Yield Formation in Mixtures of Rust Resistant and Susceptible Plants of Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

In a two-factorial trial, conducted in 1986 at the CIAT farm in Palmira (Colombia), the performance of nine tropical bean lines differing in resistance to rust and seven mixtures obtained by combining these lines on the basis of equal proportions in seed number was evaluated in a rust inoculated treatment and in a fungicide treated control.
Compared to the fungicide treated control, rust attack significantly reduced the yield of all susceptible lines by 24 to 56% in pure stands. In rust inoculated mixtures containing resistant, intermediate and susceptible genotypes, mixture effects on yield increased only by 3.3% compared to the fungicide treated control. In mixtures of common bean a higher proportion of resistant lines appears to be required compared to cereals for comparable reductions in the spread of rust due to lower plant density and correspondingly higher autodeposition rate of uredospores.     

普通菜豆抗旱生理特性

采用盆栽试验,以抗旱性较好的品种跃进豆、260205和敏感品种奶花芸豆为试材,设置干旱和正常供水2种处理,测定产量、产量构成因素及相关生理生化指标,分析干旱胁迫下参试品种各性状及生理指标的变化及对干旱胁迫的生理响应。结果表明,干旱处理36 d,跃进豆和260205的根干重为总生物量的20.2%和20.6%,荚干重为总生物量的30.0% 和28.9%,而奶花芸豆的根干重和荚干重仅为总生物量的10.6%和17.1%,光合产物向根系和籽粒的有效分配与普通菜豆抗旱性关系密切;跃进豆在干旱胁迫后期的水分利用效率较对照增加 230.5%,而奶花芸豆的增幅仅为84.3%,较高的水分利用效率有利于CO₂的有效扩散和高效固定;其他生理特性分析表明,抗氧化酶与光呼吸共同作用有效降低了膜脂过氧化程度,减少了叶片的损伤;脯氨酸和可溶性糖是普通菜豆主要的渗透调节物质,能够较好地保持自身叶片的水分平衡。普通菜豆抗旱性是多种生理调节机制协同作用的结果,主要包括形态调节、气孔调节、渗透调节以及抗氧化能力的调节等。     

Genetics of Seed Yield and its Components in Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) of Middle-American Origin

Genetic variance, heritability, and expected response from selection arc useful in devising alternative methods and criteria of: selection. The objectives of this study were to estimate these for seed yield and its components from 200 F₂: populations involving 80 cultivars and lines of mostly small-seeded dry bush bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) of habits growth I, II, and III of Middle-American origin. All cultivars and lines were crossed in eight sets of ten parents each in a Design II mating system. The F₂ populations, without parents, were evaluated in the field in a replicates-in-sets design at two locations in Colombia in 1983. Estimates of additive genetic variance were significant for yield, pods/m², seeds/pod, and seed weight. Interaction with environments was also significant. Values for nonadditive genetic variance were not significant for either yield or yield components. The estimates of narrow sense heritability, based on the F₂ population mean and unbiased by genotype x environment interaction, were 0.21 ± 0.13 for yield. 20 ± 0.13 for pods/m², 0.57 ± 0.13 for seeds/pod, and 0.74 ± 0.15 for seed weight. The expected direct response from selection of the top 20 % of F₂ populations for yield per se would result in a 4.30 % increase in yield with a correlated response of 0.21 % in seed weight. In contrast, the expected gain from direct selection for seed weight would result in a 11.76 % increase in seed weight with a, correlated gain of 0.28 % for yield. Direct selection for pods/m² would decrease yield, seeds/pod and seed weight, while direct selection for seeds/pod would reduce pods/m² and seed weight but increase seed yield by 0.37 %. Data on yield from replicated trials in the early segregating generations could be utilized for identification and selection of promising crosses and families or lines with crosses for dry bean yield improvement.     

普通菜豆品种苗期抗旱性鉴定

以不同来源的普通菜豆品种为材料,采用盆栽法,设正常供水和反复干旱2种处理,测定11项生理指标,采用灰色关联度理论进行苗期抗旱性指标筛选,通过加权抗旱指数(weighted drought-resistance index,WDI值)和抗旱度量值D(drought resistance comprehensive evaluation values,D值)对供试材料进行抗旱性综合评价并通过聚类分析划分抗旱等级。结果表明,不同指标与综合抗旱指数的关联度大小依次为叶片相对含水量(0.7726)、PSII最大量子产量(0.7607)、叶绿素含量(0.7435)、反复干旱存活率(0.7341)、生物量(0.7329)、茎叶干重(0.7314)、根干重(0.7192)、气孔导度(0.7159)、根冠比(0.7092)、株高(0.7086)、叶面积(0.6910)。基于加权抗旱指数和抗旱度量值D的评价结果存在一定差异,但不同材料的抗旱性排序大体一致。根据抗旱度量值D将供试材料分为高抗、中抗、敏感和高敏感4个级别,各占总数的10%、6%、58%和26%。综上所述,叶片相对含水量、PSII最大量子产量和叶绿素含量等10项指标可用于普通菜豆苗期抗旱性综合评价;加权抗旱指数与抗旱度量值D两种综合指标相结合能够提高鉴定结果的可靠性;50个参试普通菜豆品种中,白金德利豆、跃进豆、兔子腿、圆白菜豆和260205抗旱性强。     

菜豆组织培养及遗传转化研究进展

笔者概述了近年来国内外菜豆组织培养及菜豆遗传转化研究进展。重点阐述了菜豆组织培养过程中外植体选择、分生组织培养、愈伤组织的诱导、不定芽的诱导、生根培养及移栽等方面的研究成果。同时总结了农杆菌介导法和基因枪法2种遗传转化方法在菜豆转基因方面的应用情况。指出了基因型的差异是菜豆组织培养及遗传转化的主要限制因素,因此如何建立一套不存在基因型差异的菜豆再生体系,是今后菜豆组织培养和遗传转化的研究重点。     

Yield stability in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes

An experiment was undertaken to determine the stability of seed yield in 21 common bean genotypes representing three growth habits. Seven genotypes in each growth habit (determinate bush, indeterminate bush and indeterminate prostrate) were evaluated in replicated trials at three locations for three years under rain fed conditions in Ethiopia. A combined analysis of variance, stability statistics and rank correlations among stability statistics and yield-stability statistic were determined. The genotypes differed significantly for seed yield and genotype × environment (year by location) interaction (GE). The different stability statistics namely Type1, Type 2 and Type 3 measured the different aspects of stability. This was substantiated by rank correlation coefficient. There were strong rank correlations among S_i ²d, W_i ²,σ_i ² and S_i ², where as there was weak correlation between b_iand R_i ², S_i ²d, W_i ², σ_i ² and S_i ². R² was significantly and negatively correlated with W_i ², σ_i ² and S_i ². σ_i ² is significantly correlated with W_i ².Yield is significantly correlated with b_i and R_i ².None of the statistics per se was useful for selecting high yielding and stable genotypes except the YS(yield-stability statistic). Most of the high yielding genotypes were relatively stable. Of the 21 genotypes, only 11genotypes were selected for their high yielding and stable performance. Genotypes with growth habit III and I (in determinate prostrate and determinate bush) were generally more stable than in determinate bush. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

利用分子标记定位普通菜豆抗炭疽病基因

为了定位中国普通菜豆的抗炭疽病基因, 选取抗炭疽病地方品种红芸豆(国家库编号F2322)与高感菜豆品种京豆(国家库编号F0777)配制杂交组合, 构建F₂抗感分离群体和F_2:3家系, 用菜豆炭疽菌81号生理小种鉴定抗病性并分析遗传性。结果表明, 红芸豆对菜豆炭疽菌81号小种的抗性是由一显性单基因控制的, 暂将该基因命名为Co-F2322。用分离群体分组分析法(BSA)和SSR、CAPs分子标记技术, 将该基因定位在B1连锁群上, 利用软件Mapmaker 3.0和Mapchart 3.0计算标记与目的基因间的遗传距离, 检测到3个SSR标记BMc32、C871、Pvm98和2个CAPs标记g1224、g683与抗炭疽病基因连锁, 遗传距离分别为26.06、3.58、13.56、3.81和12.75 cM。     

以SSR标记对普通菜豆抗炭疽病基因定位

由菜豆炭疽菌引起的菜豆炭疽病是危害我国菜豆生产的主要病害之一, 鉴定和发掘新的抗病基因对于菜豆抗病育种具有十分重要的意义。以来自安第斯基因库的我国菜豆抗炭疽病地方品种红花芸豆与感病地方品种京豆杂交的F₂群体为试验材料, 通过人工接种菜豆炭疽菌81号小种进行抗病性鉴定, 发现该分离群体中抗病植株数与感病植株数符合3∶1的分离比例, 确定红花芸豆对菜豆炭疽菌81号小种的抗性由显性单基因控制, 将此基因命名为Co-F2533。用分离群体分组分析法(BSA)和微卫星多态性分析(SSR)技术对红花芸豆中的抗炭疽病基因进行分子标记鉴定, 用Mapmaker3.0计算标记与目的基因间的遗传距离, 发现B6连锁群上的4个SSR标记BM170、Clon1429、BMD37、Clon410与抗炭疽病基因Co-F2533连锁, 遗传距离分别为6.6、18.4、20.9和30.9 cM, 这些SSR标记与Co-F2533基因在B6连锁群上的排列顺序为Clon1429-Co-F2533- BM170-BMD37-Clon410。根据基因所在连锁群的位置、抗病基因的基因库来源可知Co-F2533是一个新的来源于安第斯基因库的抗炭疽病基因。     

利用分子标记选择普通菜豆抗角斑病基因聚合体

明确菜豆杭角斑病基因在中国普通菜豆中的分布,有助于改良普通菜豆杭病性和提高产量潜力。利用普通菜豆杭角斑病基因H13,N02,E-ACA,AA19,BA16及M02的特异PCR标记,对78份普通菜豆资源进行杭角斑病基因聚合体的选择,从中选择到含2个杭角斑病基因聚合体的菜豆资源10份,含3个杭角斑病基因聚合体的菜豆资源30份,含4个杭角斑病基因聚合体的菜豆资源34份,含5个杭角斑病基因聚合体的菜豆资源3份。该研究明确了78份参试菜豆资源所含的杭角斑病基因类型,筛选出了杭角斑病基因聚合体的菜豆资源。     

Location-Specific and Across-Location Selections for Seed Yield in Populations of Common Bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L.

Two populations of common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L., were used to make three independent location-specific selections at Palmira, Quilichao, and Popayán, Colombia. Also, three across-location selections were made by alternating generations between Palmira and Popayan, between Quilichao and Popayán, and among Palmira, Quilichao, and Popayán. The seven highest yielding lines selected from each environment and population along with 14 parents and two checks were evaluated for seed yield, seed weight, maturity, and reaction to an-thracnose, angular leaf spot, and common bacterial blight. Mean squares due to evaluation and selection environments, selected lines, and their interactions were significant for all traits. Mean yields of selected lines were higher than the mean of parents in both populations. Among location-specific selections, lines yielded higher at their respective selection site. Moreover, selections made at Popayán were higher yielding than those made at Quilichao or Palmira when tested across locations and years. Use of Popayán, a relatively wetter and cooler site, either alone or in combination with other locations resulted in higher yield, higher seed weight, and higher resistance to anthracnose. On the average, location-specific selections were lower yielding than the across-location selections. Among across-location selections, those selected between Palmira and Popayán were the highest yielding in both populations. Selections at Palmira and across all three locations resulted in greater stability.     

普通菜豆镰孢菌枯萎病抗病相关基因PvCaM1的克隆及表达分析

钙调素蛋白(calmodulin,CaM)作为植物细胞内介导多种功能的Ca²⁺结合蛋白,在调节植物的生长发育和抗病性方面具有重要作用。利用普通菜豆(Phaseolus vulgaris L.)表达序列标签(EST)克隆了含有编码普通菜豆CaM基因的cDNA序列。序列分析表明,cDNA片段长713 bp,命名为PvCaM1,具有一个453 bp的开放阅读框(ORF),GenBank登录号为JN418801,该基因编码150个氨基酸,预测蛋白质分子质量为17.16 kD。蛋白质结构分析表明,PvCaM1蛋白含有4个Ca²⁺结合结构域(EF-hand)。同源分析结果显示,PvCaM1基因与百脉根、西瓜的CaM基因亲缘关系最近,分别达到77%和76%。荧光定量PCR分析表明,PvCaM1基因受尖孢镰孢菌菜豆专化型FOP-DM01菌株诱导表达,接种病原菌96 h,抗病品种260205根中PvCaM1基因的表达量达到最高,而感病品种BRB-130达到最低,260205叶中PvCaM1基因的表达量均高于BRB-130,而且叶中的表达量高于根和茎中的表达量。PvCaM1基因表达量也受外源植物激素脱落酸、茉莉酸甲酯和乙烯利诱导上调,在根、茎、叶中均有不同程度的表达。本研究表明PvCaM1基因可能通过脱落酸、茉莉酸和乙烯等信号途径参与菜豆对FOP-DM01菌株的防御反应,推测菜豆PvCaM1基因与镰孢菌枯萎病的抗病性有一定关联。     

Genetics of Seed Yield and Its Components in Common Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) of Andean Origin

A broad spectrum of rapeseed (rape) lines as well as resynthesized (resyn) genotypes of B. napus were analyzed for their contents of sinapoyl esters. In the rape material the concentrations varied between 17.8 and 71.9 μol/g defatted seed meal and exhibited a heritability of h²= 0.6. The resyn genotypes showed an even smaller variation but had a similar heritability. Therefore, no additional, immediately usable, genotypes with low sinapoyl ester concentrations could be created by a resynthesis.     

以SSR标记对普通菜豆抗炭疽病基因定位

由菜豆炭疽菌引起的菜豆炭疽病是危害我国菜豆生产的主要病害之一, 鉴定和发掘新的抗病基因对于菜豆抗病育种具有十分重要的意义。以来自安第斯基因库的我国菜豆抗炭疽病地方品种红花芸豆与感病地方品种京豆杂交的F₂群体为试验材料, 通过人工接种菜豆炭疽菌81号小种进行抗病性鉴定, 发现该分离群体中抗病植株数与感病植株数符合3∶1的分离比例, 确定红花芸豆对菜豆炭疽菌81号小种的抗性由显性单基因控制, 将此基因命名为Co-F2533。用分离群体分组分析法(BSA)和微卫星多态性分析(SSR)技术对红花芸豆中的抗炭疽病基因进行分子标记鉴定, 用Mapmaker3.0计算标记与目的基因间的遗传距离, 发现B6连锁群上的4个SSR标记BM170、Clon1429、BMD37、Clon410与抗炭疽病基因Co-F2533连锁, 遗传距离分别为6.6、18.4、20.9和30.9 cM, 这些SSR标记与Co-F2533基因在B6连锁群上的排列顺序为Clon1429-Co-F2533- BM170-BMD37-Clon410。根据基因所在连锁群的位置、抗病基因的基因库来源可知Co-F2533是一个新的来源于安第斯基因库的抗炭疽病基因。     

Influence of Water Stress on Grain Yield and Vegetative Growth of Two Cultivars of Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Lack of water during vegetative and/or reproductive growth stages is one of the most limiting factors for bean growth. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of water stress applied during two phenological stages (flowering and pod filling) on growth, yield and yield components. Two genotypes of bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were used in this study, cv. Carioca, an indeterminate Brazilian landrace, and cv. Prince, a determinate cultivar grown in Europe. Carioca appears to be generally stress-tolerant while Prince is intolerant. Plants were grown in large plastic pots covered with a black plastic sheet to protect the soil from rain and evaporation. The water stress treatments were: control (well-watered plants), WSFS (water stress during flowering stage) and WSPFS (water stress during pod-filling stage). Water stress reduced yield and yield components at both flowering and pod-filling stages. The parameters affected were seed weight, number of seeds per plant and number of pods per plant. Number of seeds per pod and seed weight were not affected. No effects of water stress were detected on harvest index. Time to maturity was slightly prolonged, especially for WSFS. Water stress at both stages resulted in lower accumulated water loss compared to the control plants. Water stress during both phenological stages reduced other growth parameters, the number of trifoliate leaves, stem height, number of main branches and number of nodes on the main stem.     

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) lines devoid of major lectin proteins

In common bean, the most abundant proteins of the lectin family (arcelin, phytohaemagglutinin and α-amylase inhibitor – APA proteins) are major antinutritional factors of the seeds. Reduced protein digestibility and high toxicity at the intestinal level are the causes of their antinutritional effect. Bean lines producing seeds without the lectins mentioned above were developed to improve nutritional characteristics of bean seeds used for human consumption and, potentially, for animal feeding. The genetic trait was transferred from a wild bean accession into a number of bean cultivars. The 1 : 3 'lectin-free/lectin-containing seeds' segregation ratio hypothesis was confirmed by chi-square analysis in the F2 progenies. Four lectin-free stable lines, P500, P501, 938 and 586/8 (white seeded), and 44 climbing breeding lines, have been developed. The 'white seed coat' trait, correlated with a reduced amount of tannins and polyphenols in bean seeds, has been introduced in our lectin-free materials to further improve their nutritional characteristics. The field performance of P501, 938 and 586/8 and that of their lectin-containing parents, was evaluated on 2007 in two locations. Dry seed yield, seed emergence, plant height, plant growth duration, average weight and germination capacity of the produced seeds were surveyed and statistically analysed. At the location of Battipaglia (Salerno), the dry seed yield value of the lectin-free line 938 (3.74 t/ha) and that of one of its parent, the CIAT line BAT 881 (3.65 t/ha), were significantly higher than those of all other lines tested. Germination percentage of lectin-free lines, recorded 3 days after sowing, was significantly higher than that of controls.     

山西普通菜豆初级核心种质农艺性状遗传多样性研究

本研究通过对152份山西省普通菜豆初级核心种质进行农艺性状鉴定及农艺性状多样性分析,旨在明确山西省普通菜豆种质资源的主要类型,各类型及性状的主要农艺性状特征及多样性特点。通过在田间进行农艺性状鉴定,同时利用表型数据,采用聚类分析、多样性分析和主成分分析法,确定了山西省普通菜豆种质资源的主要类型,各类型和各性状的农艺性状特征和多样性特点以及24个表型性状所属的主成分。结果表明山西普通菜豆初级核心种质可划分为5种类型。从各分组多样性来看,半蔓+蔓生-紫茎紫花型和蔓生-籽粒斑纹型多样性指数I最高,而直立型资源多样性指数I最低,从各性状多样性来看,质量性状多样性总体低于数量性状,但粒色则表现出明显丰富的多样性。通过主成分分析,将普通菜豆23个农艺性状归属为7个主成分,初步明确了各主成分代表的农艺性状;通过上述研究,明确了山西普通菜豆主要类型、多样性特征和各主成分代表的主要农艺性状,可为资源鉴定评价提供综合性状指标。     

Interactions amongst Grain Variables in Various Dwarf Dry Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Cultivars

Common bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is an important leguminous crop. Seed variables such as protein, oil, cellulose, ash, nitrogen-free extract, testa and moisture contents and the thousand-seed weights of seven bean cultivars currently cultivated in Turkey, namely, A-111 Pinto, Çalı, Yunus-90, Eskişehir-855, Şehirali-90, Karacaşehir-90 and Romano, were analysed in the laboratory with respect to their effects on the quality of bean seed grown under Central Anatolian ecological conditions. Statistically significant variations were found by ANOVA amongst the cultivars for all the variables examined, except the ash content of the seeds, and different groups were obtained by Duncan's multiple range test. Correlations amongst the variables as well as their direct and indirect effects on protein content were also calculated using the correlation and path coefficients analyses, respectively.     

Legume Production and Irrigation Strategies in the Aral Sea Basin: Yield,Yield Components,Water Relations and Crop Development of Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and Mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek)

With world population expected to reach 9.2 billion people by 2050, improved irrigation methods will be needed to increase the productivity of agricultural land and improve food supply worldwide. The objective of this work was to examine the effect of regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) and alternate furrow irrigation (AFI) on the yield and yield components of two legume species (common bean and mungbean) produced as a second crop following winter wheat in Uzbekistan, Central Asia. Water relations and crop development were also examined. The research was conducted during two successive growing seasons in the Fergana valley. Production of mungbean using the severe stress RDI treatment in combination with AFI resulted in the highest yields with the lowest quantity of applied water in 2004. In addition, yields of common bean in the moderate stress treatment were not different from the recommended schedule, although irrigation events were decreased from 4 to 2. AFI did not reduce yields, and it did not interact with RDI to reduce yields further. In general, mungbean yields were higher than those of common bean. The combination of AFI and RDI can allow legume production with reduced water inputs.     

Modification of Heterosis for Protein and Yield Components by Bean Common Mosaic Virus in Phaseolus vulgaris

The effect of bean common mosaic virus on yield, yield components, and seed protein content was studied in tour bean cultivars and their F1 hybrids. The results of this experiment showed 3 significant decrease for yield in diseased plants; the 100 seed weight was also significantly reduced in one of the diseased varieties. The percentage of protein was increased m virus-diseased plants: this increase was due to non-protein nitrogen. Usually, the percentage of heterosis in virus-diseased F1 hybrid of two susceptible varieties was decreased while in F1 hybrids of “susceptible × resistant” varieties it was increased. This study shows the danger of drawing conclusions in quantitative genetic studies then dealing with both diseased and healthy plants.     

Male sterility in beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Summary Male sterile bean plants were discovered at Embu Agricultural Research Station, Kenya. The character is controlled by one recessive gene.The Grain Legume Project is a joint project of the Kenya Ministry of Agriculture and The Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs.