Mapping resistance gene analogs (RGAs) in cultivated tetraploid cotton using RGA-AFLP analysis

Diseases cause significant losses in cotton production throughout the US Cotton Belt. Growing resistant cultivars can significantly improve cotton yields and effectively reduce production inputs. Disease resistance (R) genes have been isolated in numerous plant species and the R genes with domains of nucleotide binding sites (NB) and leucine rich repeats (LRR) represent the largest R gene family. Degenerate primers designed based on conserved motifs of plant disease resistance genes were used alone or in combination with AFLP primers to analyze disease resistance gene analogs (RGAs) in a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population of Pima (Gossypium barbadense) 3–79 and Upland cotton (G. hirsutum) line NM 24016. Eighty-eight polymorphic RGA markers were amplified by 8 pairs of RGA degenerate primers, while 131 polymorphic RGA-AFLP markers were produced from six pairs of RGA-AFLP primer combinations. Of the 219 polymorphic RGA and RGA-AFLP markers that were identified, 212 were assigned to 18 chromosomes and linkage groups based on existing SSR markers that are on known chromosomes. However, the RGA and RGA-AFLP markers are not evenly distributed among chromosomes in that 189 RGA and RGA-AFLP markers (88%) are assigned onto three “giant” chromosomes, i.e., C6, C12, and C15, suggesting RGA clusters in the cotton genome. Several RGA and RGA-AFLP markers were mapped to the same linkage group carrying a root-knot nematode resistance gene. The identification and mapping of RGA and RGA-AFLP markers provide a framework to facilitate marker-assisted selection of disease resistance in cotton breeding and to understand the physical relationship of cotton resistance genes.     

Resistance gene analogue isolation and RGA-based marker development for identifying downy mildew resistance in radish (Raphanus sativus L.)

Resistance Gene Analogs (RGAs)-based molecular markers can significantly enhance the breeding efficiency for disease resistance in various crops. However, RGAs isolation and RGA-based marker development have not been conducted in radish. In this study, two prevalent approaches, PCR amplification with degenerate primers and data-mining of radish EST databases, were used to isolate radish resistance gene candidate sequences. A total of 26 RsRGAs with high homology to known R-genes or RGAs were obtained by PCR amplification. Meanwhile, 257 R-gene-like unigenes/ESTs were identified using data-mining method. In total, 115 out of 124 designed RGA-specific primer pairs can successfully amplified the target bands. To explore the RGA genetic variability, 32 radish accessions were genotyped and 269 RGA loci were successfully identified. It was found that 44 RGA primers only generated monomorphic band and the remaining 71 RGA primers generated 225 RGA polymorphic bands among the 32 radish accessions. Based on RGA marker analysis, 32 radish accessions were clustered into four main groups at the similarity index of 0.68, which was in a high accordance with disease index from a downy mildew evaluation. This study might be the first report on candidate R-genes identification and RGA-based markers development in radish. These findings will facilitate the disease resistance identification and speed up the genetic improvement of DM resistances in radish breeding programs.     

大豆抗病基因同源序列的克隆与分析

本研究根据已知抗病基因的NBS保守序列区设计4对简并引物和1对特异引物，以大豆农家种兴县灰布支黑豆为材料，应用PCR方法获得了11条来自基因组DNA的RGA序列和2条来自cDNA的RGA序列，序列长度在500—633bp之间，其中8条来自基因组DNA和2条来自cDNA的RGA序列已在GeneBank登录(登录号为：AF305388—305392，AY008380—008382，AY048863-AY048864)。13条序列都不同程度的含有NBS保守区的P-环(GGVGKTT)、kinase-2(VLDD)、kinase-3(GSRII)及跨膜区GLPL等特征序列结构，由此推导出的氨基酸序列同已知抗病基因L6、RPMl、SRPS2、N编码的氨基酸序列表现出从25％——42％的同源性。本研究克隆的RGA序列根据其相似性可分为4组，与已发表的大豆抗病类似基因(RLG)具有较高的相似性。     

“金手指”香蕉抗枯萎病基因同源序列的克隆与分析(英文)

本研究以抗镰刀菌枯萎病香蕉种质"金手指"(AAAB)为材料,根据已克降的抗枯萎病基因的NBS保守结构域设计简并引物,通过同源序列克隆获得了20条来自基因组DNA的RGA片段,大小为530 bp左右.根据其推断的氨基酸序列,经保守结构域分析,其结构域均为NB-ARC,属于non-TIR-NBS类候选抗病基因类序列.它们均具有P-loop(GMGGVGKTT),Kinase-2(LLVLDDIW),RNBS-B(CKVLFTTRS)及疏水氨基酸结构域GLPL(GLPLALKVL)等4个保守氨基酸基元.20个RGA之间核苷酸序列的相似性在41.1%～99.3%之间,氨基酸序列的相似性在33.2%～96.3%之间.同时,对分离得到的20条RGAs进行系统发育树分析,发现它们分布在5个不同的区域.并且所编码的氨基酸序列与已知抗枯萎病基因Fom-2、I2C-1、I2C-2和I2等编码的氨基酸序列表现出28%～54%的同源性,证明了抗病基因在进化上具有一定的保守性.因此,这些抗病基因同源片段(RGA)的分离将为进一步从香蕉中分离抗枯萎病基因打下基础,也可作为分子标记筛选香焦抗枯萎病的候选基因.     

Characterization of resistance gene analogs from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Gossypium arboreum</Emphasis> and their evolutionary relationships with homologs from tetraploid cottons

Four cotton species (genus Gossypium) produce spinable fiber. The two diploid species of Asiatic origin, Gossypium arboreum and G. herbaceum, have been largely replaced by G. hirsutum. However, these diploid species are potentially a rich source of genes for the improvement of G. hrisutum, particularly in terms of providing resistance against biotic and abiotic stresses. As a first step towards understanding the mechanisms of resistance in cotton, we designed 24 non-degenerate primers based on resistance gene analogs (RGAs) cloned from G. hirsutum for screening a number of cotton species with the A and D genomes. Most of these RGAs are conserved on the A genome (G. arboreum), suggesting a bias towards this genome. The amplified RGAs from G. arboreum were cloned and their nucleotide and amino acid sequences compared with RGA sequences available in public databases. The majority of the RGAs identified were homologous to those isolated from G. hirsutum and G. barbadense, but their diversity was greater than expected at both the nucleotide and amino acid levels. These RGAs provide useful tools for the identification of full-length resistance genes from bacterial artificial chromosome and cDNA libraries.     

棉花多抗品种中植棉KV-1抗病基因同源序列的克隆与分析

 许多抗病基因都具有核苷酸结合位点（NBS）和富亮氨酸重复区（LRR）。根据已知的NBS-LRR类抗病基因的保守序列,分别设计一对简并引物和一对特异引物,用以扩增棉花基因组中的抗病基因同源序列。获得一条大小约500 bp的扩增片段,克隆测序后得到10条NBS-LRR类RGAs。推导的氨基酸均具有抗病基因的P-loop（kinase-1a）、kinase-2、kinase-3a及GLPL区。同源性比较发现,其中1条属于TIR-NBS LRR类,其余9条属于non-TIR-NBS-LRR类。1条TIR-NBS-LRR类RGAs与已克隆的N、L6、M等抗病基因的同源性为51%~60%,9条non-TIR-NBS-LRR类RGAs与已克隆的RPS5、RPR1、Xa1等抗病基因的同源性为51%~60%。这些抗病基因同源序列（RGAs）可作为分子标记筛选棉花的抗病候选基因。     

喀西茄抗病基因同源序列的分离与分析

本研究根据已知植物抗病基因的NBS-LRR保守结构域设计了1对简并引物,对野生茄子喀西茄(Solanum khasianum)中抗病基因的同源序列(resistance gene analogs,RGAs)进行克隆和分析.结果表明,所获得的11个抗病基因同源序列都是Non-TIR-NBS-LRR类抗病基因,聚类分析将其分为5个亚类.由其核酸序列推导的氨基酸序列与已知抗病基因(N、L6、M、Prf、Gpa2和RPM1)相应区域的相似性为21.7%～52.4%.BlastX分析发现,SkRGA4和SkRGA10与辣椒抗根结线虫基因有着很高的同源性,SkRGA3和SkRGA6与野生马铃薯的抗晚疫病基因有着很高的同源性.     

小麦NBS类抗病基因类似序列的多样性和进化关系研究

利用已克隆植物抗病基因NBS( Nucleotide binding site)序列中的保守结构P-loop和GLPL合成简并引物,以小麦近等基因系TcLr24基因组DNA为模板进行PCR扩增.得到13条具有连续ORF的抗病基因类似物(Resistance gene analogues,RGAs)序列,它们之间相应推测...     

Isolation and characterization of resistance gene analogs (RGAs) from sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench)

Degenerate primers designed based on known resistant genes (R-genes) and resistance gene analogs (RGAs) were used in combinations to elucidate RGAs from Sorghum bicolor, cultivar M 35-1. Most of the previously tried primer combinations resulted in amplicons of expected 500–600 bp sizes in sorghum along with few novel combinations. Restriction analysis of PCR amplicons of expected size revealed a group of fragments present in a single band indicating the heterogeneous nature of the amplicon. Many of these were cloned and some were considered for analysis. The nucleotide sequence of different cloned fragments was done and their predicted amino acid sequences compared to each other and to the amino acid sequences of known R-genes revealed significant sequence similarity. A cluster analysis based on neighbor-joining (N-J) method was carried out using sorghum RGAs (SRGAs) together with several analogous known R-genes resulting in two major groups; cluster-I comprising only SRGAs and cluster-II comprised of known R-gene sequences along with three SRGAs. Further analysis clearly indicated similarity of SRGAs in overall sense with already known ones from other crop plants. These sequences can be used as guidelines to detect, map and eventually isolate numerous R-genes in sorghum.     

海南普通野生稻NBS类抗病基因同源序列的分离与分析

利用已知植物抗病基因NBS(Nucleotide binding site)序列中的保守区域设计简并引物,以海南普通野生稻基因组DNA为模板进行PCR扩增,通过T/A克隆、测序和序列分析, 共得到4条具有连续ORF的抗病基因类似物(Resistance gene analogues, RGAs)序列,它们之间核苷酸序列间的相似性系数在53.14%-99.81%之间,而相应推测的氨基酸序列间的相似性系数在39.08%-99.42%之间。氨基酸序列进行结构分析表明,它们包括“P-loop”、“Kinase-2a”、“Kinase-3a”和“GLPL”4个抗病基因所共有的保守模体,并且4条海南普通野生稻NBS-LRR类似物均属于nonTIR-NBS类抗病基因片段。     

甘蔗抗褐锈病新基因抗感病池构建及SSR多态性引物筛选

由黑顶柄锈菌(Puccinia melanocephala H.Sydow&P.Sydow)引起的甘蔗褐锈病是危害中国甘蔗生产的主要病害之一.为了鉴定和发掘抗褐锈病新基因,防止褐锈病爆发流行和保证甘蔗安全生产,本研究以杂交组合'粤糖03-393'x'ROC 24'抗感分离真实性F,代群体为材料,构建抗感基因池,合成44...     

Identification of resistance gene analogs in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)

Sequence analyses of numerous plant disease resistance genes have revealed the presence of conserved motifs common to this class of genes, namely a nucleotide binding site (NBS) and leucine rich repeat region. In this study, thirty-three resistance gene analogs (RGAs) were cloned and sequenced from cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) following PCR with degenerate primers designed from the conserved NBS motif of plant resistance (R) genes. Phylogenetic analysis of the predicted amino acid sequences grouped the RGAs into four distinct classes from which several subgroups were delineated based on nucleic acid sequences. Gene database searches with the consensus protein sequences of each of the four classes and respective subgroups of cotton RGAs revealed their conserved NBS domains and homology to RGAs and known resistance genes from a variety of plant genera. Given the complete lack of knowledge regarding molecular organization of R genes in cotton, the cloned RGAs described here may be useful as probes to map, characterize, and manipulate R genes of the cotton genome. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

RGA法克隆候选抗病基因的研究进展

RGA法是克隆植物抗病基因的一条新途径,也是近年来分子生物学领域的一个研究热点并受到植物病理学家广泛地关注。其作用原理是根据已克隆植物抗病基因的保守结构域设计简并引物,扩增获得RGAs,然后分析RGAs与抗病基因的关系,确定候选抗病基因并从而获得新的抗病基因。研究还发现,已克隆的RGAs与R基因紧密连锁。最近获得的RGAs主要是根据。NBS-LRR和STK两种保守结构域而得到的。前者在植物基因组中广泛存在,而后者在植物信号传导中具有重要作用。为此,本文主要对上述两种保守结构域的结构特点和所获得的RGAs特点以及RGA法的应用前景进行了综述,以期让人们对RGA法有更进一步的认识。     

甘蔗NBS-LRR类抗病基因同源序列的分离与鉴定

根据已知植物(拟南芥、烟草和亚麻)抗病基因(RGAs)保守序列设计简并引物, 从甘蔗高抗黑穗病品种NCo376的基因组DNA和cDNA中扩增出11条抗病基因同源序列, 其中5条来自基因组DNA(EF059973, EF059974, EF059975, EF059976和EF059977), 6条来自cDNA(EF155648、EF155649、EF155650、EF155651、EF155652和EF155653)。序列分析表明, 这些RGAs均含有典型的NBS-LRR类抗病基因所拥有的保守结构域P-loop, Kinase-2a, Kinase-3a 和疏水结构域。聚类分析表明, 11条RGA同RPS2和XA1聚为一类, 而N和L6则单独聚为一类。所有11条抗病基因同源序列中, kinase-2(LLVLDDVW/D)最后一个氨基酸皆为色氨酸。定量PCR分析表明, 编号为EF059974的PIC基因的表达不仅受黑穗病菌胁迫的影响, 而且受水杨酸的诱导和过氧化氢的抑制, 也具有抗病基因组织特异性和组成型表达特性。     

Identification of resistance gene analogs as markers of disease resistance loci in oats, using near-isogenic lines

Genomic sequences with features of the major class of disease resistance genes and which bear nucleotide‐binding leucine‐rich repeat sequences (resistance gene analogs; RGA) were tested as potential markers of crown rust resistance loci in hexaploid oats. Two collections of paired near‐isogenic lines carrying resistance to different isolates of crown rust, Puccinia coronata were screened. Two out of the four RGAs assayed showed restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) between one line of each collection and its recurrent parent. The paired lines X466 and D494 were polymorphic for RGA III2.2 and the pair of lines X470 and D504 were polymorphic for RGA III2.18. The III2.18 polymorphism was located in the hexaploid map Avena byzantina cv. ‘Kanota’ × A. sativa cv. ‘Ogle’ in linkage group KO17 in a region previously associated with crown rust resistance. In addition, 220 random primers were used for random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis to screen the two sets of NILs. Only one polymorphic band was obtained that differentiated the paired lines X470 and D504 from their parents. The RAPD band was used as a probe and the relevant RFLP that differentiated the NILs X470 and D504 was found at 1.7 cM from the III2.18 marker in KO17. RFLP analysis using probes previously mapped in KO17 confirmed differences for X470 and D504 in the region around the III2.18 marker. These results suggest that the resistance locus shared by this pair of NILs is probably linked to the markers revealed by RGA III2.18. The use of RGAs as RFLP probes in the screening of NILs with differences in crown rust resistance has proved to be more effective than RAPDs for finding polymorphic markers possibly linked to resistance loci.     

基于转录组测序的槜李EST-SSR标记开发

为开发槜李EST-SSR标记,本研究利用MISA软件筛选了槜李花转录组测序获得的35584条Unigenes,对其SSR信息进行分析后,利用Primer Premier 3.0软件设计EST-SSR引物,并随机选取40对SSR引物对12个李品种进行EST-SSR引物筛选及多态性分析。结果发现,在槜李花转录组中共搜索到个10791个SSR位点,分布于8433条Unigenes,SSR发生频率为23.70%,平均每3.71 kb含有1个SSR;SSR重复基元中二核苷酸重复出现频率最高,占总SSR数量的52.98%,其次为三核苷酸重复(占24.00%)和单核苷酸重复(占20.95%);二核苷酸重复基元以AG/CT为主(85.95%),三核苷酸重复基元以AAG/CTT为主(31.24%)。利用Primer Premier 3.0软件共设计出9870对候选引物,随机选择40对引物对12个李品种进行SSR引物筛选及多态性分析。40对引物均能扩增出预期大小的条带,有效扩增效率为100%,40对引物中有5对引物在12个李品种中表现出多态性。本研究开发的EST-SSR标记可为李属植物遗传多样性分析提供丰富的候选标记,同时可为槜李发育相关功能基因定位、遗传图谱构建、及分子标记辅助育种等研究提供帮助。     

Cloning, genetic and physical mapping of resistance gene analogs in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

The majority of verified plant disease resistance genes isolated to date belong to the NBS‐LRR class, encoding proteins with a predicted nucleotide binding site (NBS) and a leucine‐rich repeat (LRR) region. Using degenerate primers, designed from the conserved motifs of the NBS region in tobacco N and Arabidopsis RPS2 genes, we isolated 190 resistance gene analogs (RGA) clones from barley genomic DNA. A total of 13 single‐ and low‐copy RGAs were genetically mapped onto chromosomes 1H–7H (except 5H) using three barley double haploid (DH) mapping populations: Steptoe × Morex, Harrington × TR306 and LUGC × Bowman. Sequence analysis of the RGAs showed that they are members of a diverse group. As a result of BLAST searches, one RGA proved unique as it did not detect any significant hit. Another RGA is putatively functional, because it detected several barley expressed sequence tag (EST) matches. To physically map the RGAs, 13 sequences were used to screen a 6.3 × cv. ‘Morex’ bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library. After fingerprint analysis, eight contigs were constructed incorporating 62 BAC clones. These BAC contigs are of great value for positional cloning of disease resistance genes, because they span the regions where various barley R genes have been genetically mapped.     

烟草表达抗病基因同源物(RGAs)的鉴定及RGA-SSR标记的开发

烟草是研究植物与病原菌互作的理想材料。鉴定烟草抗病基因及其同源物对揭示抗病机制具有重要意义。近年来公共数据库不断增长的EST序列为烟草表达RGA的鉴定提供丰富的数据。本研究通过拼接GenBank收录的412 325条烟草EST序列,获得149 606条Uni-EST序列。随后利用已克隆的112个植物R基因蛋白序列对其扫描,检测出1113个NtRGA,其中有273、546、53、102和30个分别包含NBS-LRR、LRR-PK、LRR、PK和Mlo结构域,另有109个未检测到结构域。通过序列比对将1071个NtRGA定位于N. benthamiana基因组712个位点上。经搜索,从72个NtRGA中检测出78个SSR,根据其侧翼序列设计64对引物。54对成功从烟草基因组DNA中扩增出清晰条带,9对在24个普通烟草品种间检测出多态性,检出等位基因数2~4个,平均2.56个;41对在6个烟草种间检测出多态性,检出等位基因数2~4个,平均2.61个。     

小麦抗叶锈近等基因系TcLr38 RGAs分析

摘要：为获得Lr38的抗病类似物质、为今后的相关研究奠定基础,本研究根据已知植物抗病基因的NBS-LRR(核苷酸结合位点-富含亮氨酸重复)类保守区域设计简并引物,从小麦抗叶锈近等基因系TcLr38中获得了9个小麦抗病基因同源片段D-8、A-5、B-20、C-6、F-16、A-4、B-9、C-4和D-12。这些片段都含有NB-ARC保守结构域,其中D-8、A-5、B-20、C-6、A-4、B-9、C-4和D-12与已知抗病基因的相应区域相一致,具有抗病基因NBS特征结构域激酶2a(Kinase-2)、激酶3a(Kinase-3a)和疏水结构域(HD)。     

斑茅cDNA中抗病基因同源序列的分离和表达特性分析

植物抗病基因具有一些特定的保守结构域。本研究根据已知植物同源抗病基因(RGAs)保守序列设计简并引物, 从甘蔗近缘植物斑茅的cDNA中扩增出6条抗病基因同源序列, 它们在NCBI上登录号分别为EU685835、EU685836、EU685837、EU685838、EU685839 和 EU685840。序列分析表明, 这些RGAs均含有典型的NBS-LRR类抗病基因保守结构域P-loop、Kinase-2a、Kinase-3a和疏水结构域(Hydrophobic domain, HD)。氨基酸序列的同源性比对表明,6条RGAs序列同11条参试的抗病基因之间的同源性为8.3%~93%,而6条RGAs之间的氨基酸序列同源为30.5%~45.6%。另外,本实验所克隆的6条斑茅抗病基因同源序列中, kinase-2 (LLVLDDVW/D)最后一个氨基酸皆为色氨酸,推测所克隆的NBS-LRR类抗病基因都属于non-TIR-NBS-LRR类。定量PCR分析表明, 6条斑茅抗病基因同源序列在根、茎和叶片中组成型表达,同时这些抗病基因同源序列的表达会受外源信号分子水杨酸和过氧化氢的上调作用,可能在斑茅的抗病性中具有一定的作用。