Studies on the performance of laying hens and broiler chickens fed low doses of tetrachlorvinphos

The effects of moderate to low doses of tetrachlorvinphos (TCVP) on egg production in hens and growth in broiler chickens have been studied. Dietary levels of 0, 50 and 500 mg TCVP/kg were fed to laying hens for 12 or 13 weeks. Adverse effects of the treatment on egg production, egg and yolk weight, egg hatchability, shell thickness, bird weight or food consumption were not observed. In an 8-week study on broiler chickens fed dietary concentrations of 0,2,5,50,100 and 150 mg TCVP/kg growth and food conversion were not significantly affected.     

Effects of the chitin synthesis inhibitor complex nikkomycin on oogenesis in the mite Tetranychus urticae

Some effects of the chitin synthesis inhibitor complex nikkomycin on oogenesis in the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae were demonstrated by means of electron microscopy. Four main effects were evident, depending on the oogenetic stages. Nuclear defects, observed in oogonia and primary oocytes, included a widened nuclear envelope, the intermembranous spaces of which were filled with electron-dense material, and the occurrence of small electron-dense agglomerations and altered nucleoli inside the nuclei. Cytoplasmic defects occurred mainly in nurse cells and involved electron-dense granular areas accompanied by mitochondria, and large cisternae and vesicles of rough endoplasmic reticulum. Yolk synthesis in oocytes could be inhibited, as shown by the lack of yolk droplets or the presence of abnormal yolk droplets. Both phases of egg shell synthesis were disturbed, resulting in an inhibition of egg deposition. Mechanisms based upon the oogenetic effects of the metabolite complex nikkomycin are discussed.     

Action of the microbial metabolite and chitin synthesis inhibitor nikkomycin on the mite Tetranychus urticae; an electron microscope study

Chitinous structures of Tetranychus urticae K., after treatment with the microbial metabolite nikkomycin, were examined using an electron microscope. The results were compared with published information on the mechanisms of action of this antibiotic. Application of the drug resulted in an inhibition of moulting, due to a deficient or abnormal differentiation of the procuticle during ecdysis. Damage to the procuticle caused disorders in the muscle attachments, preventing the chrysalis stages leaving their exuviae after treatment with the metabolite. Application of nikkomycin to an adult female caused plug-like accumulations below the procuticle of the prosoma and cranial opisthosoma, as well as inside the hypodermis. The egg shell was another site of action of nikkomycin; depending on when drug treatment began, an abnormally thickened or incomplete plaque-like egg shell was produced. The deposition of affected eggs was strongly inhibited, if they were laid at all. The electron micrographs supported the suggestion that a competitive inhibition of chitin synthetase results in inhibition of cuticle synthesis. However, such a mechanism of action cannot explain the results on egg shell damage after nikkomycin treatment, which indicates some other influences of the antibiotic.     

Is Change in Electrical Potential or pH a Hatching Signal for Heterodera glycines?

ABSTRACT This study explored the possibilities that changes in the egg shell/lipid layer electrical potential or pH communicate external hatching conditions to the Heterodera glycines second-stage juvenile (J2) within the mature egg and that electrophysiology could measure effects of chemicals on emergence. Potentials were measured following application of the emergence inducers (ZnSO(4) and ZnCl(2)), ions that do not affect emergence, or synthetic emergence inhibitors. Results were compared with pH measurements and emergence bioassays. Healthy appearing eggs had negative resting potentials. Application of ZnSO(4) caused a smooth depolarization. However, eggs containing J2 and immature eggs depolarized to a similar degree when ZnSO(4) was added. In addition, ZnSO(4), synthetic emergence inhibitors, and CaCl(2) caused similar depolarization, and some depolarization was measured in dye-permeable eggs and empty shells. Results suggest that change in cation surface charge contributed to depolarization and that Cl penetrated the egg shell/lipid layer without causing potential changes. In bioassays, zinc consistently stimulated emergence to a greater degree than H(2)O, other cations, or buffers, and counteracted emergence inhibitors. Zinc-caused emergence stimulation was independent of pH. In summary, it is concluded that depolarization and pH are not emergence signals and electrophysiology is unlikely to measure effectiveness of emergence stimulators or inhibitors.     

4,4'-Dinitrocarbanilide (DNC) concentrations in egg shells as a predictor of nicarbazin consumption and DNC dose in goose eggs

Nicarbazin is being investigated as an infertility agent for the control of non-migratory Canada geese (Branta canadensis L) populations. Nicarbazin is presently registered for use as a coccidiostat for poultry. Geese fed sufficient quantities of nicarbazin will lay non-viable eggs. We established nicarbazin consumption by measuring the concentration of a component of the formulation, 4,4'-dinitrocarbanilide (DNC) in the egg contents (yolk, albumin) in non-viable eggs. To estimate the nicarbazin consumption of birds that laid viable eggs (eggs that hatched or contained an embryo), a high-performance liquid chromatography method was developed to measure the concentration of DNC in egg shells. A statistically significant correlation was established using linear regression between the mean concentrations of DNC in the egg shell and in the egg contents in non-viable eggs. Viable eggs were estimated to contain lower levels of DNC than non-viable eggs. DNC concentrations in both the egg contents and the egg shell increased with increases in nicarbazin dose in feed. Our method allows for the estimation of nicarbazin consumption and DNC dose in eggs under field conditions, which is important in developing an effective infertility agent for over-abundant non-migratory goose populations.     

Tenth international congress of plant protection,Brighton, November 1983

Abstract

Field trials were conducted to control rodent pests of wheat crop by improving bait acceptability through taste enhancers (additives). Egg shell, egg yolk, yeast, minced meat, sheep blood and chicken blood were mixed 2% by weight individually in a bait base of broken rice and wheat flour. Brodifacoum and bromadiolone bait with egg shell additive ranked first, and egg yolk second, in preference over other additive poison baits and poison bait without additive. Poison baiting yielded 93.3% and 86.7% reduction in rodent population with brodifacoum and bromadiolone (0.005% each), respectively. Three baitings, at tillering, flowering and maturity stage of the crop, gave 91.0% tiller damage reduction with brodifacoum and 86.0% with bromadiolone as compared to control (untreated). It is concluded that three poison baitings containing egg shell additive should be initiated at tillering stage followed by flowering and maturity of the wheat crop for increased yield.     

Characterisation of adult green lacewing (Chrysoperla carnea) digestive physiology: impact of a cysteine protease inhibitor and a synthetic pyrethroid

BACKGROUND: In spite of concern regarding potential non‐target effects of GM crops, few studies have compared GM pest control with conventional methods. The impacts of cypermethrin and oilseed rape expressing oryzacystatin‐1 (OC‐1) were compared in this study on the predator Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens). RESULTS: Adults fed purified rOC‐1 showed a subtle shift in digestive protease profile, with an increasing reliance on serine proteases (chymotrypsin), increase in aspartic proteases and a slight reduction in elastase activity. Although there were no effects on mortality, onset of oviposition was delayed; however, once egg production commenced, egg laying and hatching success rates were comparable with those of controls. Oryzacystatin‐1 expressed in pollen showed no detrimental effects. Cypermethrin had no effect on mortality owing to high levels of non‐specific esterase activity resulting in partial breakdown of the insecticide. In spite of this, there was a significant delay in onset of oviposition and a significant reduction in egg production and viability. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates the potential for pest management to impact on predators, but importantly it highlights the ability of the predator to detoxify/respond to treatments with different modes of action. In this case, exposure to an insecticide carried a greater fitness cost than exposure to a protease inhibitor expressed in transgenic crops. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

Egg shell ultrastructure of the fish nematode Huffmanela huffmani (Trichosomoididae).

The egg shell of Huffmanela huffmani Moravec, 1987 forms three main layers: an outer vitelline layer, a middle chitinous layer, and an inner lipid layer. The vitelline layer, forming the superficial projections of the egg shell, comprises two parts: an outer electron-dense, and an inner electron-lucid part. The chitinous layer is differentiated into three parts: an outer homogenous electron-dense part, a lamellated part, and an inner electron-dense net-like part. The lipid layer comprises an outer net-like electron-lucid part, and an inner homogenous electron-lucid part. The polar plugs are formed by electron-lucid material with fine electron-dense fibrils.     

滞育持续时间对大猿叶虫山东种群成虫产卵量的影响

在山东泰安大猿叶虫是十字花科蔬菜上的重要害虫。在田间,该虫的繁殖期出现在春季和秋季,以成虫在土中越夏和越冬。本试验在20℃LD12：12条件下,详细比较了大猿叶虫山东种群滞育持续时间9个月和3个月成虫产卵量。结果显示：滞育3个月雌虫每雌平均产卵量和平均日产卵量均略高于滞育9个月的雌虫,但两者间均无显著差异,而早期产卵量却低于滞育9个月雌虫。     

温度和光周期对甜菜夜蛾发育历期和繁殖的影响

本文测试了不同温度(22℃、25℃、28℃)和不同光周期(LD11:13,LD12:12,...,LD15:9)对甜菜夜蛾发育历期和繁殖的影响。结果表明:随着温度升高,甜菜夜蛾卵期、幼虫期、蛹期、蛹重都呈下降趋势,温度对卵期、幼虫期、蛹期、蛹重都有显著影响(P=0.000)。随着温度升高,每雌产卵量呈上升趋势,温度对每雌产卵量有显著影响(P=0.004);随着温度升高,雌虫寿命呈下降趋势,温度对雌虫寿命有显著影响(P=0.001);雄虫寿命也呈下降趋势,但温度对雄虫寿命没有显著影响(P=0.289)。在22℃、25℃、28℃条件下,在所有的光周期下,甜菜夜蛾滞育率都为0,没有光周期反应。在22℃条件下,不同光周期幼虫期、蛹期存在显著差异(P=0.002,P=0.011),蛹重没有显著差异(P=0.171);在25℃条件下,不同光周期幼虫期、蛹期、蛹重都无显著差异(P=0.973,P=0.069,P=0.862);在28℃条件下,不同光周期幼虫期没有显著差异(P=0.207),蛹期、蛹重存在显著差异(P=0.000,P=0.006)。     

水稻白叶枯病菌鸡卵黄抗体的制备及其初步应用

 通过免疫产蛋母鸡制备了针对水稻白叶枯病菌菌株ZJ-173的卵黄抗体(IgY),比较了一种中草药佐剂和福氏佐剂对抗体产生和效价的影响。结果表明:与福氏佐剂相比,中草药佐剂对免疫母鸡的生活力和产蛋影响较小,母鸡恢复产蛋较早(免疫后7天)。卵黄中抗体出现后,两种佐剂处理的抗体都能在抗体出现后15天达到较高效价,并维持较高效价达2个月以上。卵黄抗体经PEG方法提纯后可得到比较纯净的IgY。提纯的IgY蛋白含量平均为11.843mg/ml,双扩散效价为1:128~512。将卵黄抗体IgY作为包被抗体用于异动物抗体双夹心ELISA可有效地检测水稻病叶病种上的白叶枯病菌,其检测灵敏度为10⁴cfu/ml。     

Effects of simulated acid rain and root-knot nematode on tomato

Effects were examined of simulated acid rain and of root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita race 1, on plant growth, yield, photosynthetic pigments and leaf epidermal characters of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Pusa Ruby). Sequential inoculation exposures (pre-, post-, and concomitant with nematode inoculation) were carried out in a greenhouse. Intermittent treatments of simulated acid rain at pH 3.2 caused white-to-tan irregular lesions on both the upper and lower surfaces of tomato leaves. The foliar symptoms were more pronounced on nematode-infected plants. Simulated acid rain (pH 3.2) and/or nematode infection suppressed plant growth, yield and pigment synthesis, the effects being greatest in post-inoculation treatments compared with simulated acid rain at pH 6.8. The total weight of fruits per plant was greatly suppressed owing to simulated acid rain or nematode infection. Chlorophyll a was found to be more sensitive to simulated acid rain or nematode infection than other leaf pigments. Root penetration, galling, egg mass production, and fecundity (number of eggs per egg mass) of M. incognita were enhanced at pH 5.6 and suppressed at pH 3.2 compared with pH 6.8. Nematode infection or simulated acid rain at pH 3.2 suppressed stomata and trichome development (number and size). Simulated acid rain treatments at pH 5.6 had a positive effect on number and size of trichomes, but a negative effect on stomata. The apertures of stomata were wider on tomato leaves exposed to simulated acid rain, especially at pH 3.2, than at pH 6.8.     

淡紫拟青霉对大豆胞囊线虫卵及2龄幼虫的影响

研究了淡紫拟青霉M-14、IPC菌株对大豆胞囊线虫卵孵化及2龄幼虫活性的影响。结果表明,M-14滤液及其菌丝内溶物、IPC滤液、ZnCl_2溶液等不同处理间存在极显著差异(P<0.01)。代谢产物对卵生理活性的影响因试验菌株的不同而异,M-14菌株发酵滤液及其内容物对大豆胞囊线虫卵的孵化具有强烈的抑制作用,而IPC菌株的影响则较弱。大豆胞囊线虫2龄幼虫在M-14发酵滤液原液及1倍稀释液中均表现为麻痹僵直,线虫死亡率随时间的延长而增加,72h后幼虫死亡率分别达到96.8％和90.5％。将经M-14原液处理24h的幼虫置于清水中,仅有极少数能够恢复活性,证明M-14代谢产物具有很强的杀线虫活性。     

交配频率对条纹小斑蛾繁殖的影响

测试了25℃下交配频率对条纹小斑蛾成虫产卵量和寿命的影响。结果表明,雌虫在未进行交配的情况下不能产卵,交配2次的雌虫产卵量最高,其次是交配3次和1次的雌虫,但平均每雌总产卵量在处理间没有显著差异。对于雌虫寿命各处理间没有显著差异,但未交配的雌虫寿命显著长于交配一次的雌虫。各处理间雄虫寿命也不存在差异。     

Adverse effect of the chitinolytic enzyme PjCHI‐1 in transgenic tomato on egg mass production and embryonic development of Meloidogyne incognita

A novel chitinase gene (PjCHI‐1) isolated from Paecilomyces javanicus, a non‐nematophagous fungus, and driven by a CaMV35S promoter, was delivered into CLN2468D, a heat‐tolerant cultivar of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). T₁ tomato plants exhibited high endochitinase activity and reduced numbers of eggs and egg masses when infected with the root‐knot nematode (RKN) Meloidogyne incognita. The eggs found in transgenic tomato had lower shell chitin contents than eggs collected from control plants. Egg masses from transgenic plants exhibited higher chitinase activity than those from control plants. Moreover, only 30% of eggs from transgenic plants were able to develop to the multi‐cell/J1 stage, compared with more than 96% from control plants. The present study demonstrated that the expression of the PjCHI‐1 chitinase gene can effectively reduce the production of egg masses and repress the embryonic development of M. incognita, presenting the possibility of a novel agro‐biotechnological strategy for preventing crop damage by RKN.     

虱螨脲对小菜蛾成虫繁殖力及子代种群发展的影响

为探究虱螨脲对小菜蛾Plutella xylostella成虫的亚致死作用,通过残留药膜法或饲喂法使用50 mg/L虱螨脲对小菜蛾成虫进行处理,分别测定小菜蛾成虫繁殖力、寿命和卵孵化率,通过建立小菜蛾成虫子代生命表确定虱螨脲处理成虫对其后代的影响。结果表明,残留药膜法处理后,小菜蛾成虫单雌产卵量和卵孵化率分别比对照显著降低39.09粒和19.38个百分点;饲喂法处理后,小菜蛾成虫单雌产卵量、雌成虫寿命和卵孵化率分别比对照减少13.42粒、1.56 d和72.03个百分点,卵孵化率与对照差异显著。虱螨脲处理后,小菜蛾成虫子代1龄幼虫存活率、雌成虫寿命、F_1代单雌产卵量和F_1代卵孵化率分别为74.29%、5.90 d、146.65粒和84.43%,均显著低于对照,种群趋势指数降低,表明对子代种群发展有一定的干扰作用。此外,虱螨脲处理小菜蛾雌、雄虫对其产卵量无影响,但处理雌虫显著降低卵孵化率,处理雄虫对卵孵化率无明显影响,说明虱螨脲作用于小菜蛾成虫,仅对卵子形成及受精卵的胚胎发育过程产生影响,而对精子的生成及转移无影响。表明虱螨脲可通过成虫取食或接触而控制小菜蛾种群发展。     

棉铃虫对三氟氯氰菊酯不同抗性种群的田间适合度

借鉴昆虫自然种群生命表的研究方法 ,在田间网笼中比较了棉铃虫三氟氯氰菊酯抗性、敏感品系及其杂交 F1代的主要生物学特征和净增殖率 (R0 )指标。结果表明 :在田间自然状态下 ,抗性品系的每头雌蛾平均产卵量、卵孵化率和幼虫发育历期分别为 314粒、2 0 .1%和 2 2 .9天 ,敏感品系分别为 4 38粒、2 8.8%和19.0天 ,两品系间差异显著 ,说明抗性品系在这些特征上存在较明显的不利性。 F1代的幼虫发育历期介于抗性和敏感品系之间。与敏感品系相比 ,抗性品系的相对适合度为 0 .4 6 ,杂交 F1代为 1.4 6。     

Impact of Cry3Bb1-expressing Bt maize on adults of the western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

BACKGROUND: Genetically engineered maize producing insecticidal Cry3Bb1 protein from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is protected from root damage by corn rootworm larvae. An examination was made to establish whether western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera) adults are affected by Cry3Bb1‐expressing maize (MON88017) when feeding on above‐ground tissue. RESULTS: In laboratory bioassays, adult D. v. virgifera were fed for 7 weeks with silk, leaves or pollen from Bt maize or the corresponding near‐isoline. Male, but not female, survival was reduced in the Bt‐leaf treatment compared with the control. Female weight was lower when fed Bt maize, and egg production was reduced in the Bt‐silk treatment. ELISA measurements demonstrated that beetles feeding on silk were exposed to higher Cry3Bb1 concentrations than beetles collected from Bt‐maize fields in the United States. In contrast to silk and pollen, feeding on leaves resulted in high mortality and low fecundity. Females feeding on pollen produced more eggs than on silk. C:N ratios indicated that silk does not provide enough nitrogen for optimal egg production. CONCLUSIONS: Direct effects of Cry3Bb1 on adult beetles could explain the observed effects, but varietal differences between Bt and control maize are also possible. The impact of Bt maize on adult populations, however, is likely to be limited. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

苏云金芽孢杆菌HBF-1芽孢对棉铃虫幼虫生长发育及酶活的影响

苏云金芽孢杆菌HBF-1菌株的芽孢对初孵棉铃虫幼虫无明显杀伤作用,但可以直接影响其正常的生长发育,使幼虫前期体重增加;而后期发育迟缓,历期延长,成虫产卵量明显减少。通过光学显微镜观察发现,用含有HBF-1芽孢的饲料饲喂棉铃虫幼虫,幼虫中肠肠壁细胞遭到破坏;随着虫龄的增大,微绒毛逐渐脱落,有的部位细胞壁破裂。酶活的测定结果表明:初孵棉铃虫幼虫取食含有HBF-1芽孢(100μg/g)的饲料后,幼虫体内的乙酰胆碱酯酶、羧酸酯酶和谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶的活性发生了变化。     

赤眼蜂寄生行为研究(Ⅰ)——过寄生与子代分配

寄生蜂的过寄生现象是经常发生的。Ullyett(1949)认为,一种有效的昆虫寄生蜂,往往以蜂卵在寄主上的分布这种方式来使其达到最高存活率。Smith(1916)指出,由于蜂卵在寄主上的分布不同,形成了过寄生。关于过寄生对寄生蜂种群繁殖率的影响,国