrogenation of fatty acids

The study appraised the effects of Carotino oil on in vitro rumen fermentation, gas production, metabolism and apparent biohydrogenation of oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids. Carotino oil was added to a basal diet (50% concentrate and 50% oil palm frond) at the rate of 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8% dry matter of the diet. Rumen inoculum was obtained from three fistulated Boer bucks and incubated with 200 mg of each treatment for 24 h at 39°C. Gas production, fermentation kinetics, in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD), volatile fatty acids (VFA), in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), metabolizable energy and free fatty acids were determined. Carotino oil did not affect (P > 0.05) gas production, metabolizable energy, pH, IVOMD, IVDMD, methane, total and individual VFAs. However, Carotino oil decreased (P < 0.05) the biohydrogenation of linoleic and linolenic acids but enhanced (P < 0.05) the biohydrogenation of oleic acid. After 24 h incubation, the concentrations of stearic, palmitic, pentadecanoic, myristic, myristoleic and lauric acids decreased (P < 0.05) while the concentration of linolenic, linoleic, oleic and transvaccenic acids and conjugated linoleic acid (CLAc9t11) increased (P < 0.05) with increasing levels of Carotino oil. Carotino oil seems to enhance the accumulation of beneficial unsaturated fatty acids without disrupting rumen fermentation.     

2008-2009年反刍动物营养研究进展 Ⅱ.外源添加剂对瘤胃发酵的调控

作者综述了2009年在ADSA-ASAS大会和CNKI、PubMed等数据库中外源添加剂(离子载体、酶制剂、植物提取物、饲用微生物)对瘤胃发酵调控的相关文献39篇。离子载体如莫能菌素主要通过促进瘤胃丙酸的产生,抑制生物氢化菌,促进长链脂肪酸在瘤胃内发生不完全氢化等瘤胃调控作用,从而缓解反刍动物的能量负平衡,减少甲烷排放,降低乳中脂肪含量。酶制剂(包括纤溶酶和淀粉酶等)在饲喂前加入日粮中能够免受瘤胃蛋白酶的降解,并保持酶活性,促进饲料的消化。植物提取物中皂角甙通过抑制原虫生长降低甲烷的排放,动物长期采食富含单宁的植物可产生单宁耐受菌,并且单宁的植物提取物可影响瘤胃的生物氢化作用,植物精油对瘤胃的调控作用包括减少淀粉和蛋白的降解,以及通过对某种瘤胃微生物的选择性作用抑制氨氮的降解。饲用微生物(主要有酵母菌、乳酸菌、芽孢杆菌等)能增加营养物质消化率,改变瘤胃发酵模式,增加瘤胃微生物菌群,但其益生效果与泌乳阶段、日粮类型、环境条件有关。     

添加不同水平单宁酸对绵羊体外发酵参数和甲烷产量的影响

本试验以精料、青干草和单宁酸作为发酵底物,研究添加不同水平单宁酸对绵羊体外发酵参数和甲烷产量、干物质和粗蛋白质降解率的影响,以期为体内试验筛选适宜的单宁酸浓度,为富含单宁的粗饲料资源应用于反刍动物日粮配制及减少反刍动物养殖过程种甲烷排放提供科学依据。采用体外批次培养法开展研究,发酵底物为精料、青干草和单宁酸,设置底物的精粗比为3∶7。根据单宁酸添加量分为6组,单宁酸添加量分别为0、0.5%、1.0%、1.5%、2.0%、3.0%,发酵时间设置为3、6、12和24 h,每个处理3个重复,测定各培养时间pH、氨氮（NH₃-N）浓度、挥发性脂肪酸（VFA）浓度、总产气量、甲烷产量、干物质和粗蛋白质降解率。结果显示,培养至3 h时,1.0%和2.0%单宁酸添加组pH显著高于对照组（P<0.05）,其他时间点各组pH无显著差异（P>0.05）;1.0%、2.0%和3.0%单宁酸添加组NH₃-N浓度显著低于对照组（P<0.05）;培养至6和24 h时,各处理组NH₃-N浓度均显著低于对照组（P<0.05）。培养至6 h时,2.0%单宁酸添加组乙酸、丙酸、丁酸和总VFA浓度均显著低于对照组（P<0.05）;培养至24 h时,1.0%、1.5%和3.0%单宁酸添加组的丙酸、丁酸和总VFA浓度均显著低于对照组（P<0.05）;各单宁酸添加组4个时间点丙酸、丁酸、总VFA浓度的平均值均显著低于对照组（P<0.05）。培养至12、24 h时,各处理组总产气量与对照组差异不显著（P>0.05）;培养至12 h时,2.0%组甲烷产量显著低于对照组、0.5%组和1.0%组（P<0.05）;培养至24 h时,2.0%和3.0%组的甲烷产量显著低于对照组（P<0.05）。因此,添加单宁酸会显著降低体外发酵的NH₃-N浓度,抑制VFA的产量,添加1.5%、2.0%的单宁酸能够显著降低瘤胃发酵甲烷产量,添加单宁酸的处理组粗蛋白质降解率显著低于对照组。     

Dietary sources and their effects on animal production and environmental sustainability

Animal agriculture has been an important component in the integrated farming systems in developing countries. It serves in a paramount diversified role in producing animal protein food, draft power, farm manure as well as ensuring social status-quo and enriching livelihood. Ruminants are importantly contributable to the well-being and the livelihood of the global population. Ruminant production systems can vary from subsistence to intensive type of farming depending on locality, resource availability,infrastructure accessibility, food demand and market potentials. The growing demand for sustainable animal production is compelling to researchers exploring the potential approaches to reduce greenhouse gases(GHG) emissions from livestock. Global warming has been an issue of concern and importance for all especially those engaged in animal agriculture. Methane(CH_4) is one of the major GHG accounted for at least 14% of the total GHG with a global warming potential 25-fold of carbon dioxide and a 12-year atmospheric lifetime. Agricultural sector has a contribution of 50 to 60% methane emission and ruminants are the major source of methane contribution(15 to 33%). Methane emission by enteric fermentation of ruminants represents a loss of energy intake(5 to 15% of total) and is produced by methanogens(archae) as a result of fermentation end-products. Ruminants' digestive fermentation results in fermentation end-products of volatile fatty acids(VFA), microbial protein and methane production in the rumen. Rumen microorganisms including bacteria, protozoa and fungal zoospores are closely associated with the rumen fermentation efficiency. Besides using feed formulation and feeding management, local feed resources have been used as alternative feed additives for manipulation of rumen ecology with promising results for replacement in ruminant feeding. Those potential feed additive practices are as follows: 1) the use of plant extracts or plants containing secondary compounds(e.g., condensed tannins and saponins) such as mangosteen peel powder, rain tree pod; 2) plants rich in minerals, e.g., banana flower powder; and 3) plant essential oils, e.g., garlic, eucalyptus leaf powder, etc. Implementation of the-feed-system using cash crop and leguminous shrubs or fodder trees are of promising results.     

利用体外产气法研究不同瘤胃降解蛋白平衡对瘤胃代谢的影响

旨在探讨利用体外产气法研究不同瘤胃降解蛋白平衡日粮(RDPB,g·kg-1 DM)对瘤胃发酵、总产气量和甲烷产量的影响.试验选用美国Ankom产气系统,采用随机区组试验设计,配置6种不同瘤胃降解蛋白平衡日粮,分别为日粮1(-20 g· kg-1 DM),日粮2(-10 g· kg-1 DM),日粮3(0 g· kg-1 DM),日粮4(10g·kg-1DM),日粮5(20 g·kg-1 DM)和日粮6(30 g· kg-1 DM),每组2个重复,培养期为24 h.结果表明:(1)本研究中6种类型日粮发酵液的pH、乙酸/丙酸、产气量和CH4产生量表现为日粮3(P＜0.01)或日粮4(P＜0.01)值最低.(2)挥发性脂防酸乙酸、丙酸、丁酸以及氨氮的浓度随着瘤冒降解平衡值的增加而增加,表明改变日粮瘤胃降解蛋白平衡可以影响瘤胃发酵.而瘤胃降解蛋白平衡对总挥发性脂肪酸以及原虫数量无显著影响.(3)日粮瘤胃降解蛋白平衡值影响不同时间点甲烷的浓度和24 h甲烷产量.其中以日稂4(P＜0.05)甲烷总产量最低.由此可见,在体外培养条件下,改变日粮RDPB影响了瘤胃发酵液pH、氨态氮(NH3-N)及挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)浓度、总产气量、CH4产生量,综合考虑其对瘤胃发酵和甲烷产量等指标的影响,体外产气条件下适宜的RDPB水平为0～10g·kg-1 DM.     

Manipulation of rumen fermentation and ecology of swamp buffalo by coconut oil and garlic powder supplementation

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of coconut oil and garlic powder supplementation on digestibility of nutrients, rumen fermentation, rumen ecology, rumen microorganism and methanogen diversity. Four, 3-year old, rumen fistulated swamp buffalo bulls were randomly assigned in a 4 × 4 Latin square design to receive four dietary treatments; 7% coconut oil, 7% coconut oil with 50 g/day of garlic powder, 7% coconut oil with 100 g/day of garlic powder and non-supplemented (control). During the experiment, concentrate was offered at 0.5% of BW while rice straw was given on ad libitum basis. It was found that supplementation of 7% coconut oil had significantly influenced on total DM intake, OM, NDF and ADF digestibilites while supplementation of 7% coconut oil with garlic powder (50 and 100 g/day) were not significantly different when compared with the control. Dietary supplementations did not affect on rumen pH, NH₃–N concentrations. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) was significantly higher in supplemented groups. Total VFA concentration, proportion of acetate and acetate to propionate ratio were reduced by supplementation. Proportion of propionate was increased (P < 0.05) when supplemented with 7% coconut oil and 7% coconut oil with 100 g/day of garlic powder. Methane production was dramatically reduced (P = 0.005) in supplemented treatments and was 10% reduced in 7% coconut oil supplementation. Amylolytic and proteolytic bacteria were increased (P = 0.007 and P = 0.024) while protozoal population decreased by 68–75% (P < 0.01) by supplementation. Total bacterial population was increased by supplementation while total fungi and total methanogens were not significantly different among treatments. Percentage of cellulolytic bacterial population was not different among treatments. However, dietary supplementation reduced (P < 0.001) percentage of F. succinogenes population. However, methanogen diversity was not changed using PCR–DGGE as technique. Thirteen separate bands were found in the DGGE gel. Based on this study, supplementation with 7% coconut oil plus 100 g/day of garlic powder could be efficiently utilized in the rumen and thus, could provide good fermentation end products and improve rumen ecology for the host swamp buffaloes particularly in reducing 9% methane gas production without changing nutrient digestibilities.     

Influence of redox potential on metabolism of glucose in mixed cultures of rumen microorganisms

The rumen inocula taken from cows and sheep were incubated in pH controlled anaerobic batch cultures and the effect of the elevated redox potential (Eh) on metabolism of glucose was examined. In Eh regulated cultures (Eh = +100 mV) the VFA production and production of methane were decreased with a concomitant increase of production of lactate. In these cultures counts of lactilytic bacteria tended to be lower and counts of lactic acid bacteria higher than in cultures with a normal Eh. The elevated Eh also exerted an inhibitory effect on the rumen protozoa. The relevance of these changes to the rumen metabolism is discussed.     

稀释率对于活体外瘤胃发酵和微生物生长效率的影响

采用连续培养系统的４个发酵罐进行３次连续培养试验,研究瘤胃稀释率（ＤＲ,下同）对于瘤胃微生物发酵和微生物生长效率的影响。瘤胃稀释率为每小时发酵液流出量占发酵罐体积的０．０３和０．０６。试验日粮唯一由大豆皮组成。随着ＤＲ的提高,饲料ＤＭ,ＯＭ,ＣＰ,ＮＤＦ和ＡＤＦ消化率均没有显著变化（Ｐ＞０．０５）。提高瘤胃ＤＲ,显著提高了微生物发酵的ｐＨ（Ｐ＜０．０１）,降低了发酵液中ＮＨ３的浓度（Ｐ＜０．０２）,但对挥发性脂肪酸日产生量和乙、丙、丁酸比例没有显著影响（Ｐ＞０．０５）。发酵液中瘤胃细菌浓度不随ＤＲ变化而变化（Ｐ＞０．０５）,但每日细菌总量随ＤＲ提高而提高（Ｐ＜０．０１）。发酵液原虫浓度（Ｐ＜０．００１）和原虫每日总产量（Ｐ＜０．０５）均随ＤＲ提高而下降。当ＤＲ从０．０３提高到０．０６时,微生物Ｎ日产生量和微生物生长效率分别提高４１．６％（Ｐ＜０．００１）和５１．９％（Ｐ＜０．００１）。