Chytridiomycosis in an aquarium collection of frogs: diagnosis, treatment, and control

The introduction of a new group of dendrobatid frogs to an established captive amphibian collection was followed by several acute mortalities in both resident and introduced frog populations. Chytridiomycosis, caused by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, was diagnosed by histology in two of the dead frogs. Following the diagnosis, all amphibians were moved to a specially made quarantine room with strict handling protocols and treated with itraconazole. Frogs, being terrestrial amphibians, were treated with itraconazole (Sporanox, 10 mg/ml) at 0.01% in 0.6% saline in a 5-min bath for 11 consecutive days. Axolotls (Ambystoma mexicanum) and Kaup's caecilians (Potymotyphlus kaupii), being aquatic amphibians, were treated with itraconazole administered directly in their primary tank water to achieve a concentration of 0.01% for 30 min every 5 days for four treatments. Itraconazole was removed from the tank water after 30 min by high-rate-of-flow activated charcoal filters. The treatment and quarantine procedures were successful in eradicating the disease. The few amphibian mortalities that occurred in the 18 mo after the start of the treatment have been histologically negative for the presence of chytrid fungi. The collection is now considered free of chytridiomycosis.     

Toxicology of aquarium fish.

Most aquarium fish live in a closed system, so the effects of toxins can be cumulative and devastating. Most cases of toxicity are due to deficiencies in husbandry and tank maintenance. Poor water quality kills more fish than infectious agents, making client education a very important preventive tool for aquatic practitioners. This article includes a discussion of toxicities related to water quality, chemotherapeutics, pesticides, and household substances.     

观赏鱼的营养与饲料配制

我国是世界上最早饲养观赏鱼的国家。据传,西周时期(公元前800年)就开始从野生鲫鱼中选择变异种群———金鱼饲养观赏。欧洲大约于18世纪才掀起饲养观赏鱼的热潮。如今,在水族箱内饲养观赏鱼已遍及全球,消费人口达数千万,饲养品种约1600多种,而且大量变种和新种不断推出,已成为     

Occurrence of a canine distemper-like disease in aquarium seals

Outbreaks of a canine distemper-like acute disease brought high mortalities to seal populations in north-west Europe and Lake Baikal from late 1987 to 1988. During these outbreaks three seals which were introduced from Lake Baikal to an aquarium in Japan developed a distemper-like disease and other seals raised in the same room were similarly affected. Clinical signs of dead seals were anorexia, diphasic fever, dyspnea, and neuromuscular tics. Characteristic microscopic lesions of acute interstitial pneumonia seen in the lung were accompanied with hyperplasia and syncytial giant cell formation of type II pneumocytes. Eosinophilic intranuclear and cytoplasmic inclusion bodies were present in bronchial epithelial cells, type II pneumocytes, epithelial cells of bile ducts and interlobular ducts of pancreas, transitional epithelium of renal pelvis, and reticular cells of lymph nodes. Ultrastructure of inclusion bodies was similar to that seen in cells infected with morbilliviruses. Serum samples from recovered seals had virus-neutralization antibodies against canine distemper virus. The present cases were the first report of morbillivirus infection of aquarium seals in Japan.     

几种暖季型草坪草病害及病原种类

归纳了狗牙根、结缕草、假俭草和钝叶草等4种暖季型草坪草的病害及病原种类，其中草坪型狗牙根病害30余种，病原菌约35属近70余种，结缕草病害17种、病原菌约22属29种，假俭草主要病害13种、病原菌约16属20种，钝叶草病害15种，病原菌约23属30种。旨在完善暖季型草坪草的病害记录。     

几种冷季型草坪草病害及病原种类

归纳了黑麦草属、剪股颖属、早熟禾属和羊茅属第4种冷季型草坪草属的病害及病原种类，其中黑麦草属病害40种、病原菌约39属92种，早熟禾属病害47种、病原菌约51属92种，剪股颖属病害41种、病原菌约42属85种，羊茅属病害44种、病原菌约50属88种。旨在完善冷季型草坪草的病害记录。     

2007 North American zoo and aquarium veterinary employment survey

A web-based survey was presented to 158 Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA)-accredited zoos and 31 AZA-accredited aquariums or marine-life parks in the United States and Canada via e-mail. The survey included questions about veterinary employment and salaries. Representatives from 124 zoos and 15 aquariums responded. Zoos and aquariums with higher operating budgets were more likely to employ full-time veterinarians. The number and percentage of zoos employing full-time zoo veterinarians have increased since the previous job survey that took place in 1988, with 59.6% of all responding zoos employing at least one full-time veterinarian. During the same time span, the proportion of male to female zoo veterinarians has shifted from a predominantly male group to an almost equal ratio. Salaries for full-time zoo and aquarium veterinarians ranged from $20,800 to $150,000.