沿海农业区麦田杂草群落演替及治理策略探讨

建国以来，江苏沿海农业区麦田杂草发生种类和优势种群发生了变化，实现了从盐生性杂草群落向旱生耐碱性杂草群落、湿生性杂草群落的过渡，多年相对稳定的耕作制度，出现了以波斯婆婆纳、猪殃殃为优势种的棉套麦田顶级杂草群落，以硬草、日本看麦娘为优势种的稻茬麦田顶级杂草群落，和以硬草、日本看麦娘、猪殃殃为主体的稻麦旱(棉、玉米)麦轮茬麦田的混生顶级杂草群落。麦田杂草治理应本着”科学合理、高效长效和可持续性”为原则，以”截流竭库”为手段，从而达到“经济环保”的生产目标。     

湖北省冬小麦田杂草种类与群落特征

为明确湖北省冬小麦田杂草的发生危害现状和群落组成特征,运用倒置"W"9点取样法对该省冬小麦主产区麦田杂草群落进行了调查。结果表明,湖北省冬麦田杂草有16科39种,其中禾本科杂草占18%,阔叶杂草占82%。相对多度达15以上的杂草依次为猪殃殃、牛繁缕、日本看麦娘、野老鹳草、野燕麦和大巢菜等6种,其中猪殃殃、牛繁缕和日本看麦娘的相对多度分别为74.19、51.66和30.36,为优势种类。     

湖北省油菜田杂草种类组成及群落特征

采用倒置“Ｗ”取样法对湖北省油菜田的杂草组成及群落结构进行了调查。结果表明,湖北省油菜田杂 草有１３５种（含变种）,隶属于２６科、７４属,其中优势杂草有看麦娘、波斯婆婆纳、棒头草、牛繁缕、?草、猪殃殃、早 熟禾、日本看麦娘等８种,区域性优势杂草有１３种,常见杂草有２６种,一般杂草有８８种。发生优势度较大的杂草 为波斯婆婆纳、看麦娘、棒头草、牛繁缕、?草、猪殃殃和野燕麦等,是构成各地区田间杂草群落的优势种。水旱轮 作油菜田主要形成看麦娘＋?草＋棒头草＋牛繁缕为主的杂草群落,旱旱连作田形成波斯婆婆纳＋野燕麦＋猪殃 殃＋通泉草为主的杂草群落。江汉平原地区油菜田杂草群落的物种丰富度、多样性较其它地区高,而优势度及均 匀度指数较低。从群落相似性来看,武鄂黄地区与水旱轮作田杂草群落结构最为相似。作物种类、耕作制度及土 壤环境条件的不同,可能是导致油菜田杂草发生及群落组成产生差异的原因。     

麦草灵与乙草胺混用在大麦田除草效果及安全性

大麦是江苏南通地区主要旱粮作物之一,种植面积在6万hm‘以上,大麦田主要杂草有日本看麦娘、早熟禾、棒头草、硬草等禾本科杂草和繁缕、猪殃殃、卷耳。婆婆纳等阔叶杂草。近几年主要用麦草灵等绿、甲黄隆类、巨星等进行化除,这些药剂对阔叶杂草防效好,而对硬草、棒头草、早熟禾、野燕麦等禾本科杂草防效较差。致使禾本科杂草比例逐步上升,严重为害大麦的生长发育,造成产量损失。为探索兼治单、双子叶杂草的方法,我们于1996～1997年进行了麦草灵与乙草胶等混用在大麦田的除草效果和对大麦生长的安全性试验。1材料与方法1．！供试药剂2…     

射阳沿海大麦田草害防除配套技术

射阳县地处黄海之滨,为粮棉夹种地区,拥有耕地10万hm2,耕作制以麦棉两熟和麦稻2熟两种形式为主。大麦为该地区夏熟主要农作物,草害历来是制约其高产稳产的重要因素,每年损失产量占大麦总产的一成以上,因此,草害防除成为夺取大麦丰收的关键措施。通过近几年来的试验研究和示范应用,基本掌握了大麦田草害的发生特点及防除配套技术,概要报告如下：1草害发生概况全县大麦常年种植面积2．5万～3万hm‘,草害发生面积50％以上。单子叶杂草以硬草、看麦娘为主,阔叶杂草以婆婆纳、猪殃殃、播娘蒿、巢菜为主。稻茬大麦田以单子叶杂草为主或…     

大麦田无草害工程关键技术及其应用研究

射阳县地处苏北灌溉总渠南岸的沿海地区 ,是全国著名的啤麦生产基地县 ,常年种植大麦 1万 hm2 左右 ,草害每年造成啤麦损失0 .3～ 0 .4万 t,占麦子总产量的 7%～ 9%。为控制草害 ,减轻损失 ,增加效益 ,我站从 1994年开始组织实施大麦田无草害工程 ,1995年通过国家农业部验收 ,5年来取得了显著效果。现将其关键技术及其应用成果报道如下。1　麦田杂草群落及其构成由于三大生态农业环境和耕作制度的差异 ,相应形成了三大杂草群落。1.1　海河稻区杂草群落 :以硬草为主 ,混生猪殃殃、看麦娘、巢菜、棒头草等。1.2　射阳河北农业区杂草群落 :以泽…     

江苏沿海地区麦田杂草的发生与防除技术研究

田间调查表明了江苏沿海地区麦田以硬草、猪殃草、荠菜、波斯婆婆纳 4种杂草为优势种群 ;其中硬草和猪殃殃为该区恶性杂草。试验示范筛选出麦草枯、麦草芜、麦草克等可有效防除该区杂草的复配药剂及配套技术措施。     

江苏沿海地区麦田杂草的发生与防除技术研究

田间调查表明了江苏沿海地区麦田以硬草、猪殃草、荠菜、波斯婆婆纳4种杂草为优势种群；其中硬草和猪殃殃为该区恶性杂草。试验示范筛选出麦草枯，麦草芜、麦草克等有效防除该区杂草的复配药剂及配套技术措施。     

河南省冬小麦田杂草组成及群落特征

为明确河南省冬小麦田间杂草组成及群落结构,采用倒置"W"型九点取样法对河南省冬小麦田杂草进行了调查。结果表明,河南省冬小麦田杂草共有66种,隶属于22科,57属,其中菊科、禾本科和十字花科杂草种类较多,分别有13、10、9种。优势杂草有猪殃殃、荠菜、播娘蒿、野燕麦、泽漆和波斯婆婆纳共6种;区域性优势杂草有看麦娘、刺儿菜、打碗花、野芥菜、麦瓶草、稻槎菜、繁缕和节节麦共8种。此外还有常见杂草19种和一般性杂草33种。从杂草区域分布来看,河南省6个区域中,豫中南平原区物种丰富度最高,为45种,豫中南平原区和豫西丘陵区的物种多样性最高,而豫北平原区和豫南平原区的Simpson优势度指数最高。经聚类分析,河南省6个区域小麦田杂草群落可分为4组:豫东平原区、豫西南平原区和豫中南平原区杂草群落聚为一组;其他3个区域冬小麦田杂草群落结构各有特点,均自成一组。     

稻油轮作田杂草种子库组成及其垂直分布特征

杂草种子库是潜在的杂草群落，对杂草可持续治理具有重要意义。在稻油轮作田杂草种子库中共检测到28种杂草，主要隶属于禾本科、玄参科和菊科，种子库密度达224 550 seed/m2，其中约64％为冬季油菜田杂草种子。从杂草种子库中种子的垂直分布来看，土壤表层的种子密度较高，占整个种子库数量的63.88%，而中层和下层的种子密度较小，其垂直分布主要有3种类型。种子库中优势恶性杂草有菵草Beckmannia syzigachne、异型莎草Cyperus difformis、看麦娘Alopecurus aequalis、稻槎菜Lapsana apogonoides和日本看麦娘Alopecurus japonicus等，随着土层深度的增加，各土层的优势种组成也有差异。通过采取措施调控杂草种子库的规模，有望实现稻油轮作田杂草的可持续治理。     

Factors in the Reduction in Grain Number in Winter Wheat by Early-Sowing in Yamaguchi

Abstract

Grain number per spike of wheat is lower in early sowing than in the conventional standard cultivation in Yamaguchi, Prefecture, Japan. Components of the grain number per spike in five cultivars were analyzed with respect to temperature during the spike development period throughout three growing seasons 2001/2002, 2002/2003 and 2003/2004 to find the cause of the problem of early sowing cultivation. The plants sown in early-October and late-November were called the early sown group and the standard group, respectively, in the following. Three of the five cultivars, Hokushin, Akitakko and Nanbukomugi, showed a strong winter habit, which requires very cold temperatures for spike differentiation. The other two cultivars, Iwainodaichi and Airakomugi, had a moderate winter habit. Grain number per spike and grain yield were decreased by early-sowing (compare with the standard group) in almost all cultivars throughout the three growing seasons. The three cultivars which had a strong winter habit had fewer spikelets per spike in the early-sown group than in the standard group. The other two cultivars which had a moderate winter habit had fewer grains per spikelet in the early-sown group. The higher the temperature during the spikelet formation phase, which is from flag leaf initiation to terminal spikelet initiation, the higher the number of spikelets per spike in the standard group. The spikelet number per spike in the early-sown group increased with the increase in productive tillers under fertile conditions. Such conditions also increased the grain number per spike.     

Allelopathy in Agroecosystems in Spain

Summary

This paper reviews the effects of allelopathic interactions in agroecosystems in Spain on plant physiological activity and their ecological advantages. The phenological stage of growth of donor plants and the effective allelochemicals in the soil solution while studying the role of phenolic compounds were highlighting. Finally possible future prospects and conclusions regarding weed control by allelochemi-cals under integrated crop management strategies are discussed.     

2009年中国稻米市场分析及2010年展望

以翔实的资料对2009年中国稻米生产、消费、进出口、供求平衡、库存、价格走势、购销政策和国际稻米供求等情况进行了全面地分析,对影响2010年稻米市场价格走势的各种因素进行了深入研究,并在此基础上对2010年我国稻米市场价格走势进行了预测,结论是我国稻米价格仍呈上行趋势。     

Advances in Variable Rate Technology Application in Potato in The Netherlands

Precision agriculture is a farming management concept based on observing, measuring and responding to inter- and intra-field variability in crops. In this paper, we focus on responding to intra-field variability in potato crops and analyse variable rate applications (VRAs). We made an overview of potential VRAs in potato crop management in The Netherlands. We identified 13 potential VRAs in potato, ranging from soil tillage to planting to crop care to selective harvest. We ranked them on availability of ‘proof of concept’ and on-farm test results. For five VRAs, we found test results allowing to make a cost-benefit assessment. These five VRAs were as follows: planting, soil herbicide weed control, N side dress, late blight control and haulm killing. They use one of two types of spatial data: soil maps or biomass index maps. Data on costs and savings of the VRAs showed that the investments in VRAs will pay off under practical conditions in The Netherlands. Savings on pesticide use and N-fertilizer use with the VRAs were on average about 25%, which benefits the environment too. We foresee a slow but gradual adoption of VRAs in potato production. More VRAs will become available given ongoing R&D. The perspectives of VRAs in potatoes are discussed.     

我国高粱育种研究进展

对我国高粱育种的主要途径和研究方向进行了概述,针对目前高粱产量徘徊现象,提出了高粱超高产育种设想,并对其技术路线进行了探讨。     

Diurnal changes in net photosynthetic rate in potato in two environments

Summary Diurnal changes in net photosynthetic rate were measured in a furrow-irrigated potato crop and in a riverbed crop where the water table was always maintained at 20–28 cm from the soil surface. In the irrigated crop, the photosynthetic rate during mid-afternoon was about half the peak rate observed at noon. This reduction was accompanied by a near tripling of stomatal resistance, a 45% reduction in transpiration, and a 5-fold increase in the difference between leaf and air temperatures. No such changes were observed in the riverbed crop where the photosynthetic rate remained nearly constant at about 0.9 mg m⁻² s⁻¹ between 9 a.m. and 4 p.m. Tuber yield in the riverbed crop was about 30% higher than in the irrigated crop.     

我国干热区甘蔗抗旱植蔗主要问题研讨

我国干热蔗区是我国甘蔗糖业的重要生产基地,蔗区光热资源丰富,唯降水分布不均成为植蔗生产的主要限制因子;根据蔗区植蔗特点和甘蔗需水规律,苗期抗旱是干热蔗区抗旱植蔗的关键,保证较多的总苗数和足够的生长量是苗期抗旱植蔗需解决的关键技术难题,制定相应的苗期抗旱植蔗栽培技术措施是解决该难题的重要保障;该观点为我国干热蔗区植蔗生产、甘蔗引育种提供理论和技术支持。     

棉花体细胞无性系变异的研究进展

体细胞无性系变异是一种重要的细胞工程育种技术,其应用于棉花育种的前提是建立高效的组织培养诱导再生植株体系.本文简要综述了棉花离体诱导植株再生研究的现状,重点讨论了棉花体细胞无性系变异的表现、利用方法及机理,提出了当前研究存在的问题并对今后的研究进行了展望.