紫花苜蓿在酸性土壤中的生长表现

以酸性紫色土(pH值5.45),粘黄壤(pH值4.99)和砂岩黄壤(pH值4.30)为供试土壤,利用盆栽试验比较分析了6个紫花苜蓿品种的生长表现。结果表明,酸性粘黄壤和砂岩黄壤显著抑制紫花苜蓿生长与结瘤,而在酸性紫色土中,紫花苜蓿生长相对良好,且能正常结瘤;3种土壤不同的pH值水平是引起紫花苜蓿生长差异的主要原因,不同紫花苜蓿品种对酸性土壤的耐受性也不同,使紫花苜蓿品种间存在较大的生长差异。酸性粘黄壤和砂岩黄壤施用一定量的石灰,可提高紫花苜蓿生长高度,增加生物量的积累,且粘黄壤中根瘤数极显著增加;酸性紫色土经石灰改良后,部分品种地上部和地下部生物量降低,所有品种的根瘤重显著下降;相比之下,酸性粘黄壤和砂岩黄壤不经改良没有种植紫花苜蓿的可能,酸性紫色土较适宜种植紫花苜蓿。     

Management of land and livestock contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls

Investigations were conducted on several small neighbouring beef cattle and sheep farms that were found to be contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The residues detected contained about 62% w/w chlorine and soil concentrations ranged from 0.35 to 1.9 mg/kg. Beef cattle and sheep grazing the contaminated land had PCB concentrations in their fat of 0.3 to 1.7 mg/kg and 0.19 to 0.45 mg/kg, respectively. The concentration of PCBs in the caudal fat of cattle was 0.3 to 2 times the concentration of PCBs in the land they were grazing and was positively related to stocking rates. PCBs were present in milk fat from cattle at about the same concentration as in caudal fat, and lactation appeared to contribute to decontamination. Wool grease from sheep contained about 1 to 2 times the concentration of PCBs in subcutaneous fat. Calves of contaminated cows also became contaminated. The half-life for decontamination of PCBs in a group of 8 young female beef cattle was calculated at 13 months. PCBs were detected in pasture samples at concentrations ranging from less than 0.01 mg/kg to 0.12 mg/kg. However, PCBs were not detected in any sample of hay cut from these paddocks. In 4 sheep fed a sole ration of this hay, traces of PCBs were detected in their fat following 89 days of feeding. Grazing livestock for meat production on land contaminated with PCBs is not recommended because livestock readily acquire residues, and PCBs persist in soil and livestock for long periods. Grazing sheep for wool production on land contaminated with PCBs may be an option.     

Rate of decline of chlorfluazuron concentration in the fat of cattle

Objective To determine the rate of decline of chlorflu-azuron (CFZ) concentration in the fat of cattle.
Design A field depletion study.
Animals Fifteen steers that had become contaminated with CFZ through eating cotton trash or cotton leaf pellets derived from CFZ-treated cotton crops.
Procedure Fat samples were collected from the cattle at about 3 week intervals according to a schedule where each animal was sampled on four occasions up to 340 days after removal from the contaminated feed source.
Results When the effects of dilution are removed CFZ concentrations were found to decline slowly for about 200 days. Depletion was minimal between 200 and 340 days.
Conclusion According to this trial, CFZ-contaminated, non-lactating cattle which have finished growing will remain contaminated. Field experience has not supported this conclusion.     

Completion of the cycle for transmission of sarcosporidiosis between cats and sheep reared specific pathogen free

The confirmation of a cat-sheep transmission for visible sarcocysts was achieved in specific pathogen free (SPF) animals by completing sheep-cat-sheep-cat passages during 1977-79. The study used 22 laboratory cats and 15 specially bred sheep. Experimental sheep were dosed with sporocysts recovered from cats fed visible sarcocysts. "Giant" or "fat" form of macroscopic sarcocysts commonly found on the oesophagus were first demonstrated in the SPF sheep at 17 months after dosing. The sarcocysts from these sheep were infective to cats. Thus, the cycle of transmission for cat-borne ovine sacosporidiosis was completed. Grazing sheep in some situations develop visible cysts earlier, around one year of age, hence it is considered that the infections of experimental sheep in SPF conditions may not reflect all the circumstances leading to natural infection.     

Effects of fire,bruchid beetles and soil type on germination and seedling establishment of Acacia drepanolobium

The effects of fire, bruchid seed beetles and soil type on the germination and seedling establishment of Acacia drepanolobium were experimentally investigated. Seeds subjected to three seed treatments (bruchid damaged, bruchid-free burnt, and bruchid-free unburned) were germinated in three different soil types (black cotton, red sandy, and clay loam soils). Undamaged seeds had significantly higher germination (85.3%) than either beetle damaged (20.6%), or burnt seeds (3.4%). Soil type did not influence germination or seedling survival. Burnt seeds had an average germination of 2% in clay loams and 5.4% in red sandy soils, while beetle damaged seeds had an average germination of 15.6% in clay loams and 28.7% in black cotton soils. Treatment effects on seedling mortality or survival were not significant but seedlings from undamaged seeds had higher survival rates than those damaged by bruchid beetles.     

Methyl bromide soil fumigation: Effect on grass yields

Annual herbage yields of grasses grown on sandy soils on Henderson Research Station seldom exccecîf 10 000 kg/ha dry matter, while on heavy clay soils yields of 18 000 kg/ha are consistently obtained with similar amounts of applied fertilizers.

Eight grass species were established in sandy soil that had either not been fumigated or been fumigated with methyl bromide against soil nematodes. In the following season herbage dry matter yields increased from 13 280 kg/ha to 15 690 kg/ha due to fumigation, ou the average, while increases of 50% or more were obtained for three grasses. Yield reductions in two species may have been due to phytoloxic residues.

Fumigation reduced the number of nematodes in the soil and in the grass roots.     

Efficacy of ivermectin controlled-release capsules for the control and prevention of nasal bot infestations in sheep

Objective To investigate the therapeutic and prophylactic efficacy of an ivermectin controlled-release capsule against nasal bots (Oestrus ovis) in sheep.
Design Trial 1 – A pen study with controls. Trial 2 – A field study with controls.
Animals Trial 1 – Forty Merino wethers with natural infestations of nasal bot were used. Trial 2 – One hundred nasal bot-free wethers were used.
Procedure Trial 1 – Ten randomly selected animals were slaughtered and the heads split and examined to confirm bot infestation. Fifteen animals were allocated to untreated controls and 15 to treatment with a controlled-release capsule delivering ivermectin at ≥ 20 μg/kg/day for 100 days. Twenty-nine days after treatment the sheep were killed and examined for nasal bots. Trial 2 – Nasal bot-free sheep were allocated to two groups of 45 animals. One group was untreated the other sheep were treated with capsules as above. The sheep were grazed as a single group exposed to natural challenge from O ovis . Ninety days after treatment the animals were slaughtered and examined for nasal bot infestation.
Results Trial 1 – Live O ovis larvae were recovered from 60% of control sheep. No live larvae were collected from treated sheep. Trial 2 – Forty-one percent of untreated sheep harbored nasal bot infestations. No live larvae were collected from any treated animal.
Conclusion Treatment with a single ivermectin controlled-release capsule was 100% effective against existing infestations of O ovis and as a prophylactic treatment for this parasite.     

The role of Penicillia in ryegrass staggers

Tremorgenic strains of Penicillium verrucosum var cyclopium, P canescens, P janthinellum, P novaezeelandiae and P estinogenum were isolated from the faeces of 15 of 23 affected sheep and cattle in eight of nine field outbreaks of ryegrass staggers. One tremorgenic strain of P griseofulvum was isolated from the faeces of one of 25 sheep grazing in unaffected flocks. Tremorgenic strains of P verrucosum var cyclopium, P canescens, P janthinellum and P estinogenum were also isolated from the A horizon of New Zealand soils. Since a large proportion of experimentally dosed live P verrucosum var cyclopium died during passage through the gut, the faecal evidence from naturally staggering animals suggests that at least some outbreaks of ryegrass staggers are caused by tremorgenic Penicillia and that their source may be soil.     

不同土壤不同种植方式普那菊苣的产量分析

在砂土、粘土、壤土3种不同的土壤上以穴播、条播、撒播和育苗移栽4种种植方式种植黔引普那菊苣Cichorium intybus cv.Puna,测定其鲜草产量和再生速度。结果表明：黔引普那菊苣在各种不同质地土壤上采用各种种植方式均有较高的产量。在同质地土壤上,鲜草产量以条播为最高,穴播次之,育苗移栽产量最低。同一播种方式以在壤土上的产量为最高,砂土次之,粘土最低。再生速度在不同处理之间差异均不显著。黔引普那菊苣适宜在各种土壤上种植,但以在土壤肥沃的壤土上种植产量较高,条播、穴播为推广的种植方式。     

Effect of a hay and a grain diet on the bioavailability of ochratoxin A in the rumen of sheep

The role of the rumen and its contents in the detoxification of ochratoxin A (OA) was studied in sheep. The first experiment established that very little conversion of OA to alpha ochratoxin (O alpha) occurs systematically; 90 to 97% of the OA and metabolites was recovered as unaltered OA in the urine. Most of the small amount of O alpha recovered was also in the urine. In this experiment, two sheep were fasted and another two fed normally, but feed intake had no significant effect. In the second experiment, two sheep fed hay and two fed grain were dosed with OA at .5 mg/kg of BW into the rumen via a cannula. Recoveries, in urine and feces, accounted for 58 to 70% of the administered OA, but almost all (greater than 97%) was in the form of O alpha. About 76 to 92% of this O alpha was in the urine. Although excretion patterns and pharmacodynamics tended to differ with different diets, one of the sheep fed grain had very low intake and the results were equivocal. In the third experiment, eight sheep (four fed hay, four fed grain) were given a single intraruminal dose of OA (.5 mg/kg of BW). The disappearance of OA from the rumen and the corresponding formation of O alpha was much faster for hay-fed than for grain-fed sheep; the half-lives were .63 and 2.7 h for OA and .9 and 1.9 h for O alpha, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Effect of dietary supplementation with clay‐based binders on biochemical and histopathological changes in organs of turkey fed with aflatoxin‐contaminated diets

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation with molecular or nano‐clay binders on biochemical and histopathological examination of organs of turkeys fed diets contaminated with aflatoxin B_1. Two hundred and sixteen unsexed 1‐day‐old British United Turkeys were randomly allotted to nine diets in a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement of diets supplemented with no toxin binder, molecular toxin binder (MTB) and nano‐clay toxin binder, each contaminated with 0, 60 and 110 ppb aflatoxin B₁ respectively. There were three replicates per treatment with eight turkeys per replicate. Biochemical analyses, organ weights and histopathological changes of some organs were examined at the end of the study which lasted for 84 days. Turkeys fed diets supplemented with molecular and nano‐binders showed higher (p < 0.001) total serum protein, reduced (p < 0.001) serum uric acid and GGT concentration values when compared with those fed aflatoxin‐contaminated diets supplemented with no binder. Turkeys fed aflatoxin‐contaminated diets supplemented with no binder had increased (p < 0.001) AST and ALT concentration when compared with other treatments. The heaviest (p < 0.001) liver and intestinal weight was noticed with turkeys fed diets supplemented with no binder and contaminated with 110 ppb aflatoxin B₁. Pathologically, there was no visible morphological alteration noticed in all turkeys fed uncontaminated diets and nano‐clay‐supplemented group. Hepatic paleness, hepatomegaly and yellowish discolouration of the liver were observed with turkeys fed diets containing no binder but contaminated with 60 and 110 ppb aflatoxin B1. Intestinal histopathological changes such as goblet cell hyperplasia, villous atrophy and diffuse lymphocytic enteritis were more prominent in turkeys fed diets containing no toxin binder and MTB. In conclusion, there were improved biochemical parameters and reduced deleterious effects of aflatoxin B₁ in turkeys fed diet supplemented with clay binders. However, the improvement was more conspicuous in the nano‐clay‐supplemented group than molecular clay group.     

Polluting profiles of dieldrin and DDTs in laying hens of Osaka, Japan

Contaminating/accumulating levels of organochlorine pesticides in extractable fats from a basal diet, eggs and seven tissues (adipose tissue, blood, kidney, liver, muscle, ovary and oviduct) and excreta of laying hens that were kept in a general poultry farm of Japan were examined. No benzene hexachlorides or aldrin was detected [< 1 part per billion (p.p.b.)] overall. Dieldrin and all DDTs (p,p'-DDE, o,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDD and p,p'-DDT) were contaminated in the dietary fats (mean range 10-70 p.p.b.). Although dieldrin (4-58 p.p.b.), p,p'-DDE (65-196 p.p.b.) and p,p'-DDT (30-73 p.p.b.) were found to be accumulated in all the tissue fats and egg yolk fats, they were not detected in the dried excreta. Accumulations of o,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDD were found only in the liver fat (92 p.p.b.) and in the kidney fat (27 p.p.b.), respectively. In all the samples, p,p'-DDE levels were highest in comparison with the other compounds. For all organochlorine pesticides detected, the accumulated levels were well below the practical residue limits.     

呼伦贝尔沙质草地土壤理化特性的沙漠化演变规律及机制

为了了解呼伦贝尔沙质草地沙漠化过程中土壤理化特性的变化规律,于2009年在呼伦贝尔沙地的陈巴尔虎旗设置样地,调查分析了不同类型沙漠化草地土壤理化特性的差异和变化特征,探讨了土壤理化特性沙漠化演变规律和机制,得到如下结果, 1) 随着沙漠化的发展,草地土壤细颗粒(黏粉粒)含量明显下降,沙粒含量明显增加,土壤质地发生粗化,其中以中度和严重沙漠化阶段土壤粘粉粒损失最为严重;2)沙漠化过程中,土壤容重和土壤温度变化不显著,土壤紧实度显著下降,土壤含水量略有增加;3)土壤有机碳和土壤氮、磷含量明显下降,同时土壤C/N大幅度下降,表层土壤pH明显下降;4)土壤有机碳和养分含量的变化与土壤黏粉粒含量,土壤硬度的变化与土壤黏粉粒和有机质含量均呈显著正相关,土壤容重、土壤温度和土壤含水量的变化与土壤机械组成的相关性均未达到显著水平;5)沙漠化过程中,土壤黏粉粒的损失是导致土壤粗化,致使土壤紧实度、土壤有机碳和养分含量下降的主要原因,而土壤容重、土壤水分和温度状况的变化受沙漠化影响较小。     

Investigation into the participation of male pheromones of Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi during infestation

It was shown in this study that Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi males emit pheromones in the preparasitic as well as in the parasitic phases. Conspecific unengorged male and female images exhibited a high response to water-soluble volatiles collected from unengorged males. A vigorous assembly of unfed female R. evertsi evertsi occurred on filter paper discs which had been in contact with either unfed or 5- and 9-day fed males. Progressively increasing percentages of conspecific unengorged males reacted to organic soluble volatiles obtained from 5- and 9-day fed males as well as to hexane washings of intact males which had fed for 9 days. It is concluded that R. evertsi evertsi males participate not only as pheromone receptive, but also as pheromone emitting, partners in the intraspecific communication of this tick species.     

Milk depletion of dicloxacillin residues in cows and sheep following intramammary administration

The excretion rate of dicloxacillin from milk was studied after intramammary administration of a suspension of the drug active in vegetable oil. Eight cows and eight sheep, four of each group in low and four in high milk production, were dosed with 200 mg dicloxacillin/quarter in cows and 100 mg dicloxacillin/quarter in sheep, three times at 12 h intervals. The dicloxacillin concentrations in milk were quantified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In cows, time until dicloxacillin was undetectable was 48 h and no difference was observed between the groups. In sheep, dicloxacillin was undetectable 72 h and 84 h after the treatment in low and in high milk production groups, respectively. The implications of several factors affecting the possible milk withdrawal period were studied. The results indicated that the pharmaceutical vehicle and the coefficient of lipid solubility exerted major effects on depletion time.     

Tolerance to the Nephrotoxic Component of Narthecium ossifragum in Sheep: The Effects of Repeated Oral Doses of Plant Extracts

Young adult sheep were dosed with extracts of Narthecium ossifragum plants by the oral or parenteral routes and the resulting nephrotoxicity was assessed from the increases in the concentrations of creatinine and urea in the serum. Following single intraruminal or intraperitoneal doses of extracts derived from 30 g N. ossifragum (wet weight) per kg live weight (kg lw), serum creatinine concentrations increased from about 100 mol/L to between 260 and 510 mol/L. The serum urea concentrations increased from about 5–8 mmol/L to between 11 and 66 mmol/L in individual sheep. Daily intraruminal administration of 5–30 g/kg lw to three sheep over a 10- or 15-day period increased creatinine concentrations from 100 mol/L to 300–760 mol/L, and urea concentrations from 5–8 mmol/L to 35 mmol/L. A single intraperitoneal challenge dose of 30 g/kg lw, delivered 7 or 12 days after the final intraruminal dose, did not lead to increased serum creatinine or urea concentrations, indicating that oral treatment had apparently resulted in an increased tolerance to the nephrotoxic principle(s) in N. ossifragum.     

稻田冬种黑麦草对饲草生产和土壤微生物效应的影响(简报)

研究了2005-2006年湖南双季稻区,6种不同土质的稻田土壤在晚稻收获后免耕种植黑麦草,其生产性能和土壤微生物量碳、氮的变化。结果表明,6种土壤都比较适宜冬季黑麦草生产,黑麦草总干物质产量河沙泥田(11.3)>紫泥田(11.1)>灰泥田(10.6)>麻沙泥(10.5)>红泥田(9.75)>黄泥田(9.64 t/hm2)。粗蛋白含量为12%~15%,黑麦草全年粗蛋白质总产量在河沙泥田最高,为1.53 t/hm2,各处理黑麦草可消化干物质采食量均大于60%,各处理黑麦草的相对饲用价值均明显大于100%。6种土壤冬季种植黑麦草后,土壤微生物量碳(SMBC)和土壤微生物量氮(SMBN)变化为,除灰泥田外,冬种黑麦草处理均大于冬闲田,其中在河沙泥田增加的最高。稻田冬种黑麦草不仅能产生大量的优质牧草,对改善稻田土壤生态环境,提高稻田耕地质量有一定的积极作用。     

Dieldrin toxicity in housed Merino sheep

An outbreak of nervous disease with deaths and reproductive failure was investigated in a fully housed flock of 640 super fine wool (Sharlea) Merino sheep. During the 4 months after the flock was dipped in dieldrin, 70 adult sheep died and no live lambs were produced by the ewes. The diagnosis of poisoning with dieldrin was based upon the presence of characteristic clinical signs, pathological findings and the detection of residues of dieldrin in tissues. Deficiency of vitamin A was confirmed in 2 sheep and may have contributed to the reproductive failure.     

Efficacy of ivermectin in a controlled-release capsule for the control of breech strike in sheep

Objective To investigate the efficacy of ivermectin in an intraruminal controlled-release capsule (CRC) against blowfly strike.
Design Pen and field trials with controls.
Animals Pen studies: Two breech strike trials involving 60 Romney and 60 Merino sheep. One body strike trial using 100 Merino sheep.
Field trials: Eight trials in New Zealand used 1000 Romney and Romney-cross sheep. Fifty Merino lambs in one trial in Australia.
Procedure Pen studies: Sheep were allocated to two equal groups. One was not treated, the other sheep received a CRC that delivered ivermectin at 20 μg/kg/day for 100 days. In the breech strike trials, each animal was given an oral laxative 2 days before exposure to adult Lucilia cuprina . In the body-strike trial, the sheep sheep were kept wet to increase susceptibility prior to the release of blowflies.
Field trials: Fifty or 200 sheep allocated to equal groups of nontreated or treated with the CRC and grazed at pasture exposed to natural blowfly challenge.
Results Pen studies: Breech strikes developed in 24 of 60 controls but in none of 60 CRC-treated sheep. There was a 35% reduction in the number of CRC-treated sheep struck on the body.
Field trials: The average number of breech strikes in CRC-treated sheep was reduced by 86% (P < 0.001). The number of body strikes in the treated groups was a reduced by 27% (P < 0.05).
Conclusion The ivermectin CRC is a useful aid in controlling breech strike, but provides only moderate reduction in the incidence of body strike.     

Tissue distribution of bovine spongiform encephalopathy infectivity in Romney sheep up to the onset of clinical disease after oral challenge

Sixty Romney sheep of three prion protein genotypes were dosed orally at six months of age with an inoculum prepared from the brains of cattle clinically affected with BSE, and 15 sheep were left undosed as controls. They were randomly assigned within genotype to groups and were sequentially euthanased and examined postmortem at intervals of six or 12 months, depending on their predicted susceptibility. Tissue pools prepared from the three, four or five dosed animals in each group were inoculated into groups of 20 RIII mice as a bioassay for infectivity. Separate inocula were prepared from the matched control sheep killed at each time. In the ARQ/ARQ sheep killed four months after inoculation, infectivity was detected in the Peyer's patch tissue pool, and at 10 months it was detected in the spleen pool; from 16 months, infectivity was detected in a range of nervous and lymphoreticular tissues, including the spinal cord pool, distal ileum excluding Peyer's patches, liver, Peyer's patches, mesenteric and prescapular lymph nodes, spleen, tonsil and cervical thymus. No infectivity was detected in the tissue pools from the ARQ/ARR and ARR/ARR sheep killed 10 months or 22 months after infection.