迟缓爱德华菌FliC-TolC融合蛋白表达及免疫特性研究

鞭毛蛋白FliC与外膜蛋白TolC均具有免疫保护效果,其中FliC蛋白具有疫苗佐剂的特性,但目前尚未有关迟缓爱德华菌(E.tarda)FliC-TolC融合产物免疫动物的免疫效果的相关报道。为研究E.tarda FliC-TolC融合蛋白的免疫特性,本研究利用融合PCR方法扩增获得fliC-tolC片段,构建重组载体pET-28a-fliC-tolC,并利用E.coli BL21表达系统表达了融合蛋白FliC-TolC。将纯化的FliC-TolC、TolC、FliC蛋白免疫小鼠后,以E.tarda强毒株攻毒评估免疫效果;并利用斑马鱼模型进行了平行试验。结果显示,本研究克隆了E.tarda fliC-tolC基因并表达和纯化了相应重组蛋白FliC-TolC;FliC-TolC蛋白激发小鼠产生的抗体水平优于FliC、TolC蛋白单独免疫组,表明FliC-TolC蛋白具有优良的免疫原性。攻毒试验表明FliC-TolC蛋白组小鼠对强毒株可产生较好的抵抗力,相对保护率为95%;斑马鱼攻毒试验相对保护率为60%。本研究证实了E.tarda重组蛋白FliC-TolC的免疫效力,为进一步研制E.tarda亚单位疫苗提供了参考和借鉴。     

猪传染性胸膜肺炎重组亚单位疫苗诱导小鼠免疫保护效果的观察

重组表达猪传染性胸膜肺炎放线杆菌6种主要毒力因子基因:apxⅠ、apxⅡ、apxⅢ、apxⅣ、apfa和omp,以重组蛋白rApxⅠ、rApxⅡ、rApxⅢ和rOMP组合免疫小鼠作为试验I组,重组蛋白rApxⅠ、rApxⅡ、rApxⅢr、OMPr、ApxⅣ和rApfa组合免疫小鼠作为试验Ⅱ组,PBS为对照组,分3次免疫小鼠,采用背部皮下多点注射,每次间隔2周,免疫剂量为0.2 mL/只,3免后1周分别以APP1型菌Shope 4074株(5×109cfu)和APP2型菌S1536株(5×1010cfu)进行攻毒试验。通过小鼠保护率与抗体效价的相关性研究、肺部病理变化及肺脏细菌的分布情况等指标进行综合评价。结果显示,试验Ⅰ组4种重组蛋白特异性抗体水平显著高于其他两组(P<0.05),对APP1型菌攻毒的保护率(9/10)明显高于试验Ⅱ组(5/10)和对照组(0/8),小鼠的免疫保护率与抗体效价之间存在显著正相关;且该组对APP2型菌攻毒的保护作用(无肺脏损伤)也明显优于其它两组(典型肺部损伤)。间接免疫荧光试验表明试验Ⅰ组对肺脏细菌的清除效果也明显优于其他两组。本试验揭示试验Ⅰ组对不同血清型APP攻击能够提供很好的交叉保护作用,从而为猪传染性胸膜肺炎新型疫苗的研制提供参考。     

间接免疫荧光抗体法在APP疫苗保护效果评价中的初步应用

应用间接免疫荧光抗体法对免疫攻毒后小鼠肺脏中的APP抗原进行了定位,比较了灭活疫苗和重组亚单位疫苗对小鼠肺脏中APP抗原的清除能力,同时与各组小鼠的存活率及其肺脏的病理学变化进行相关性比较。结果表明,灭活疫苗组和重组亚单位疫苗组小鼠肺脏的荧光强度、数量均明显弱于对照组,而重组亚单位疫苗组又明显弱于灭活疫苗组。说明两种疫苗均对APP抗原有一定的清除和中和作用,且重组亚单位疫苗的作用强于灭活疫苗。该结果与各组小鼠的存活率和肺脏病理学损伤的结果一致。说明通过间接免疫荧光定位免疫攻毒后小鼠肺脏中的APP抗原作为疫苗保护效果的一种评价方法是可行的。     

迟缓爱德华菌外膜蛋白OmpA原核表达及其免疫原性研究

为研究迟缓爱德华菌外膜蛋白OmpA免疫保护性,本研究利用PCR方法扩增迟缓爱德华菌ompA基因,构建重组载体pET-32a-ompA,将其转化大肠杆菌BL21后诱导表达,表达产物经SDS-PAGE和western blot分析显示,重组蛋白大小约58 ku;将纯化的重组蛋白免疫小鼠后,以迟缓爱德华菌强毒株ET-13攻毒,结果显示该重组蛋白对免疫组小鼠具有保护力,保护率为55%。本研究克隆了迟缓爱德华菌ompA基因并表达了相应重组蛋白,免疫小鼠后能够提供一定保护,为重组OmpA蛋白亚单位疫苗的研制奠定基础。     

猪肺炎支原体168弱毒株P65基因的原核表达及鉴定

研究猪肺炎支原体168(Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae 168,Mhp168)弱毒株重组蛋白p65的免疫原性。根据GenBank中Mhp168弱毒株P65基因的开放阅读框设计特异性引物,进行PCR扩增,构建原核表达载体pET-28a-P65,经原核表达并纯化获得的重组蛋白与佐剂以体积比1∶1乳化后免疫注射小鼠,通过酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)测定小鼠血清的抗体效价;选取抗体效价较高的小鼠进行攻毒试验。经间接ELISA证明,重组蛋白p65具有良好的免疫原性,血清效价为1∶12 800。攻毒试验证明,p65重组蛋白疫苗的保护率可达80%,证明重组蛋白p65具有良好的免疫原性。     

马链球菌马亚种FNEB蛋白的截短表达及其免疫保护性研究

为研究马链球菌马亚种FNEB蛋白的免疫保护性,本研究采用PCR方法从马链球菌马亚种新疆分离株中扩增FNEB基因部分片段,克隆于原核表达载体p ET-30a中,转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)感受态细胞,以IPTG诱导表达,经SDS-PAGE和western blot分析显示,重组蛋白大小约60 ku,具有良好的抗原性。将纯化的重组蛋白免疫小鼠后,以马链球菌马亚种新疆分离株进行攻毒,结果显示该重组蛋白对免疫组小鼠具有保护力,保护率为65%。本研究克隆了马链球菌马亚种的FNEB截短基因并表达了相应重组蛋白,免疫小鼠后能够提供较好的保护,为重组FNEB蛋白亚单位疫苗的研制奠定基础。     

支气管败血波氏杆菌PRN黏附素R1区蛋白的免疫原性

百日咳杆菌黏附素(PRN)是支气管败血波氏杆菌最重要的保护性抗原.为研究PRN的R1区多肽的免疫原性,分别将prn基因的全长编码区2 040 bp及5'端1 173 bp的片段(prnR1)克隆到原核表达载体pGEX-KG,经IPTG诱导后在大肠杆菌中实现了表达.SDS-PAGE和Western blot检测证实2种表达产物GST-R1和GST-PRN均具有良好的免疫学反应活性.在主动免疫保护试验中,GST-R1和GST-PRN免疫组小鼠均能产生较高的PRN抗体水平;当使用3 LD50的Bb强毒株HH0809进行鼻腔攻毒后,其保护率均为100%(9/9);当使用10 LD50HH0809攻毒时,其保护率分别为33.3%(3/9)和77.8%(7/9).在被动免疫保护试验中,腹腔免疫GST-R1和GST-PRN兔抗血清均能100%(10/10)保护小鼠抵抗10 LD50 HH0809的腹腔攻击,但经PRN吸附后的2种兔抗血清均失去了保护力(0/5).这些研究结果表明,重组PRN的N端R1区多肽具有良好的免疫原性.     

猪圆环病毒2a/2b亚型病毒株灭活疫苗及其重组Cap蛋白亚单位疫苗的交互免疫实验

为评价猪圆环病毒(PCV)2a/2b两种基因型病毒株及其重组Cap蛋白(rCap)之间的交互免疫,本研究采用PCV2a-LG株和PCV2b-YJ株制备了2种病毒灭活疫苗,及其重组杆状病毒表达的2种Cap蛋白(PCV2a-rCap和PCV2b-rCap)亚单位疫苗.选用8周龄BALB/c鼠165只,随机分成11组,每组15只,用上述4种疫苗各免疫2组,以PCV2a或PCV2b株攻毒.攻毒后,所有鼠均未见肉眼可见的临床症状和病理变化.采用IPMA法检测抗体,4种疫苗于免疫第3周抗体转阳,第5周抗体效价达到1:200～1:800倍,其中PCV2a-rCap免疫组抗体效价最高.2种灭活苗和PCV2a-rCap免疫组攻击同型或异型病毒株均可以获得完全保护.以PCV2a和PCV2b各为指示病毒对病毒抗血清和rCap蛋白抗血清进行交叉中和试验,同型病毒株与同型血清的中和抗体效价均高于异型病毒株.病理观察显示,免疫鼠均未见明显病理变化,攻毒对照鼠肺脏出现一定程度的病理损伤.本研究表明,病毒灭活疫苗及其rCap亚单位疫苗PCV2a和PCV2b可提供交叉保护.     

鸡传染性支气管炎重组鸡痘病毒基因工程疫苗对异源LT95Ⅰ株病毒攻击的免疫保护

将共表达鸡传染性支气管炎病毒(IBV)SI基因和鸡干扰素.丫基因的重组鸡痘病毒(rFPV-IFNγ S1)接种4周龄SPF鸡,免疫3周后用同源(LX4株)及异源强毒株(LTJ951)攻毒,评价重组疫苗对异源病毒的保护作用.结果显示,重组疫苗接种1周后,免疫鸡产生抗IBV的抗体;而且外周血中CD4+和CD8+T淋巴细胞的含量略高于非免疫对照组;攻毒后,异源强毒株攻毒的免疫组CD4+T淋巴细胞呈下降趋势,并且该组低水平CD4+的状态一直持续到试验结束,而其他组CD4+T淋巴细胞均迅速上升,峰值达到14.5%;同源强毒株攻毒的免疫组CD8+T淋巴细胞呈高水平的表达,而其他组攻毒后均无明显变化;保护率结果显示,同源强毒株攻毒免疫组的发病率和死亡率为21.43%和0%,与其他各组相比均有显著差异;另外同源强毒株攻毒的免疫组病理损伤与异源强毒株攻毒的试验组相比明显减轻,其排毒时间和排毒量也均有所减少;强毒攻毒后所有试验组体重无显著差异.以上结果可以说明,重组疫苗能对同源强毒株产生较好的免疫保护,但不能对遗传关系较远的强毒株产生有效的免疫应答.     

表面展示副结核分枝杆菌抗原MAP3007的大肠杆菌活载体疫苗株的构建与免疫效力评价

为构建表面展示副结核分枝杆菌抗原MAP3007的大肠杆菌活载体疫苗株,本研究将冰核蛋白(INP)作为展示平台,将目的基因克隆于构建的pET-INP表面展示载体中,转入大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),经IPTG诱导表达后,对目的蛋白的表达与定位进行检测。将110只雌性BALB/c小鼠随机分为PBS组(30只),INP-28a对照组(30只),INP-MAP3007重组菌免疫组(30只),空白未攻毒组(20只),其中对照组INP-28a与重组菌INP-MAP3007免疫组以5×10~5cfu/200μL/只剂量分别免疫INP-28a空菌与INP-MAP3007重组疫苗,PBS组注射等体积PBS,3免后以5×10~8cfu/只进行副结核分支杆菌K-10株攻毒试验,空白未攻毒组不做处理,通过检测各组小鼠抗体水平、细胞因子、CD4~+和CD8~+T细胞亚群、增重率以及肠、肝脏和脾脏的病理损伤综合评价疫苗的免疫效果。结果显示,目的蛋白MAP3007正确表达且定位于细菌表面;经3次免疫后疫苗组与其他对照组相比能产生较高的抗体水平(p0.001);攻毒后与其他对照组相比,疫苗组小鼠细胞因子IFN-γ和IL-4极显著升高(p0.001),同时抗炎性细胞因子IL-10降低;疫苗组CD4~+T、CD8~+T淋巴细胞数量极显著增加(p0.001),且疫苗组小鼠体重增长速度与未攻毒组基本一致;病理组织学结果发现疫苗组各器官病变情况相对较轻或无显著病变。上述结果表明表面展示活载体疫苗能够诱导小鼠产生细胞免疫和体液免疫进而提供较好的免疫保护,且可以降低其病理损伤程度,减缓病程。本研究为新型副结核杆菌疫苗的研制奠定了基础。     

Interaction between Bordetella bronchiseptica and toxigenic Pasteurella multocida on the nasal mucosa of SPF piglets.

The interaction between Bordetella bronchiseptica and type D toxigenic Pasteurella multocida was studied in five groups of 4 specific-pathogen-free (SPF) piglets each. At 28 days of age, piglets of groups 3 and 4 were inoculated into both nostrils with 10(8) colony-forming-units (CFU) of a non-dermonecrotic toxin (DNT)-producing, phase I strain of B. bronchiseptica. Piglets of groups 1 and 3 were treated intranasally with a sonic extract of the non-toxic strain of B. bronchiseptica and those of groups 2 and 4 with B. bronchiseptica DNT into the left nostril. Sonic extract and DNT treatment was started at 33 days of age and lasted for 5 days. Piglets of group 5 served as controls. At the age of 37 days, piglets of all groups except group 5 were inoculated into both nostrils with 5 x 10(7) CFU of toxigenic P. multocida. At slaughter at 50 days of age, P. multocida was recovered from the left nasal cavity of 3 piglets of group 2 and all piglets of group 4. In piglets inoculated with B. bronchiseptica DNT the mucosal epithelial cells of the left nasal cavity showed loss of cilia, regressive lesions such as vacuolation, karyopycnosis and necrosis, hypertrophy of the epithelium, infiltration of the epithelium and submucosa by inflammatory cells, could also be seen. The results suggest that action of the B. bronchiseptica DNT on the nasal mucosa is a precondition of the growth of P. multocida in the nasal cavity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Clinical and pathological effects of the dermonecrotic toxin of Bordetella bronchiseptica and Pasteurella multocida in specific-pathogen-free piglets

The role of dermonecrotic toxin (DNT) of Bordetella bronchiseptica and Pasteurella multocida, purified by repeated chromatography in Sephacryl S-200 gel, in the pathogenesis of atrophic rhinitis (AR) of swine was studied bacteriologically, clinically and pathologically. Two-week-old specific pathogen-free (SPF) piglets were parenterally treated with 30 micrograms of DNT 3 times at 2-day interval and 7-week-old piglets were treated with 15 micrograms of DNT twice a week for 5 weeks. In 2- to 3-week-old piglets, both B. bronchiseptica DNT and P. multocida DNT produced nasal turbinate lesions with similar severity, characterized by damage of the cilia, epithelial metaplasia, intensive proliferation of osteoblasts, regressive changes, and diffuse osteocytic osteolysis. In 7- to 12-week-old piglets, treatment with B. bronchiseptica DNT failed to produce progressive changes in the nasal turbinates. Histopathological examination revealed osteogenic processes and osteoid synthesis besides the proliferation of osteoblasts and mild osteocytic osteolysis. Moreover, severe gross pathological lesions developed in the stomach, liver, kidneys, and lymphoid organs. The piglets' appetite and body weight gain gradually decreased during the DNT treatment and in the last week when the toxic signs appeared. Treatment of 7- to 12-week-old piglets with P. multocida DNT resulted in progressive AR. Histopathologically, diffuse osteocytic osteolysis was observed in the nasal turbinates. Neither clinical signs nor pathological lesions of the visceral organs developed in these piglets. The authors emphasize that the DNT of B. bronchiseptica basically differs from that of P. multocida in biological properties, though there are certain similarities between the DNTs.     

Purification of a heat labile dermonecrotic toxin from culture fluid of Pasteurella multocida

A highly pure heat-labile dermonecrotic toxin (DNT) of Pasteurella multocida was isolated from bacterium-free broth culture fluid. The protocol for the isolation included the following steps: ammonium sulphate precipitation, gel filtration, ion exchange chromatography and preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). About 1 mg of purified DNT was recovered from 3 l of broth culture fluid. The final product was toxic for embryonic bovine lung (EBL) cells, lethal for mice, dermonecrotic in the guinea pig skin test and inactivated by heating at 56 degrees c. The recovery of biological activity was about 5% that of the original culture fluid and the specific activity had increased about 4000 times. After sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS)-PAGE and silver staining a single band appeared, indicating that the purified DNT was free from contaminating proteins. The molecular weight of the toxin was approximately 125,000 daltons. The minimal toxic dose of DNT protein for embryonic bovine lung cells was about 2 ng, the minimal dermonecrotic dose in the guinea pig skin test was about 80 ng and the 50% lethal dose for mice about 300 ng.     

Intracellular locations of dermonecrotic toxins in Pasteurella multocida and in Bordetella bronchiseptica

Location of dermonecrotic toxin (DNT) in the cells of Pasteurella multocida or Bordetella bronchiseptica was investigated. After cell lysis by various procedures, various fractions prepared from bacterial cells grown in liquid culture media were assayed for dermonecrotic activity by skin testing of guinea pigs. During the death phase of the growth tested for the 2 bacterial species, little cell-free DNT was detected in the culture supernatants. Throughout the log and stationary phases of the growth, DNT activity was cell associated, but was not seen in the culture supernatants, which indicated that DNT was not secreted by actively growing P multocida or B bronchiseptica cells. Little DNT was released by subjecting whole cells to osmotic shock, a common procedure that releases proteins from the periplasmic space of many gram-negative bacteria. After sonication and centrifugation of whole cells, a substantial amount of DNT was released; results were similar when spheroplasts were used instead of whole cells. Treatment of whole cells with trypsin did not decrease the DNT activity, but trypsin treatment of sonicated cells resulted in a significant decrease in the DNT activity (P less than 0.01). The results indicated an intracellular location of the DNT of P multocida or B bronchiseptica. The DNT of P multocida or of B bronchiseptica is probably located in the cytoplasmic space.     

Antigenic relationship between the dermonecrotic toxins produced by Pasteurella multocida type D and type A

Crude dermonecrotic toxins (DNT) were prepared from Pasteurella multocida (P.m.) type D and type A strains isolated from pigs with atrophic rhinitis. Rabbits were immunized with the DNT of P.m. type D. This serum neutralized the DNT of P.m. type A to the same degree as the homologous one both in vitro (cytopathogenicity for tissue culture cells) and in vivo (mouse lethality and dermonecrotic activity in guinea pig).     

Protection by toxoid-induced antibody of gnotobiotic piglets challenged with the dermonecrotic toxin of Pasteurella multocida

A crude dermonecrotic toxin (DNT) of Pasteurella multocida (P.m.) type D was prepared by repeated sonication and freezing. It was sterilized by filtration. A toxoid was then made and pigs were hyperimmunized with it to get an antiserum. A control serum was obtained by hyperimmunization of pigs with a preparation derived from nontoxigenic P.m. type D in the same manner as the toxoid. Three gnotobiotic piglets were injected with the antiserum. This resulted in neutralization indices (NI) of 25 in their sera, as tested on mice. Three litter-mated controls were given the control serum. Their NI remained 1. All piglets were challenged intramuscularly 4 times, every third day, with 30 mouse LD50 of the DNT. When euthanized 15 days after the last DNT administration no snout lesions were found in passively immunized piglets, whereas control animals showed severe turbinate atrophy and other changes typical for atrophic rhinitis. The next experiment was identical to the previous one except for the challenge, which was given intranasally (4 times 300 mouse LD50). Also in this case circulating antitoxin protected the piglets from damage of the nasal turbinates caused by the DNT.     

Induction of nasal turbinate atrophy in germ-free pigs, using Pasteurella multocida as well as bacterium-free crude and purified dermonecrotic toxin of P multocida

To establish the role of the dermonecrotic toxin (DNT) of Pasteurella multocida in the cause and pathogenesis of atrophic rhinitis, germ-free pigs were inoculated with several strains of P multocida, crude DNT, or purified DNT. In some experiments, the aforementioned inocula were combined with Bordetella bronchiseptica. All DNT-producing P multocida strains induced severe turbinate atrophy. Histologic examination of the remnants of the nasal turbinates revealed intact, but undulated, ciliated epithelium and numerous osteoclasts. Inflammation was minimal or absent. A DNT-producing B bronchiseptica strain induced only mild turbinate atrophy. The lesions were characterized histologically by loss of cilia and ciliated cells and by an infiltration of predominantly mononuclear cells. Bone formation seemed impaired. Turbinate lesions were most severe in pigs infected with a combination of B bronchiseptica and a DNT-producing P multocida strain. Intranasal administration of sterile DNT-containing culture filtrate of P multocida or purified DNT of P multocida did not result in turbinate atrophy. In contrast, turbinate atrophy developed when these preparations were injected IM or when intranasal administration of DNT was preceded by inoculation of B bronchiseptica.     

The pathological effect of the Bordetella dermonecrotic toxin in mice

The effect of dermonecrotic toxin (DNT) expression of Bordetella bronchiseptica was studied in mice by comparing the pathology induced by a wild type strain with that induced by an isogenic DNT- strain in which part of the structural gene has been replaced by an antibiotic resistance cassette. While extracts of strain B58 proved toxic in intravenously inoculated mice, similar extracts from strain B58GP had lost toxic activity. The parent (B58) and the mutant (B58GP) strains of B. bronchiseptica each possessed comparable virulence for mice. These findings confirmed that DNT production was successfully abolished in strain B58GP while other virulence characteristics required for pathogenicity in mice remained intact, at a comparable level to the parent strain. Turbinate atrophy was observed in mice infected with the DNT+ strain, but not in those infected with the DNT- strain. This indicates that DNT is the cause of turbinate atrophy in the mice and not other factors produced by phase I strains of B. bronchiseptica. B. bronchiseptica DNT showed a lienotoxic effect (lymphocyte depletion and a reduction in the intensity of extramedullar haemocytopoieis) that is considered to adversely alter the immune function of the host animal. In mice infected with strain B58GP, catarrhal pneumonia with characteristic lympho-histiocytic peribronchial and perivascular infiltration was noticed. In mice infected with strain B58, large necrotic areas were seen surrounded by an inflammatory reaction. The DNT appears to directly damage lung tissues, at least in mice. DNT production seems to enhance the establishment of B. bronchiseptica in the lungs, presumably by reducing the local resistance and causing severe local damage to the lung tissues.     

Expression of the dermonecrotic toxin by Bordetella bronchiseptica is not necessary for predisposing to infection with toxigenic Pasteurella multocida

This experiment was designed to determine whether a Bordetella bronchiseptica mutant that does not produce dermonecrotic toxin (DNT) is still capable of predisposing pigs to infection with toxigenic Pasteurella multocida. Three groups of pigs were initially inoculated intranasally with a wild type B. bronchiseptica that produces DNT, an isogenic mutant of B. bronchiseptica that does not produce DNT, or PBS. All pigs were then challenged intranasally with a toxigenic strain of P. multocida 4 days later. P. multocida was recovered infrequently and in low numbers from pigs initially inoculated with PBS, and no turbinate atrophy was present in these pigs. P. multocida was isolated in similar numbers from the pigs initially inoculated with either the wild type or the DNT mutant of B. bronchiseptica, and turbinate atrophy of a similar magnitude was also seen in pigs from both of these groups. Thus, although the DNT has been shown to be responsible for much of the pathology seen during infection with B. bronchiseptica by itself, infection with non-DNT-producing strains can still predispose to secondary respiratory infections with P. multocida.