运用营养调控措施降低动物养殖业环境污染

本文在分析养殖业对环境污染的基础上，探讨了通过营养调控降低动物养殖业对环境污染的潜力和技术方法，包括选用易消化饲料原料；研制最优日粮配方；饲料的合理加工和调制；应用安全高效饲料添加剂；使用生物活性肽调控日粮浓度；禁止某些非营养性添加剂的使用；采用多阶段、公母分开的饲养方式等，以从根本上解决养殖业的环境污染问题。     

生物饲料将成为未来发展趋势

正生物饲料是指以饲料和饲料添加剂为对象,以基因工程、蛋白质工程、发酵工程等高新技术为手段,利用微生物发酵工程开发的新型饲料资源和饲料添加剂,主要包括饲料酶制剂、抗菌蛋白、天然植物提取物等。使用生物饲料有利于节约粮食,减缓人畜争粮的问题,为饲料的开源节流提供一种新的有效途径。另外,应用生物饲料产品可降低畜禽粪氮、粪磷的排放量,从而大幅度减轻养殖业造成的环境污染。通过在饲料中应用生物技术产品可减少抗生素等饲料添加剂的使用,对获得优     

使用饲料添加剂时应注意的问题

我国现在市场上销售饲料添加剂种类繁多,如何引导广大农村养殖户正确使用饲料添加剂,充分利用本地饲料资源、提高养殖业的经济效益,需引起重视。 1.使用添加剂还必须有良好的基础饲料,才能收到理想的效果,特别是饲料中营养配合是否符合标准,猪鸡饲料中纤维素含量是否过高等因素可能影响到添加剂的作用。 2.给畜禽配合日粮时,依据饲养标准添加饲料添加剂,另外还必须考虑日粮组成、环境条件,如气温高     

中草药饲料添加剂的开发利用

在畜禽日粮中添加药物,旨在防疫灭病,促进代谢和生长发育,增强机体抵抗力,提高生产性能和经济效益。在国外绝大多数商品畜禽日粮中都使用药物饲料添加剂,对畜禽养殖业的发展起到了极大的推动     

微生态制剂的作用机理及其应用

现代畜牧业为了防治畜禽的疾病和促进动物生长,普遍在饲料和日粮中使用各种饲料添加剂,使畜禽养殖业的生产水平实现了从原始低水平向工厂化高水平迈进。但是,动物在使用饲料添加剂后,较少被吸收利用,饲料添加剂的原形或其代谢产物,少部分可能蓄积、储存在动物的细胞、组织、器官或食用产品中;大部分以粪、尿形式排出体外,进入生态环境,     

中药作为饲料添加剂的独特优势及其在蛋鸡生产中的应用

随着养殖业规模不断地扩大化,饲料添加剂已经成为动物日粮中的必要成分之一.正确使用饲料添加剂可有效减少营养物质的浪费,促进营养的吸收利用,提高饲料报酬,减少成本开支,促进畜禽生长发育,获得较好的生产性能和良好的经济效益.     

使用饲料添加剂应注意载体成分的计算

随着现代科学的发展,饲料添加剂已厂泛用于家畜家禽、特种动物、皮毛动物、水产养殖业,对平衡饲料营养成分,提高生产和抗病性能起到很大的作用。但是在使用添加剂时,许多人都忽略了添加剂载体的计算,造成饲料营养成分不平衡,往往给生产上造成损失。 饲料添加剂是指为了某种特定的目的加入饲料中的少量或微量物质。添加剂的种类很多,主要有矿物质元素添加剂、维生素类添加剂、抗生素和抗菌药物添加剂等。添加剂在日粮中添加量很少,每吨日粮中仅为万分之几或百万分之几,不易与饲料混合均匀。所以,一般都在添加剂中加入载体起稀释作     

通过日粮调控降低猪排泄物中臭气

本文主要综述了猪场排泄物中的臭气种类 ,可以通过提高饲料中营养物质的利用率、提高日粮中可发酵非淀粉多糖、改变肠道内微生物的代谢活动以及数量、使用一些有效的饲料添加剂和改变日粮饲养方式等日粮调控措施来控制其臭气的产生量     

微量元素和饲料添加剂调控蛋壳品质的研究进展

蛋壳破损是家禽养殖业的重要问题,受日龄、基因、环境、营养和蛋鸡的健康状况等影响。近年来,营养调控蛋壳品质的研究主要集中于微量元素和饲料添加剂。本文简述了微量元素和饲料添加剂影响蛋壳品质的研究进展,以期为生产实践中蛋壳品质的调控提供新措施。饲粮中添加一定水平和形式的锰、微生态制剂、有机酸和中药提取物等均可改善蛋壳品质。     

生物调控新技术在饲料安全与畜禽健康养殖中的应用

我国饲料工业和养殖业发展已取得了巨大的成就,同时也面临着新的重大挑战,其中饲料安全、饲料资源短缺和养殖业环境污染等三大问题尤为突出。寻找解决这些问题的新型饲料添加剂产品备受关注。生物技术饲料添加剂作为一种安全高效的添加剂可以提高畜禽和水产动物生产性能。某些生物技术饲料添加剂可通过消除饲料中抗营养因子,提高饲料原料特别是非常规饲料原料的利用率,开发新的饲料资源,对缓解饲料资源短缺显示了很大的潜力。另外,还有些生物技术饲料添加剂可以有效地减少饲料成分大量排放造成的养殖业环境污染。因此,生物技术饲料添加剂在饲料工业中的有效应用,使得饲料工业和养殖业安全、高效、环保和可持续发展成为可能,在饲料安全与畜禽健康养殖中发挥越来越明显的作用。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …