动物实验"3R"方法的发展概况

在生物学和医学的实验教学和科研工作中 ,动物常被用作实验对象。长期以来 ,实验动物科学者一直面临着动物实验伦理学和如何避免及减少动物受伤害的途径和措施问题。减少、替代和优化动物实验的“3 R”理论的提出 ,为解决这些问题提供了有效的途径和方法。文章综述了“3 R”理论的形成与发展 ,以及现代“3 R”理论研究的概况 ,并提出我们的工作对策     

动物应激的研究进展

对动物应激的研究已有几十年,但有关应激的基础理论体系仍不健全,对于应激的概念及其应用也有很多模糊的地方,致使很多时候人们对应激研究的结果不能进行准确解释。本文对应激的概念、应激的一般反应及应激反应的机理等几个方面进行了综述,希望能引起人们对有关应激理论的思考。     

Animal welfare relevance and the functional and morphological significance of the killing of laboratory animals

Euthanasia of experimental animals at the end of an experiment or when an experiment is terminated is relevant for two reasons: firstly, because of ethical reasons and of animal protection, secondly because of scientific evaluation of experimental results. Functional and morphologic alterations have up to now been inadequately observed and considered. Gradually varying different results depend on the different methods of euthanasia. Additionally single parameters of reactions in isolated organs vary depending on the method of euthanasia. These facts have not yet been respected in the discussion of so called alternate methods. The significance of functional and morphologic effects as seen in different methods of euthanasia is discussed with examples.     

本科生动物生物化学实验课程教学的改革探索

动物生物化学实验课程是动物科学和动物医学专业本科生的一门非常重要的实验课程。分析了动物生物化学实验课程的教学现状和存在的问题,结合本科生的培养目标和培养要求,从教学内容、教学模式、考核方式等方面对动物生物化学实验课程教学改革探索提出针对性意见,以提高实验教学效果和质量,增强学生的科研创新意识和综合素质。     

影响牧业科技成果推广应用的制约因素及对策

本文分析了牧业科研机构在科技成果推广中的作用．指出牧业科研机构创新机制不完善,科技成果本身成熟度欠佳,研究周期、推广转化时间较长及在推广中有效需求不足等是当前制约牧业科技成果转化的重要因素。因此,引入市场机制是促进牧业科技成果转化的基本前提,牧业科学研究的重点、科研人员的管理要进一步与市场对接。同时要培育成果转化载体,开展技术教育培训,加强成果推广服务体系建设．做好科技成果转化。     

澳大利亚高校教学方法对吉林农业科技学院学生动物实验技能提高的启示

在生命科学研究领域,实验动物和动物实验起着非常重要的作用,为了提高本科生动物实验技能的训练,以适应就业岗位的需要,结合澳大利亚高校教学方法,对吉林农业科技学院动物科技学院相关专业实验动物技术课程进行理论和实验教学内容及方法的调整与改进,在教学理念方面强调“以学生本”,理论教学采用小组合作式和以问题为导向的教学模式;实验教学以项目法结合教师科研以提高学生动物实验技能为目的,多种教学方法相互融合以提高教学效果,旨在提高该校本科生动物实验技能,提高科技创新能力及就业竞争力。     

Animal welfare regulations for the conditions of raising and transporting farm animals

The definition of keeping and transport conditions in conformity with animal welfare requirements should, as far as possible, be based on objective well-established scientific facts. Up to date, however, such facts have been available to a limited extent only, and this situation will be likely to persist for quite some time. Practical experience, feasibility considerations (reasonable reason) and subjective ethical standards of value cannot be left out of account. In order to improve animal welfare, but, at the same time, also in order to provide livestock farmers with the clearest possible guidelines and to avoid unnecessary distortions of competition it will be necessary to lay down legal minimum requirements for animal welfare. The Federal Government endeavours to meet its respective responsibilities both at national level and at the Council of Europe. At the same time, however, it has also successfully used its influence to get EC-wide provisions prepared and enacted. It will continue to persist in urging all those concerned to bring the consultations on the Commission's proposals to a conclusion as soon as possible. Further development of our existing legislation on animal welfare minimum requirements will, in particular, be necessary with regard to the keeping of laying hens in cages. In addition to the endeavours on the part of scientists, practical experience will play a special role for the further development of our modern animal husbandry systems, inter alia also such experience as is gained in the field of what is called "alternative keeping of farm animals".(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Evaluation of Environmental Mycobacteria Contamination in a Specific Pathogen Free Animal Facility from a Tropical Country

With the evidence showing the protection variability of bacille Calmette‐Guérin, new potential vaccines for tuberculosis have been tested around the world. One of the general concerns in tuberculosis vaccine development is the possibility of priming the host immune system with prior exposure to environmental mycobacteria antigens, which can change the efficacy of subsequent vaccination. As there is a great homology between the species from Mycobacterium genera, the previous contact of experimental animals with environmental mycobacteria could sensitize the mice and, in this way, could influence subsequent vaccine research. The aim of our study was to investigate critical points in an animal facility to search for environmental mycobacteria that eventually could be in direct or indirect contact with the experimental animals. Samples were collected from surfaces of walls, floor, animal cages and shelves and analysed using the Ogawa–Kudoh decontamination method. Samples of drinking water, food and sawdust were collected for analysis by the NALC/NaOH decontamination method. Also, the samples were cultivated directly in broth medium, without any method for decontamination. After decontamination methods, we observed bacterial colony growth in 4.31% of the total of samples analysed. These samples were stained with Ziehl–Neelsen and we did not detect any acid‐fast bacilli, suggesting that the animal facility analysed is free from contamination by environmental mycobacteria and is not a source of mycobacterial antigens. Furthermore, our study showed a new paradigm in tuberculosis vaccine development: concern about the animal facility environment in terms of immune system priming of experimental animals by nascent bacterial contaminants.     

小型猪作为人类疾病动物模型在生物医学研究中的应用

与啮齿类小型实验动物模型相比,小型猪因其解剖学、生理学、疾病发生等方面与人类极为相似,且价廉、无伦理问题等方面的原因,在生物医学研究领域中具有广阔的应用前景,尤其在人类疾病动物模型制作、新药安全性评价、异种器官移植等领域应用更广.论文主要综述了国内外小型猪作为心血管疾病、消化系统疾病、皮肤烧(烫)伤、口腔疾病、异种器官...     

Animal behavior and well-being symposium: Farm animal welfare assurance: science and application

Public and consumer pressure for assurances that farm animals are raised humanely has led to a range of private and public animal welfare standards, and for methods to assess compliance with these standards. The standards usually claim to be science based, but even though researchers have developed measures of animal welfare and have tested the effects of housing and management variables on welfare within controlled laboratory settings, there are challenges in extending this research to develop on-site animal welfare standards. The standards need to be validated against a definition of welfare that has broad support and which is amenable to scientific investigation. Ensuring that such standards acknowledge scientific uncertainty is also challenging, and balanced input from all scientific disciplines dealing with animal welfare is needed. Agencies providing animal welfare audit services need to integrate these scientific standards and legal requirements into successful programs that effectively measure and objectively report compliance. On-farm assessment of animal welfare requires a combination of animal-based measures to assess the actual state of welfare and resource-based measures to identify risk factors. We illustrate this by referring to a method of assessing welfare in broiler flocks. Compliance with animal welfare standards requires buy-in from all stakeholders, and this will be best achieved by a process of inclusion in the development of pragmatic assessment methods and the development of audit programs verifying the conditions and continuous improvement of farm animal welfare.     

钴的动物营养学功能

钴作为动物体内一种必需的微量元素,虽然动物对其需要量并不大,但钴对动物的造血机能、免疫机能、生长发育及繁殖,特别是对反刍动物瘤胃微生物合成VB12等起着重要的作用,钴与其他微量元素合用会有更加明显的效果。钴缺乏会引起动物生产性能的下降,易给畜牧业带来很大经济损失,因此,随着科学研究的深入,钴的重要营养作用也逐渐被发现并受到人们的重视。就钴的生物学作用、钴的营养学作用机制、钴缺乏的发病机制、与其他营养素之间的关系及其在动物营养中的重要作用进行了阐述。     

We and they: Animal welfare in the era of advanced agricultural biotechnology

The paper discusses central moral issues raised by the applications of advanced biotechnology to animal agriculture and introduces the major ethical concepts and principles of animal bioethics. It is argued that biotechnology enables human beings to transform animals according to human needs, which blurs the boundary between humans and non-human animals in moral and biological sense. The more humans change animals, the more responsible humans are for the welfare of the animals and the greater their moral obligations. The paper introduces the main ethical approaches to animal welfare, traces the philosophical roots of animal ethics in the Judeo-Christian tradition and discusses the views of classical and contemporary ethicists such as Kant, Bentham, Mill, Peter Singer and Tom Regan. The paper explores the concept of animal welfare, suffering and rights, and the values behind Animal Liberation. Special attention is given to the animal welfare issues posed by cloning, genetic engineering and patenting of living organism. For each technology, actual or potential risks to animal welfare are identified and their moral implications are outlined. It is noted that the traditional moral principles of animal welfare, animal interests and animal rights are inadequate as means for evaluating the morality of certain advanced technologies because the technologies can change the animals in profound ways that make animal awareness too limited to give rise to claims about welfare, interests or rights. The principle of animal integrity is endorsed as an alternative better suited for evaluating the morality of advanced biotechnology.     

Animal welfare, animal rights and agriculture

The past decade has witnessed a major revolution in social concern with animals. Philosophically, this revolution entails a significant revision in traditional ways of conceiving our moral obligations to other creatures. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the social and conceptual basis for what is widely termed "animal rights." The agricultural community has mistakenly tended to dismiss this new thinking as fringe and emotionally based. In actuality, it is a natural extension of earlier social thought. The case of new laws regulating biomedical research illustrates the rapidity of social change in this area, as do recent developments in European regulation of agriculture. The relevance of this new moral thought to what has hitherto been understood purely in economic terms must be assimilated by the American agricultural community before the agricultural community can respond appropriately and non-reactively.     

Laboratory animal science: a resource to improve the quality of science

The contribution of animal experimentation to biomedical research is of undoubted value, nevertheless the real usefulness of animal models is still being hotly debated. Laboratory Animal Science is a multidisciplinary approach to humane animal experimentation that allows the choice of the correct animal model and the collection of unbiased data. Refinement, Reduction and Replacement, the "3Rs rule", are now widely accepted and have a major influence on animal experimentation procedures. Refinement, namely any decrease in the incidence or severity of inhumane procedures applied to animals, has been today extended to the entire lives of the experimental animals. Reduction of the number of animals used to obtain statistically significant data may be achieved by improving experimental design and statistical analysis of data. Replacement refers to the development of validated alternative methods. A Laboratory Animal Science training program in biomedical degrees can promote the 3Rs and improve the welfare of laboratory animals as well as the quality of science with ethical, scientific and economic advantages complying with the European requirement that "persons who carry out, take part in, or supervise procedures on animals, or take care of animals used in procedures, shall have had appropriate education and training".     

动物药学专业课程教学改革的探索

就新形势下针对动物药学专业的专业课程教学改革,以便更好地推动动物药学专业的发展及培养该专业的合格人才、高等人才,提出了要通过优化课程内容,创新课程体系;突出学生主体地位;加强实验技能训练,提高学生综合能力;培养学习兴趣,加强科研技能训练等措施。     

Annual meeting keynote address: Animal agriculture and emerging social ethics for animals

Businesses and professions must stay in accord with social ethics, or risk losing their autonomy. A major social ethical issue that has emerged in the past three decades is the treatment of animals in various areas of human use. This point can be illustrated with numerous examples across all areas of animal use. These examples reflect society's moral concern having outgrown the traditional ethic of animal cruelty that began in biblical times and is encoded in the laws of all civilized societies. There are five major reasons for this new social concern, most importantly, the replacement of husbandry-based agriculture with industrial agriculture. This loss of husbandry to industry has threatened the traditional fair contract between humans and animals, and resulted in significant amounts of animal suffering arising on four different fronts. Because such suffering is not occasioned by cruelty, a new ethic for animals was required to express social concerns. Since ethics proceed from preexisting ethics rather than ex nihilo, society has looked to its ethic for humans, appropriately modified, to find moral categories applicable to animals. This concept of legally encoded rights for animals has emerged as a plausible vehicle for reform. The meaning of this ethical movement for animal agriculture is examined. Animal agriculture should explore ways to replace the animal husbandry lost to industrialization.     

内蒙古医科大学实验动物中心产学研一体化定位与探索

实验动物中心作为生命科学理论与实践的保障基地，在实验动物被广泛使用的新时期，实验动物中心不再是单纯的生产和管理实验动物的附属单位。以内蒙古医科大学实验动物中心为例，根据高校以及社会需求，结合实际工作情况，探索保证产量、承担教学、服务科研3个方面的一体化新进程，从而搭建高校动物中心科研教学全新平台。     

《动物微生物综合实训》课程教学改革探索

结合临床生产常见病例及校企合作科研项目,将《动物微生物综合实训》课程教学内容改革为基础性实验、综合提高性实验和研究创新性实验3个层次。考核内容确定为显微镜操作技术与制片技术、细菌分离纯化及鉴定技术、病毒分离鉴定技术和试验设计与创新能力;考核模式采用多元化、多层次、多角度考核与过程考核相结合的方式,以期培养出高职畜牧兽医专业的高技能应用型人才。     

Laboratory animal medicine. Changes and challenges

Less than three decades have elapsed since the specialty of laboratory animal medicine was first formally recognized. Tremendous progress and maturation has occurred in this short time frame due in large part to the foresight of early pioneers in the field, attention to the moral and ethical use of animals, and the recognition by the biomedical research community of the indispensable role played by the laboratory animal medicine specialist in forging new knowledge in the biomedical sciences. The ability of laboratory animal medicine specialists to properly balance their efforts in collaborative and independent research, clinical services and teaching, offers exciting challenges and opportunities for veterinarians entering the specialty. Undoubtedly, another challenge to the specialty, currently and in the foreseeable future, is the debate over animal rights which began to ferment in the late 1970's, after lying relatively dorment since the 1950's. A growing number of Americans, including some scientists, contend that animals have inherent rights to a full life, free of intentional pain, even when done in legitimate scientific pursuits; some ardent anti-vivisectionists state that the use of animals in experimental research is immoral. The laboratory animal medicine specialist will have to effectively deal with the administrators of institutions using research animals, the attendant federal and state guidelines and laws regulating their use, and defend the use of laboratory animals to a polarized public, while at the same time ensure the humane care and use of animals under their purview. Certainly, the specialty is squarely placed in a hotly debated dilemma, fraught with ethical, moral, medical, philosophical, religious, and political complexities. I believe the specialty has the vision and maturity, and is indeed ready, to successfully meet that challenge - to assuage public concern, implement new federal policy regarding animal care and use, and maintain the excellent progress in laboratory animal medicine realized in the last 75 years.