黄山风景区松材线虫病危险性评估 Ⅱ.松天牛携带线虫状况的监测

报道了黄山风景区松墨天牛、褐幽天牛和短角幽天牛3种主要松蛀虫成虫携带拟松材线虫等非病原线虫的情况.监测显示3种松蛀虫均能携带线虫,以松墨天牛携带机率最高,达61.3%.褐幽天牛和松墨天牛平均携带线虫数量较多,分别为5 128.6、3 622.0条·头-1.温泉的松墨天牛和西海的褐幽天牛携带的线虫数量最高,分别达4 781、10 840条·头-1.本文还报道了不同时间诱捕的松墨天牛和褐幽天牛性别、个体大小与携带线虫数量的关系.     

黄山风景区松材线虫病危险性评估 Ⅰ.松蛀虫种类、种群分布及动态监测

报道了黄山风景区松蛀虫种类、主要松蛀虫成虫活动期、种间种群数量比率和种内种群数量垂直分布比率 ,2 0 0 1年 5种松蛀虫成虫种群数量变动规律、不同监测期松墨天牛雌成虫孕卵量及比率。研究结果表明 ,黄山风景区繁衍着 14种松蛀虫 ,主要松蛀虫有 5种 :马尾松角胫象、松墨天牛、短角幽天牛、褐幽天牛、松树皮象。其种群数量比率分别为 6 1.6 %、2 7.0 %、5 .5 %、3.8%和 2 .2 %。松墨天牛成虫最高分布区为海拔 16 5 8m的天海景点 ,海拔 318m的白亭景点种群数量分布比率最高 ,达80 .9% ,诱获的松墨天牛雌成虫平均孕卵量为 2 5 .3粒     

M99－1引诱剂诱捕松墨天牛等松甲虫的研究

报道了松墨天牛成虫活动期间，在马尾松-栎类次生混交林，马尾松-湿地松人工林和黄山松天然林3种不同林分中，应用M99-1引诱剂诱捕钻蛀性松甲虫种类、主要钻蛀性松甲虫成虫种群数量及其比率和不同诱捕期松墨天牛雌成虫孕卵量及其比率的情况，研究结果显示，M99-1引诱剂诱获鞘翅目害虫达26种，其中钻蛀性松甲虫达14种，占诱获种类的53.8%，马尾松角胫象，松墨天牛种群数量比率最高，分别达57.3%-69.8%和27.2%-29.3%。3种不同松林林分中，短角幽天牛=褐幽天牛，薄翅锯天牛等其它主要钻蛀性害虫的数量比率也较高，不同诱捕期松墨天牛雌成虫平均孕卵量及其比率，以活动前期（6月下旬前）为最高，分别达16.9粒和41.9%，M99-1引诱剂诱捕是监测松林钻蛀性松甲虫种群动态和降低其虫口密度的重要方法。     

M99-1引诱剂诱捕松墨天牛等松甲虫的研究

报道了松墨天牛成虫活动期间,在马尾松-栎类次生混交林、马尾松-湿地松人工林和黄山松天然林3种不同林分中,应用M99-1引诱剂诱捕钻蛀性松甲虫种类、主要钻蛀性松甲虫成虫种群数量及其比率和不同诱捕期松墨天牛雌成虫孕卵量及其比率的情况.研究结果显示,M99-1引诱剂诱获鞘翅目害虫达26种,其中钻蛀性松甲虫达14种,占诱获种类的53.8%.马尾松角胫象、松墨天牛种群数量比率最高,分别达57.3%～69.8%和27.2%～29.3%.3种不同松林林分中,短角幽天牛、褐幽天牛、薄翅锯天牛等其它主要钻蛀性害虫的数量比率也较高.不同诱捕期松墨天牛雌成虫平均孕卵量及其比率,以活动前期(6月下旬前)为最高,分别达16.9粒和41.9%.M99-1引诱剂诱捕是监测松林钻蛀性松甲虫种群动态和降低其虫口密度的重要方法.     

M_(99-1)引诱剂诱捕松墨天牛等松甲虫的研究

报道了松墨天牛成虫活动期间 ,在马尾松 -栎类次生混交林、马尾松 -湿地松人工林和黄山松天然林 3种不同林分中 ,应用 M99-1引诱剂诱捕钻蛀性松甲虫种类、主要钻蛀性松甲虫成虫种群数量及其比率和不同诱捕期松墨天牛雌成虫孕卵量及其比率的情况。研究结果显示 ,M99-1引诱剂诱获鞘翅目害虫达 2 6种 ,其中钻蛀性松甲虫达 14种 ,占诱获种类的 5 3.8%。马尾松角胫象、松墨天牛种群数量比率最高 ,分别达 5 7.3%～ 69.8%和 2 7.2 %～ 2 9.3%。 3种不同松林林分中 ,短角幽天牛、褐幽天牛、薄翅锯天牛等其它主要钻蛀性害虫的数量比率也较高。不同诱捕期松墨天牛雌成虫平均孕卵量及其比率 ,以活动前期 (6月下旬前 )为最高 ,分别达 16.9粒和 4 1.9%。 M99-1引诱剂诱捕是监测松林钻蛀性松甲虫种群动态和降低其虫口密度的重要方法     

松材线虫病治理区病原数量的调查研究

对松材线虫病治理区室内、林内松褐天牛羽化期携带松材线虫以及诱木中松材线虫的情况进行调查,结果表明在室内、林内松褐天牛携带松材线虫的几率分别为25．5％、22．0％;松褐天牛成虫携带松材线虫量均以6月份最大,平均625条／头、478条／头;诱木中松褐天牛携带松材线虫数量与其寄生的枯死诱木含松材线虫数量呈正相关,5％水平上成极显著相关,相关系数为0．933。     

松材线虫在病木和天牛中分布特征分析

对病木的松褐天牛蛹室木屑、蛹室边缘木材、离蛹室5cm远木材以及松褐天牛进行线虫数量的镜检和分析，其线虫数量经方差分析差异不显著，而不同蛹室及其附近不同木材线虫分布的总量差异极显著。从松褐天牛上分离出的线虫数量差异相当大，从0-66.31条/cm^2不等。死的松褐天牛没有分离出松材线虫，活的松褐天牛经分离后也存在不携带松材线虫现象，而能够分离出线虫的雄雌天牛之间没有呈现一定的变化规律。     

昆明市海口林场松材线虫病调查报告

通过试验统计了海口林场内部松褐天牛携带线虫的几率,以及携带线虫中是否含有松材线虫等参数,并据此编制了海口林场松材线虫病调查报告,采用对照试验的方法,分别从室内获取松褐天牛134只,以及从林内使用诱捕器获取松褐天牛114只,分别测量了两组松褐天牛中携带线虫的数量及占比,以及这些松褐天牛中每只身上携带各类线虫的数量.根据试...     

利用松褐天牛早期监测松材线虫病技术研究

在室内对因松材线虫病死亡马尾松树干羽化出的松褐天牛测定结果表明，８６％的天牛携带松材线虫，平均１头天牛携带３５９０条。林间引诱松褐天牛，在没有松材线虫病的健康林地，分离不到松材线虫，而松材线虫病发生区引诱到的天牛６５％携带松材线虫，携带量在１０１～５０００条之间。在５月下旬～６月中旬，应用黑光灯，新鲜马尾松木段，引诱松褐天牛１０头能上，采用松材线虫常规分离方法，可以早期监测松材线虫病的发生情况。     

松墨天牛成虫羽化逸出及其携带松材线虫能力的研究

松墨天牛成虫是松材线虫病的主要传播媒介,研究其成虫羽化逸出规律及其携带松材线虫能力,在松墨天牛和松材线虫的监测和综合治理上具有重要意义。研究结果表明,松墨天牛成虫羽化逸出期和高峰期,平均每年分别为８３ｄ和１２．３ｄ。携带松材线虫的松墨天牛成虫平均寿命为２９．８ｄ。松墨天牛成虫全身均能携带松材线虫,其数量比率顺序为胸〉头〉腹〉触角〉足〉翅。在浙江省富阳市,林间采用引诱剂诱获的松墨天牛成虫,平均每头携     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.