Influence of applied p on the cation exchange capacity of volcanic ash soils

Abstract

The CEC of volcanic ash derived soils in Guatemala was measured following equilibration with 1.5 and 6.0 me P/100 g soil supplied through KH₂PO₄ solutions. An increase in CEC resulted due to P reaction and the increase was substantial after removal of soluble Al from P reacted soils. The average ratios of increase in CEC to P retained were 0.49 and 1.63 in the former and later, respectively. P apparently neutralized positive charges on the surface of amorphous component and those internally in the soil particles resulting in a net increase in negative charge (CEC).     

Impact of land use changes on the hydrological properties of volcanic ash soils in South Ecuador

Abstract. The effect of land use on the water retention capacity of Umbric Andosols in south Ecuador was studied. The objective was to acquire a better insight into the hydrological processes of the ecosystem and the role of the soil, in order to assess the impact of changing soil properties due to land use change on the hydrology of the high Andes region. Field data on the water retention capacity at wilting point of Umbric Andosols were collected for both cultivated field conditions and original bush vegetation. The pH in water and in NaF, texture, organic matter content and dry bulk density were measured to show which physicochemical soil characteristics are responsible for the water retention of the Umbric Andosols and for the irreversible loss in water retention due to air drying. Organic matter content appears to be very important and certainly more important than allophane clay content. Water retention of the organic litter layer was calculated to be 16 mm, this would be lost when vegetation was cleared and the land cultivated.     

Effects of vegetation regime on denitrification potential in two tropical volcanic soils

Effects of vegetation and nutrient availability on potentail denitrification rates were studied in two volcanic, alluvial-terrace soils in lowland Costa Rica that differ greatly in weathering stage and thus in availability of P and base cations. Potential denitrification rates were significantly higher in plots where vegetation had been left undisturbed than in plots where all vegetation had been removed continuously, and were higher on the less fertile of the two soils. The potential denitrification rates were correlated strongly with respiration rates, levels of mineralizable N, microbial biomass, and moisture content, and moderately well with concentrations of extractable NH _inf4 ^sup+ , Kjeldahl N, and total C. In all plots, denitrification rates were stimulated by the removal of O₂ and by the addition of glucose but not by the addition of water or NO _inf3 ^sup- .This is Paper 2772 of the Forest Research Laboratory, Oregon State University     

化肥和缓释复合肥对中性和微碱性土壤表面电化学性质的影响

为揭示缓控释肥料养分缓释或控释对土壤表面电化学性质的作用规律,该研究采用室内恒温培养和田间试验,探讨缓释复合肥、化肥和普通复合肥对室内恒温培养和田间试验中性和微碱性土壤表面电位、表面电荷密度、比表面积和表面电荷数量的影响。结果表明:1)室内恒温培养下,等养分3种肥料以缓释复合肥较化肥处理增加中性土表面电位、表面电荷密度和表面电荷数量,而对于比表面积,各施肥处理较不施肥处理呈显著增加(P0.05),增幅为34.2%~81.2%,且随着缓释复合肥施用量增加中性土表面电荷密度和比表面积呈增加趋势;2)根据培养土壤表面电化学性质与其理化性质的相关分析可知,土壤表面电荷密度和比表面积均分别与土壤p H值和有机质呈正相关;3)田间条件下,中性土壤表面电位值、表面电荷密度和表面电荷数量以缓释复合肥大于化肥,微碱性土壤表面电荷密度以缓释复合肥显著高于化肥和普通复合肥(黑圣长茄土壤增幅为7.9%和6.5%,竹茄土壤增幅为12.9%和5.3%),且表面电荷数量以缓释复合肥高于化肥;4)田间土壤表面电化学各指标与茄子产量均呈显著或极显著正相关。缓释复合肥匀速释放多种形态氮素和丰富的有机质,其适宜的养分含量和比例成为稳定土壤表面电化学性质的物质基础,最终提高土壤保肥供肥特性,可实现生长期较长作物的营养需要。     

Micronutrients distribution in salt-affected soils of the Punjab in relation to soil properties

Salt-affected soils in arid and semi-arid tracts of the Indian Punjab are prone to deficiency of micronutrients. Nine profiles from alluvial terraces, sand dunes and palaeochannels in the southwestern Punjab were investigated for total and diethylenetriamine-penta-acetic acid (DTPA) extractable Zn, Cu, Mn and Fe. Soil physiography exerted significant influence on the spatial distribution of micronutrients. Total contents varied from 20–78 for Zn, 8–32 for Cu, and 88–466 mg kg^?1 for Mn and 0.82–2.53% for Fe. DTPA-extractable contents varied from 0.10–0.98 for Zn, 0.14–1.02 for Cu, 0.54–13.02 for Fe and 0.82–9.4 mg kg^?1 for Mn. Total contents were higher in fine-textured soil than in coarse-textured soils. Concentration of micronutrients in the surface layer was low and there occurred more accumulation in the Cambic horizon. Organic carbon, pH, clay, silt and calcium carbonate exerted strong influence on the distribution of micronutrients. DTPA extractable Zn, Cu, Mn and Fe increased with increasing organic carbon but decreased with increase in pH and calcium carbonate content. Total micronutrient contents increased with increase in clay, silt and calcium carbonate contents and decreased with increase in sand content.     

生物炭添加对矿区压实土壤水力特性的影响

中国黄土高原大型露天煤矿开采导致土壤质量下降,生物炭作为环境友好型土壤改良剂,在改善农田土壤质量中应用广泛,但在有关矿区压实土壤改良的研究中不够深入。为此,该研究通过室内试验分析不同粒径的生物炭在不同添加量下对矿区排土场压实土壤水力特性的影响。试验采用4种粒径（>1～2、>0.25～1、0.10～0.25、<0.10 mm）与4种添加量（0、4、8、16 g/kg）的生物炭,设计5种压实条件（容重分别为1.3、1.4、1.5、1.6、1.7 g/cm3）,并利用van Genuchten模型（VG模型）拟合土壤水分特征曲线。结果表明,添加生物炭后土壤水分特征曲线的相关系数均在0.960以上,标准差均小于0.015,说明VG模型适用于拟合添加生物炭后的土壤水分特征曲线。随着生物炭添加量的增加,土壤孔隙分布明显改变,形成了大量大孔隙和中孔隙,土壤的持水能力提高。在低容重（1.3、1.4 g/cm3）条件下,生物炭粒径越大（0.25～2 mm）添加量越高（8、16 g/kg）,土壤持水、保水效果越明显;在高容重（1.5、1.6、1.7 g/cm3）条件下,小粒径（<0.25 mm）和较低的生物炭添加量（4、8 g/kg）则表现出较好的持水能力。对于不同压实条件的排土场土壤,有针对性地施用生物炭,将有效提高土壤持水保水能力,提高土壤中植物的有效利用水分。     

Effects of tracked vehicles on the morphological and physical properties of tundra soils

The agricultural lands of typic tundra of the Yamal Peninsula in Russia are pastures for reindeer (Rangifer tarandus sibiricus Murr.) herds. Currently, degradation of tundra soil cover is mainly caused by mechanical impacts of tracked vehicles used in construction operations. The objective of this study was to evaluate changes in morphological, micro-structural, and physical properties of Cryozems and Cryogenic peaty soils affected by these tracked vehicles. Soil samples were taken from the surface and underlying horizons before and 5 years after four and 100 passes of tracked vehicles. Surface horizons (0–10 cm) of the undisturbed Cryozems and Cryogenic peaty soils were organogenic. Passage of tracked vehicles caused mixing of these horizons with lower sandy loam and loam mineral horizons. Properties of the organomineral horizons formed in this way differed essentially from those of the surface horizons of the undisturbed soils. Microaggregates were completely disturbed, even after only four passes of tracked vehicles. Large inter-aggregate pores disappeared and thin pores or cracks formed as a result of vehicle-induced mechanical impacts. Humification of plant residues was observed to be faster in the compacted organomineral horizons of disturbed soils compared with undisturbed ones. The organic substances formed in the compacted organomineral horizons readily moved downward within the soil profile or were lost during runoff events. High correlation coefficients of organic carbon content with both specific surface area and water retention showed that the above-mentioned organic substances were hydrophilic. Specific surface area and water retention of the disturbed soils rose with increasing organic carbon content. The results obtained in this study demonstrated a high susceptibility of Cryozems and Cryogenic peaty soils to mechanical impacts.     

Effects of salt concentration and cation balance in soils on leaf tipburn and calcium content of strawberry leaves and fruit

Abstract

Strawberry plants cv. Cambridge Favourite were grown in pots of soil in a glasshouse. A relationship was found between the function ^aCa: S^aCations(soil solution) x guttation score, the severity of leaf tipburn and the calcium concentration in the emerging leaf. Slightly less well related but of more practical use was the function ^cCa: S^cCations/electrical conductivity of the soil solution; values below 0.15 mS^‐1 resulted in increased tipburn and reduced calcium concentrations in emerging leaves and in the fruit.     

Proposal for advanced classification of brown forest soils in Japan with reference to the degree of volcanic ash additions

Abstract

The advanced classification of brown forest soils (BFS) is based on the specific properties of these soils, including the acid ammonium oxalate extractable aluminum (Al_ox) and lithic fragment contents, as well as their vertical distributions in the soil profile. In the present study, these properties were used to classify BFS, resulting in four types: (1) H-Al_ox-NGv BFS, (2) H-Al_ox-Gv BFS, (3) M-Al_ox BFS, (4) L-Al_ox BFS. H-Al_ox-NGv BFS is derived from volcanic ash characterized by a high Al_ox content and no lithic fragment, whereas L-Al_ox BFS is derived from weathered bedrock and has a low Al_ox content. H-Al_ox-Gv BFS and M-Al_ox BFS are derived from mixtures of volcanic ash and weathered bedrock. H-Al_ox-Gv BFS is characterized by high Al_ox content and many lithic fragments, whereas M-Al_ox BFS has moderate Al_ox content. H-Al_ox-NGv BFS and black soils (BLS) develop from accumulated volcanic ash, as indicated by declining Al_ox and clay content with decreasing depth in the surface horizons, as a result of successive additions of less-weathered volcanic ash to the soil surface.     

Agricultural improvement of cultivated organic soils II. Effects of liming and deep cultivation on soil properties and root development

Abstract. The effect of liming and deep cultivation on soil properties and root development was investigated in two cultivated shallow fen peats resting on acid gyttja (lake mud) soils. Root growth was in general dependent on soil pH and aluminium content of the soil. A soil pH (H₂O) below 5 adversely affected roots and a pH below 4 severely restricted root growth. Liming of the topsoil or the subsoil and to some extent deep cultivation improved root growth. Increased rooting depth made it possible for plants to utilize soil water to a greater depth in the profile and to support a larger crop yield.     

雷州半岛和海南岛北部玄武岩发育土壤的表面电化学性质及其演变

利用采自雷州半岛和海南岛北部不同年代喷发的玄武岩发育的6种土壤,研究了土壤的游离氧化铁、铁的游离度、CEC和土壤胶体动电电位与成土母岩年龄的关系,探讨土壤表面化学性质与成土的时间和空间因素的关系。结果表明:土壤游离铁和铁的游离度与母岩年龄间存在很好的线性相关性,铁的游离度与母岩年龄间的相关性更高,土壤全铁与母岩年龄间没有相关性。土壤CEC随母岩年龄增加而降低,土壤IEP呈相反变化趋势。进一步对2个地区土壤CEC和IEP与岩石年龄进行分析表明,空间因素对这2个地区土壤性质的影响更为明显,尤其对IEP。     

模拟酸雨对果园土壤交换性阳离子迁移及其对土壤酸化的影响

采用短期室内淋溶的方法研究了模拟酸雨对供试果园土壤交换性Ca^2＋、Mg^2＋、K^＋、Na^＋、交换性盐基总量（BS）、阳离子交换量（CEC）、电导率（EC）等变化的影响。试验结果表明,土壤交换性Ca^2＋（pH2.5）、Mg^2＋、K^＋、Na^＋、BS（pH2.5）、CEC（pH≥3.5）含量较酸雨淋溶前增加,且随着剖面深度表现出较好的层次性;淋出液中Ca2＋、Mg^2＋、K^＋、Na^＋含量随着模拟酸雨酸度的增强而依次增加,其中pH2.5酸雨处理与其它淋溶处理间淋出液Ca^2＋、Mg^2＋、K^＋、Na^＋含量差异显著;以土壤交换性Ca^2＋、BS、CEC、盐基饱和度（BSP）与EC为指标衡量土壤的酸化,pH 2.5酸雨处理导致了淋溶土柱表层和中间土层的土壤酸化,其中交换性Ca^2＋、BS、BSP指标表征pH 3.5的酸雨处理引起了表层土壤酸化,而pH≥4.5的酸雨淋溶缓冲了土壤的酸化,土壤的酸度减弱。     

沼液施用量对毛竹林地土壤理化性质及碳储量的影响

为了解决沼液资源化利用,化肥减施的问题,该文以沼液替代化肥来研究相同氮磷钾含量肥料施用的前提下,不同沼液用量与化肥配合施用(N_1P_1K_1Z_1—沼液全氮替代化肥施氮总量的25%,N_2P_2K_2Z_2—沼液全氮替代化肥施氮总量的50%,N_3P_3K_3Z_3—沼液全氮替代化肥施氮总量的75%)对毛竹林地土壤理化性质及竹林固碳增汇效应的影响。结果表明,单独施用化肥或者化肥与沼液配合施用对毛竹林地土壤pH值、有机质、全氮、磷、钾含量的影响不明显(P0.05),而沼液与化肥配合施用(特别是N_3P_3K_3Z_3—高量沼液)对土壤碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量提高的幅度较为显著(单施化肥处理除外)(P0.05)。单独施用化肥或化肥与沼液配施显著降低了放线菌的比例(单施化肥处理除外),却显著增加了细菌和真菌的比例(P0.05)。与不施肥对照CK处理相比,单施化肥处理显著增加了细菌与真菌数量的比值,增幅为24.51%;而沼液与化肥配施则与CK处理之间的差异不显著(P0.05)。化肥与沼液配施均能显著提高毛竹林地土壤微生物量碳和氮的含量,而且能够显著提高土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶的活性(P0.05),各施肥处理均以N_3P_3K_3Z_3提高的幅度最大。此外,单独施用化肥或者化肥与沼液配施均能显著提高I度竹、II度竹和林分的平均胸径以及I度竹和林分的碳储量(P0.05),各施肥处理仍以N_3P_3K_3Z_3处理增加的幅度最大。可见,施用沼液替代化肥能够提升土壤肥力水平,促进毛竹生长,尤其是新竹的生长和固碳增汇。     

不同有机肥对稻田温室气体排放及产量的影响

为研究有机肥施入稻田对温室气体排放的影响,设置猪粪、鸡粪和稻草分别与化肥混施处理,利用静态箱法-气相色谱仪监测稻田甲烷(CH_4)和氧化亚氮(N_2O)排放通量并进行分析。研究结果表明,化肥处理(CF)CH_4季节排放为202.1、279.9和332.5 kg/hm~2,与猪粪(PM)无显性差异,明显低于鸡粪(CM)和稻草(RS)处理;CF处理N_2O排放总量最高,与有机肥处理无显著性差异;CH_4季节排放通量与土壤Eh值呈极显著负相关关系,与土壤温度呈极显著正相关关系;肥料中不同活性有机碳质量分数为18.4~114.5 g/kg,肥料中被167 mmol/L高锰酸钾氧化的有机碳(ROC167)与稻田CH_4排放总量呈显著正相关关系(相关系数为0.872,P0.05);施有机肥第三年水稻平均产量比CF处理增加14.3%(P0.05);不同有机肥中,以PM处理的增温潜势和温室气体排放强度最小,与不施肥和CF处理无显著性差异,猪粪的ROC167含量低,能较好的协调环境与产量之间关系,是值得推荐的有机肥种类。     

The impact of water harvesting on soil properties in the island of Fuerteventura, Spain

Abstract. In the extremely arid island of Fuerteventura (Canary Islands, Spain), a traditional water harvesting practice has evolved in slightly sloping areas, which receive runoff water from time to time. The system is particularly effective in the rehabilitation of saline–sodic soils where the improved fertility allows certain crops to be grown, which would not be possible without water harvesting. The influence of the water harvesting on soil fertility was investigated by comparing the properties of the cultivated soils receiving periodic runoff with those of natural control soils that did not receive runoff. The saline–sodic characteristics of the four uncultivated soils were absent from the four cultivated soils which, on average, contained only one quarter of the exchangeable sodium and more than twice the exchangeable calcium content. The clay and silt content of all four of the cultivated soils had been substantially enhanced relative to the control soils, by sediment contained in the runoff.     

Characterization of Pterocarpus macrocarpus (pradoo wood) biochar and its effect on the retention properties of sandy soils in Northeast Thailand

Pradoo wood biochar has been tested in order to explore sustainable solutions to the development of agriculture on poor sandy soils in marginal areas in Northeast Thailand. Some basic physicochemical properties of biochar, for example pore size distribution, cation exchange capacity (CEC), specific surface area (SSA), and water and nutrient adsorption, were determined and compared to soil properties in order to determine appropriate biochar application to soil. Pradoo wood biochar showed important adsorption properties with high SSA, CEC and nutrient adsorption. The water retention properties were also improved on the dry end of the water retention curve. Phosphorous and ammonium adsorption–desorption isotherms were established and their respective affinity for the biochar surface was quantified, by the means of a retention index and thermodynamical parameters. We found that despite excellent retention properties, biochar needs to be added in large amounts (between 10 and 70 kg m⁻²) to soil to be able to modify noticeably the resulting soil properties.     

Ameliorative effect of K-type and Ca-type artificial zeolites on the growth of beets in saline and sodic soils

Abstract

Beets were grown on soils with various exchangeable sodium percentages (ESP). A saline non-sodic soil (SA, ESP = 3.2), a saline sodic soil (SO, ESP = 23), and a saline high sodic soil (HSO, ESP = 78) were prepared from Tottori sand dune soil (CO). K-type and Ca-type artificial zeolites (50 g kg^?1) were applied to these soils in order to evaluate their effects on the chemical properties of saturation extracts of the soils, water deficit, cation uptake and transport, and cation balance of beet plants. In the zeolite-free treatments, beet growth was accelerated in SA and SO, but was suppressed in HSO compared with CO. The addition of both types of zeolites ameliorated plant growth in all the soils studied, especially HSO. The relative dry weight of the soils treated by the K-type zeolite to the zeolitefree soil was 189% for CO, 125% for SA, 130% for SO, and 222% for HSO. For the soils treated with the Ca-type zeolite, the values were 169, 116, 132, and 341%, respectively. In SA, SO, and HSO, the addition of the K-type zeolite increased the K uptake due to the increase of the K concentration of saturation extracts of soils. The addition of the Ca-type zeolite increased the Ca uptake due to the increase in the Ca concentration of the saturation extracts of soils which was accompanied by an increase in the K uptake. The increase in the uptake of K or Ca and decreased in the transport of Na by the addition of both types of zeolites improved the cation balance of the plants. The Ca-type zeolite did not increase the water deficit even though it increased the electric conductivity in all the soils. The results indicated that both types of artificial zeolites were able to improve the growth performance of beets in saline and sodic soils and that the K-type zeolite could be used as a K-fertilizer as well.     

土壤性质对砂土亚表层磷迁移的影响

The soil factors influencing the potential migration of dissolved and particulate phosphorus （P） from structurallyweak sandy subsoils were evaluated by means of soil column leaching experiments. Soil colloids were extracted from two types of soils to make the colloid-bound forms of P solution. Eight sandy soils with diverse properties were collected for packing soil columns. The effects of influent solutions varying in concentrations of colloids, P, and electrolyte, on the transport of P and quality of leachates were characterized. P migration in the soils was soil property-dependent. High soil electrical conductivity values retarded the mobility of colloids and transportability of colloid-associated P （particulate P）. Soil electrical conductivity was negatively correlated with colloids and reactive particulate P （RPP） concentrations in the leachates, whereas, the total reactive P （TRP） and dissolved reactive P （DRP） concentrations in the leachates were mainly controlled by the P adsorption capacity and the P levels in the subsoil. The reactive particulate P in the leachates was positively correlated with the colloidal concentration. Increased colloidal concentration in the influent could significantly increase the colloidal concentration in the leachates. Elevated P concentration in the influent had little effect on P recovery in the leachates, but it resulted in significant increases in the absolute P concentration in the leachates.     

Effects of amino-acid chemistry and soil properties on the behavior of free amino acids in acidic forest soils

Free amino acids (FAAs) in soil solution are increasingly recognized as a potentially important source of nitrogen (N) for plants, yet we are just beginning to understand the behavior of FAAs in soil. I investigated the effects of amino-acid chemistry and soil properties on mineralization, microbial assimilation and sorption of amino-acid N in soils from three ecosystems representing the two endpoints and mid point of a temperate forest fertility gradient ranging from low mineral N availability/high FAA oak forests to high mineral N availability/low FAA maple-basswood forests. Soils were amended with six ¹⁵N-labeled amino-acid substrates that ranged widely in chemical properties, including molecular weight, C:N ratio, average net charge, hydrophobicity, and polarity: Arginine (Arg), Glutamine (Gln), Glutamate (Glu), Serine (Ser), Glycine (Gly) and Leucine (Leu). Mineralization of amino-acid N accounted for 7-45% (18% avg.) of the added label and was most strongly affected by soil characteristics, with mineralization increasing with increasing soil fertility. Mineralization of amino-acid N was unrelated to amino-acid C:N ratio, rather, I observed greater N mineralization from polar FAAs compared to non-polar ones. Assimilation of amino-acid N into microbial biomass accounted for 6-48% (29% avg.) of the added label, and was poorly predicted by either intrinsic amino-acid properties or soil properties, but instead appeared to be explicable in terms of compound-specific demand by soil micoorganisms. Sorption of amino-acid N to soil solids accounted for 4-15% (7% avg.) of the added label and was largely controlled by charge characteristics of individual amino acids. The fact that both positively- and negatively-charged amino acids were more strongly sorbed than neutral ones suggests that cation and anion exchange sites are an important factor controlling sorption of FAAs in these acid forest soils. Together, the findings from this study suggest that there may be important differences in the behavior of free amino acids in sandy, acidic forest soils compared to generalizations drawn from finer-textured grassland soils, which, in turn, might affect the availability of some FAAs in soil solution.