共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Zolensky ME Zega TJ Yano H Wirick S Westphal AJ Weisberg MK Weber I Warren JL Velbel MA Tsuchiyama A Tsou P Toppani A Tomioka N Tomeoka K Teslich N Taheri M Susini J Stroud R Stephan T Stadermann FJ Snead CJ Simon SB Simionovici A See TH Robert F Rietmeijer FJ Rao W Perronnet MC Papanastassiou DA Okudaira K Ohsumi K Ohnishi I Nakamura-Messenger K Nakamura T Mostefaoui S Mikouchi T Meibom A Matrajt G Marcus MA Leroux H Lemelle L Le L Lanzirotti A Langenhorst F Krot AN Keller LP Kearsley AT 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2006,314(5806):1735-1739
The bulk of the comet 81P/Wild 2 (hereafter Wild 2) samples returned to Earth by the Stardust spacecraft appear to be weakly constructed mixtures of nanometer-scale grains, with occasional much larger (over 1 micrometer) ferromagnesian silicates, Fe-Ni sulfides, Fe-Ni metal, and accessory phases. The very wide range of olivine and low-Ca pyroxene compositions in comet Wild 2 requires a wide range of formation conditions, probably reflecting very different formation locations in the protoplanetary disk. The restricted compositional ranges of Fe-Ni sulfides, the wide range for silicates, and the absence of hydrous phases indicate that comet Wild 2 experienced little or no aqueous alteration. Less abundant Wild 2 materials include a refractory particle, whose presence appears to require radial transport in the early protoplanetary disk. 相似文献
2.
Hörz F Bastien R Borg J Bradley JP Bridges JC Brownlee DE Burchell MJ Chi M Cintala MJ Dai ZR Djouadi Z Dominguez G Economou TE Fairey SA Floss C Franchi IA Graham GA Green SF Heck P Hoppe P Huth J Ishii H Kearsley AT Kissel J Leitner J Leroux H Marhas K Messenger K Schwandt CS See TH Snead C Stadermann FJ Stephan T Stroud R Teslich N Trigo-Rodríguez JM Tuzzolino AJ Troadec D Tsou P Warren J Westphal A Wozniakiewicz P Wright I Zinner E 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2006,314(5806):1716-1719
Particles emanating from comet 81P/Wild 2 collided with the Stardust spacecraft at 6.1 kilometers per second, producing hypervelocity impact features on the collector surfaces that were returned to Earth. The morphologies of these surprisingly diverse features were created by particles varying from dense mineral grains to loosely bound, polymineralic aggregates ranging from tens of nanometers to hundreds of micrometers in size. The cumulative size distribution of Wild 2 dust is shallower than that of comet Halley, yet steeper than that of comet Grigg-Skjellerup. 相似文献
3.
Ishii HA Bradley JP Dai ZR Chi M Kearsley AT Burchell MJ Browning ND Molster F 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2008,319(5862):447-450
The Stardust mission returned the first sample of a known outer solar system body, comet 81P/Wild 2, to Earth. The sample was expected to resemble chondritic porous interplanetary dust particles because many, and possibly all, such particles are derived from comets. Here, we report that the most abundant and most recognizable silicate materials in chondritic porous interplanetary dust particles appear to be absent from the returned sample, indicating that indigenous outer nebula material is probably rare in 81P/Wild 2. Instead, the sample resembles chondritic meteorites from the asteroid belt, composed mostly of inner solar nebula materials. This surprising finding emphasizes the petrogenetic continuum between comets and asteroids and elevates the astrophysical importance of stratospheric chondritic porous interplanetary dust particles as a precious source of the most cosmically primitive astromaterials. 相似文献
4.
Flynn GJ Bleuet P Borg J Bradley JP Brenker FE Brennan S Bridges J Brownlee DE Bullock ES Burghammer M Clark BC Dai ZR Daghlian CP Djouadi Z Fakra S Ferroir T Floss C Franchi IA Gainsforth Z Gallien JP Gillet P Grant PG Graham GA Green SF Grossemy F Heck PR Herzog GF Hoppe P Hörz F Huth J Ignatyev K Ishii HA Janssens K Joswiak D Kearsley AT Khodja H Lanzirotti A Leitner J Lemelle L Leroux H Luening K Macpherson GJ Marhas KK Marcus MA Matrajt G Nakamura T Nakamura-Messenger K Nakano T Newville M 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2006,314(5806):1731-1735
We measured the elemental compositions of material from 23 particles in aerogel and from residue in seven craters in aluminum foil that was collected during passage of the Stardust spacecraft through the coma of comet 81P/Wild 2. These particles are chemically heterogeneous at the largest size scale analyzed ( approximately 180 ng). The mean elemental composition of this Wild 2 material is consistent with the CI meteorite composition, which is thought to represent the bulk composition of the solar system, for the elements Mg, Si, Mn, Fe, and Ni to 35%, and for Ca and Ti to 60%. The elements Cu, Zn, and Ga appear enriched in this Wild 2 material, which suggests that the CI meteorites may not represent the solar system composition for these moderately volatile minor elements. 相似文献
5.
Brownlee D Tsou P Aléon J Alexander CM Araki T Bajt S Baratta GA Bastien R Bland P Bleuet P Borg J Bradley JP Brearley A Brenker F Brennan S Bridges JC Browning ND Brucato JR Bullock E Burchell MJ Busemann H Butterworth A Chaussidon M Cheuvront A Chi M Cintala MJ Clark BC Clemett SJ Cody G Colangeli L Cooper G Cordier P Daghlian C Dai Z D'Hendecourt L Djouadi Z Dominguez G Duxbury T Dworkin JP Ebel DS Economou TE Fakra S Fairey SA Fallon S Ferrini G Ferroir T Fleckenstein H Floss C Flynn G 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2006,314(5806):1711-1716
The Stardust spacecraft collected thousands of particles from comet 81P/Wild 2 and returned them to Earth for laboratory study. The preliminary examination of these samples shows that the nonvolatile portion of the comet is an unequilibrated assortment of materials that have both presolar and solar system origin. The comet contains an abundance of silicate grains that are much larger than predictions of interstellar grain models, and many of these are high-temperature minerals that appear to have formed in the inner regions of the solar nebula. Their presence in a comet proves that the formation of the solar system included mixing on the grandest scales. 相似文献
6.
McKeegan KD Aléon J Bradley J Brownlee D Busemann H Butterworth A Chaussidon M Fallon S Floss C Gilmour J Gounelle M Graham G Guan Y Heck PR Hoppe P Hutcheon ID Huth J Ishii H Ito M Jacobsen SB Kearsley A Leshin LA Liu MC Lyon I Marhas K Marty B Matrajt G Meibom A Messenger S Mostefaoui S Mukhopadhyay S Nakamura-Messenger K Nittler L Palma R Pepin RO Papanastassiou DA Robert F Schlutter D Snead CJ Stadermann FJ Stroud R Tsou P Westphal A Young ED Ziegler K Zimmermann L Zinner E 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2006,314(5806):1724-1728
Hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen isotopic compositions are heterogeneous among comet 81P/Wild 2 particle fragments; however, extreme isotopic anomalies are rare, indicating that the comet is not a pristine aggregate of presolar materials. Nonterrestrial nitrogen and neon isotope ratios suggest that indigenous organic matter and highly volatile materials were successfully collected. Except for a single (17)O-enriched circumstellar stardust grain, silicate and oxide minerals have oxygen isotopic compositions consistent with solar system origin. One refractory grain is (16)O-enriched, like refractory inclusions in meteorites, suggesting that Wild 2 contains material formed at high temperature in the inner solar system and transported to the Kuiper belt before comet accretion. 相似文献
7.
Keller LP Bajt S Baratta GA Borg J Bradley JP Brownlee DE Busemann H Brucato JR Burchell M Colangeli L d'Hendecourt L Djouadi Z Ferrini G Flynn G Franchi IA Fries M Grady MM Graham GA Grossemy F Kearsley A Matrajt G Nakamura-Messenger K Mennella V Nittler L Palumbo ME Stadermann FJ Tsou P Rotundi A Sandford SA Snead C Steele A Wooden D Zolensky M 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2006,314(5806):1728-1731
Infrared spectra of material captured from comet 81P/Wild 2 by the Stardust spacecraft reveal indigenous aliphatic hydrocarbons similar to those in interplanetary dust particles thought to be derived from comets, but with longer chain lengths than those observed in the diffuse interstellar medium. Similarly, the Stardust samples contain abundant amorphous silicates in addition to crystalline silicates such as olivine and pyroxene. The presence of crystalline silicates in Wild 2 is consistent with mixing of solar system and interstellar matter. No hydrous silicates or carbonate minerals were detected, which suggests a lack of aqueous processing of Wild 2 dust. 相似文献
8.
Chondrulelike objects in short-period comet 81P/Wild 2 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Nakamura T Noguchi T Tsuchiyama A Ushikubo T Kita NT Valley JW Zolensky ME Kakazu Y Sakamoto K Mashio E Uesugi K Nakano T 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2008,321(5896):1664-1667
The Stardust spacecraft returned cometary samples that contain crystalline material, but the origin of the material is not yet well understood. We found four crystalline particles from comet 81P/Wild 2 that were apparently formed by flash-melting at a high temperature and are texturally, mineralogically, and compositionally similar to chondrules. Chondrules are submillimeter particles that dominate chondrites and are believed to have formed in the inner solar nebula. The comet particles show oxygen isotope compositions similar to chondrules in carbonaceous chondrites that compose the middle-to-outer asteroid belt. The presence of the chondrulelike objects in the comet suggests that chondrules have been transported out to the cold outer solar nebula and spread widely over the early solar system. 相似文献
9.
Sandford SA Aléon J Alexander CM Araki T Bajt S Baratta GA Borg J Bradley JP Brownlee DE Brucato JR Burchell MJ Busemann H Butterworth A Clemett SJ Cody G Colangeli L Cooper G D'Hendecourt L Djouadi Z Dworkin JP Ferrini G Fleckenstein H Flynn GJ Franchi IA Fries M Gilles MK Glavin DP Gounelle M Grossemy F Jacobsen C Keller LP Kilcoyne AL Leitner J Matrajt G Meibom A Mennella V Mostefaoui S Nittler LR Palumbo ME Papanastassiou DA Robert F Rotundi A Snead CJ Spencer MK Stadermann FJ Steele A 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2006,314(5806):1720-1724
Organics found in comet 81P/Wild 2 samples show a heterogeneous and unequilibrated distribution in abundance and composition. Some organics are similar, but not identical, to those in interplanetary dust particles and carbonaceous meteorites. A class of aromatic-poor organic material is also present. The organics are rich in oxygen and nitrogen compared with meteoritic organics. Aromatic compounds are present, but the samples tend to be relatively poorer in aromatics than are meteorites and interplanetary dust particles. The presence of deuterium and nitrogen-15 excesses suggest that some organics have an interstellar/protostellar heritage. Although the variable extent of modification of these materials by impact capture is not yet fully constrained, a diverse suite of organic compounds is present and identifiable within the returned samples. 相似文献
10.
The CIDA (Cometary and Interstellar Dust Analyzer) instrument on the Stardust spacecraft is a time-of-flight mass spectrometer used to analyze ions formed when fast dust particles strike the instrument's target. In the spectra of 45 presumably interstellar particles, quinone derivates were identified as constituents in the organic component. The 29 spectra obtained during the flyby of Comet 81P/Wild 2 confirm the predominance of organic matter. In moving from interstellar to cometary dust, the organic material seems to lose most of its hydrogen and oxygen as water and carbon monoxide. These are now present in the comet as gas phases, whereas the dust is rich in nitrogen-containing species. No traces of amino acids were found. We detected sulfur ions in one spectrum, which suggests that sulfur species are important in cometary organics. 相似文献
11.
Carter NL 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1968,160(3827):526-528
Quartz deformation lamellae parallel to c{OOO1} and planar features parallel to omega{10ī3} appear to be both characteristic of and reliable criteria for quartz deformed by shock due to impact by meteorite or comet. These features are readily distinguished from microstructures, induced during tectonic deformation, by differences in optical properties or spatial and crystallographic orientations of statistically sound populations, or in both. 相似文献
12.
Soderblom LA Becker TL Bennett G Boice DC Britt DT Brown RH Buratti BJ Isbell C Giese B Hare T Hicks MD Howington-Kraus E Kirk RL Lee M Nelson RM Oberst J Owen TC Rayman MD Sandel BR Stern SA Thomas N Yelle RV 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2002,296(5570):1087-1091
The nucleus of the Jupiter-family comet 19P/Borrelly was closely observed by the Miniature Integrated Camera and Spectrometer aboard the Deep Space 1 spacecraft on 22 September 2001. The 8-kilometer-long body is highly variegated on a scale of 200 meters, exhibiting large albedo variations (0.01 to 0.03) and complex geologic relationships. Short-wavelength infrared spectra (1.3 to 2.6 micrometers) show a slope toward the red and a hot, dry surface (=345 kelvin, with no trace of water ice or hydrated minerals), consistent with approximately 10% or less of the surface actively sublimating. Borrelly's coma exhibits two types of dust features: fans and highly collimated jets. At encounter, the near-nucleus coma was dominated by a prominent dust jet that resolved into at least three smaller jets emanating from a broad basin in the middle of the nucleus. Because the major dust jet remained fixed in orientation, it is evidently aligned near the rotation axis of the nucleus. 相似文献
13.
Tuzzolino AJ Economou TE Clark BC Tsou P Brownlee DE Green SF McDonnell JA McBride N Colwell MT 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,304(5678):1776-1780
We present measurements of the dust particle flux and mass distribution from the Stardust Dust Flux Monitor Instrument (DFMI) throughout the flyby of comet 81P/Wild 2. In the particle mass regime from 10(-14) to 10(-7) kilograms, the spacecraft encountered regions of intense swarms of particles, together with bursts of activity corresponding to clouds of particles only a few hundred meters across. This fine-scale structure can be explained by particle fragmentation. We estimate that 2800 +/- 500 particles of diameter 15 micrometers or larger impacted the aerogel collectors, the largest being approximately 6 x 10(-7) kilograms, which dominates the total collected mass. 相似文献
14.
Galileo encounter with 951 gaspra: first pictures of an asteroid 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Belton MJ Veverka J Thomas P Helfenstein P Simonelli D Chapman C Davies ME Greeley R Greenberg R Head J Murchie S Klaasen K Johnson TV McEwen A Morrison D Neukum G Fanale F Anger C Carr M Pilcher C 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1992,257(5077):1647-1652
Galileo images of Gaspra reveal it to be an irregularly shaped object (19 by 12 by 11 kilometers) that appears to have been created by a catastrophic collisional disruption of a precursor parent body. The cratering age of the surface is about 200 million years. Subtle albedo and color variations appear to correlate with morphological features: Brighter materials are associated with craters especially along the crests of ridges, have a stronger 1-micrometer absorption, and may represent freshly excavated mafic materials; darker materials exhibiting a significantly weaker 1-micrometer absorption appear concentrated in interridge areas. One explanation of these patterns is that Gaspra is covered with a thin regolith and that some of this material has migrated downslope in some areas. 相似文献
15.
JK Harmon SJ Ostro LAM Benner KD Rosema RF Jurgens R Winkler DK Yeomans D Choate R Cormier JD Giorgini DL Mitchell PW Chodas R Rose D Kelley MA Slade ML Thomas 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1997,278(5345):1921-1924
Radar observations of comet Hyakutake (C/1996 B2) made at the Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex in California have detected echoes from the nucleus and from large grains in the inner coma. The nucleus of this bright comet was estimated to be only 2 to 3 kilometers in diameter. Models of the coma echo indicate backscatter from porous, centimeter-size grains ejected anisotropically at velocities of tens of meters per second. The radar observations suggest that a comet's activity may be a poor indicator of its size and provide evidence that large grains constitute an important component of the mass loss from a typical active comet. 相似文献
16.
Ney EP 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1982,215(4531):397-398
Photography of the nucleus of comet Halley is the goal of several planned space missions. The nucleus of a comet is surrounded by a cloud of dust particles. If this cloud is optically thick, it will prevent observation of the nuclear surface. Broadband photometry of nine comets has been analyzed to determine the visibility of their nuclei. Only in the case of comet West near perihelion was the dust dense enough to interfere with imaging. Comparison of the visual brightness of the well-observed comets with that of Halley in 1910 leads to the conclusion that the nucleus of Halley can be imaged without significant obscuration by the dust. 相似文献
17.
A spectrum of comet Austin (1988 c(1)) has been obtained from 910 to 1180 A. Three bright emission lines were detected, including a forbidden oxygen line (1128 A), which are attributable to radiative pumping of neutral oxygen by solar Lyman beta. The relative strengths of the observed features should prove to be a useful diagnostic of the physical conditions and radiation fields in cometary comae. In addition, the absence of strong spectral features from highly volatile species such as He, Ar, or N(2) can be used to place constraints on the thermal environment under which the comet was formed and has been processed. 相似文献
18.
Recent radar observations of Mercury have revealed the presence of anomalous radar reflectivity and polarization features near its north and south poles. Thermal model calculations show that, despite Mercury's proximity to the sun, the temperatures of flat, low-reflectivity surfaces at Mercury's poles are not expected to exceed 167 kelvin. The locations of the anomalous polar radar features appear to be correlated with the locations of large, high-latitude impact craters. Maximum surface temperatures in the permanently shadowed regions of these craters are expected to be significantly colder, as low as 60 kelvin in the largest craters. These results are consistent with the presence of water ice, because at temperatures lower than 112 kelvin, water ice should be stable to evaporation over time scales of billions of years. 相似文献
19.
Esat TM Brownlee DE Papanastassiou DA Wasserburg GJ 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1979,206(4415):190-197
The magnesium isotopic composition of some extraterrestrial dust particles has been measured. The particles are believed to be samples of interplanetary dust, a significant fraction of which originated from the disaggregation of comets and may contain preserved isotopic anomalies. Improvements in mass spectrometric and sample preparation techniques have made it possible to measure the magnesium isotopic composition of the dust particles, which are typically 10 micrometers in size and contain on the order of 10(-10) gram of magnesium. Of the 13 samples analyzed, nine have the terrestrial magnesium isotopic composition within 2 parts per thousand, and one shows isotopic mass fractionation of 1.1 percent per mass unit. A subset of the particles, described as chondritic aggregates, are very close to normal isotopic composition, but their normalized isotopic ratios appear to show nonlinear effects of 3 to 4 parts per thousand, which is near the present limit of detection for samples of this size. The isotopic composition of calcium was also determined in one particle and found to be normal within 2 percent. It is clear that the isotopic composition of interplanetary dust particles can be determined with good precision. Collection of dust particles during the earth's passage through a comet tail or an intense meteor stream may permit laboratory analysis of material from a known comet. 相似文献
20.
Marty B Palma RL Pepin RO Zimmermann L Schlutter DJ Burnard PG Westphal AJ Snead CJ Bajt S Becker RH Simones JE 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2008,319(5859):75-78
Materials trapped and preserved in comets date from the earliest history of the solar system. Particles captured by the Stardust spacecraft from comet 81P/Wild 2 are indisputable cometary matter available for laboratory study. Here we report measurements of noble gases in Stardust material. Neon isotope ratios are within the range observed in "phase Q," a ubiquitous, primitive organic carrier of noble gases in meteorites. Helium displays 3He/4He ratios twice those in phase Q and in Jupiter's atmosphere. Abundances per gram are surprisingly large, suggesting implantation by ion irradiation. The gases are probably carried in high-temperature igneous grains similar to particles found in other Stardust studies. Collectively, the evidence points to gas acquisition in a hot, high ion-flux nebular environment close to the young Sun. 相似文献