室内干湿培养对磷肥在热带土壤中的转化和有效性的影响

对海南岛６种类型土壤不同施磷量的室内干湿培养和应用土壤无机磷分极方法，研究水溶性磷肥在热带土壤中的转化和有效性。结果表明；施磷处理经室内干湿培养８ａ，磷在土壤中的转化速率低于盆栽作物条件，特别是土壤Ｏ－ｐ在培养前后变化很微。其中土壤有效Ｐ以年均４．５％的幅度下降，Ａｌ－ｐ和Ｆｅ－ｐ分别年均２．１％和１．７％的幅度下降，而Ｃａ－ｐ则分别以年均１．２％和０．２％的幅度增长。土壤有效磷的变化趋势与Ａｌ－     

磷肥在热带土壤中的转化规律及残效

采用海南岛6类土壤,进行不同施磷量盆栽试验,应用土壤无机磷分级方法,研究水溶性磷肥在砖红壤中转化的情况。盆栽试验历时5年。其结果表明:(1)过磷酸钙与土壤充分混合,连续盆栽作物5年中均有明显效应。(2)施磷肥处理所增加的有效磷比例和盆栽后土壤有效磷量逐年下降幅度因土壤类型不同而差异很大。(3)水溶性磷肥在土壤中很快转化为各种形态的无机磷,但其形态比例、变化趋向和速度也因土壤类型不同而异。玄武岩(铁质)砖红壤以Fe—P(磷酸铁盐)为主,浅海沉积物(硅铝质)砖红壤以Al—P(磷酸铝盐)为主,花岗岩和云母片岩(铝质)砖红壤的Al—P含量略高于Fe—P。在盆栽过程中各类土壤的Al—P含量逐年降低,而Fe—P的含量除了在玄武岩砖红壤中是逐年降低外,在其他类型的土壤中则逐年提高,施肥后,Ca—P(磷酸钙盐)的含量在各类土壤中都比盆栽前提高,但变化幅度很微小。(4)不同施磷量处理间土壤中O—P(闭蓄态磷酸铁)的含量差异不显著,盆栽过程头3年没有明显变化,而盆找后第5年比前3年有所增长,但只有玄武岩砖红壤的增长量达到显著水平。(5)无机磷转化的次序,似乎存在Al—P→Fe—P→O—P转化的趋向,因此,Al—P的有效性>Fe—P。     

磷肥在海南岛砖红壤中的转化和肥效

本文应用土壤无机磷形态的分级方法,研究了海南岛热作土壤(即热带旱作土壤,以下同)无机磷的形态和磷肥在土壤中的转化及肥效。初步结果表明海南岛热作土壤无机磷以闭蓄态磷酸盐(Occluded phosphate 即O—P)为主体,其含量占土壤无机磷总量50％以上。非闭蓄态磷酸盐(Non-occluded phosphate即非O—P)则以磷酸铁(Fe—P)为主,其次是磷酸钙(Ca—P)和磷酸铝(Al—P)。土壤有效磷(Bray No.1法提取,以下同)大都在3～15ppm,仅占非O—P的3～10％。因此海南岛热作土壤普遍缺磷,施磷肥的效果显著。自然土壤有效磷与土壤Al—P相关极显著。与Fe—P相关不显著,而与Ca—P和O—P呈负相关。水溶性磷肥(过磷酸钙)在热作土壤中主要向非O—P转化,肥料与土壤充分混合盆栽两个月后,土壤O—P没有明显增减,而非O—P特别是Fe—P、Al—P则显著增加。施肥后土壤Fe—P、Al—P与土壤有效磷和作物吸收磷量相关显著,说明磷肥在土壤中转化形成的非O—P在一个相当长的时间内(至少当造)对作物是有效的,而不是很快“固定”失效。因此,对热作土壤中磷酸铁、铝的性质和磷肥的施肥方法值得进一步探讨。     

富磷土壤大麦高产栽培磷肥的增产效应与施用技术

土壤速效磷含量，对于施用磷肥的效果具有决定性作用。土壤速效磷含量在10～15ppm（磷酸氢钠法），绿肥、油菜需施磷，其他作物不需要施磷，速效磷含量＞15ppm，一般不需要施磷，新洋农场一般田块的速效磷含量＞10ppm，平均为16．8ppm，属于富磷土壤，但根据多年的种植经验，增施磷肥有明显的增产效果，这与作物高产栽培条件下，高氮量的施用，作物对磷的需要量增加有关，所以对有效磷含量较高的土壤上磷肥的合理施用的研究还是有应用价值的。有关磷肥肥料效应回归方程，大多数试验表明，增施磷肥不易出现减产现象，也就是说不符合一元二次…     

磷肥用量对土壤速效磷及玉米产量和养分吸收的影响

通过两年田间肥料定位试验,研究北疆灰漠土区不同磷肥用量对土壤速效磷含量以及玉米生长和养分吸收的影响。结果表明,不施磷肥或施磷量较低（75 kg/hm²）时,土壤速效磷含量显著降低;施磷量为150 kg/hm²时土壤速效磷含量基本维持平衡;施磷量为300 kg/hm²时土壤速效磷在0～40 cm土壤积累明显。施磷肥可显著增加玉米干物质量,施磷量超过150 kg/hm²干物质量增加不明显。玉米植株的氮素和磷素积累量随施磷量增加而显著增加,磷肥对玉米植株磷素养分的分配影响不大,但可显著促进氮素向子粒的转运,氮素在子粒的分配比例显著增加。施磷肥可显著提高玉米产量,施磷量为150 kg/hm²可维持土壤速效磷平衡并获得高产,是该区玉米的适宜磷肥用量。     

沿海地区夹砂土上水稻磷肥施用指标初探

采用田间试验的方法,研究了不同施磷水平对土壤有效磷及水稻产量的影响。结果表明,在沿海地区夹砂土上,水稻的产量并不随着施磷量的增加而增加,水稻施用磷肥的土壤有效磷临界值为24.2～24.5mg/kg,磷系数为0.52kg/667m2。     

增效磷肥对花生生长、产量和磷利用率的影响

采用大田试验,在正阳县酸性砂姜黑土和清丰县石灰性砂质潮土区,研究了磷肥与不同增效剂（腐殖酸、 复合氨基酸和草酸）配施对花生生长、产量及磷肥利用率的影响。结果表明,85%常规施磷与腐殖酸、氨基酸和草 酸配施对花生产量的作用效果受土壤类型影响,砂姜黑土区,分别比85%常规施磷增产8.82%、4.66%和-1.68%,砂 质潮土区分别比85%常规施磷增产8.40%、3.18%和12.08%,砂姜黑土区和砂质潮土区分别以85%常规施磷+腐植 酸和85%常规施磷+草酸处理对花生生长和增产的促进效果最好。施磷增效剂也提高了花生磷积累量和磷肥利用 率,其原因在于磷增效剂促进了土壤难溶性磷组分转化为活性较高磷组分,与85%常规施磷相比,砂姜黑土区85% 常规施磷+腐植酸和砂质潮土区85%常规施磷+草酸处理的花生磷积累总量分别显著增加26.31%和22.89%,磷肥 表观利用率分别提高7.74%和4.99%,磷肥农学效率分别提高5.54 g/kg和5.39 g/kg。因此,酸性砂姜黑土区磷肥减 量15%配施腐殖酸,石灰性砂质潮土区磷肥减量15%配施草酸,可提高磷肥利用率,确保花生不减产,实现磷肥减 量增效目标。     

氮、磷施用水平对土壤水肥状况及玉米产量的影响

通过设置不同的施肥水平,研究了玉米田的土壤水肥状况及其对玉米产量的影响。结果表明:适当增施氮肥和磷肥可以促进玉米产量的提高,有效提高土壤氮磷养分含量和土壤水分相对含量,但当施氮量达到270kg/hm^2,施磷量达到90 kg/hm^2后,再增加氮磷施用量其土壤有效氮及有效磷含量均不再增加或增幅减缓,玉米产量则会下降。     

大麦株高近等基因系的磷素利用效率特性分析

为明确大麦株高对磷素利用效率的影响,采用土培盆栽试验,以4对两种遗传背景下的大麦株高近等基因系为材料,设置施磷(P_2O_5:60 mg·kg~(-1)土)和不施磷两种磷处理,于成熟期采样,分析其农艺性状、磷含量、磷素利用效率等差异。结果表明,施磷处理下大麦近等基因系株高、单株产量、单株秸秆干重及收获指数均较不施磷处理增高,高秆大麦的株高、穗长、芒长、产量及收获指数均显著大于矮秆大麦,而其单株秸秆干重小于矮秆大麦。施磷处理下近等基因系根系、秸秆、籽粒磷含量及磷积累量整体高于不施磷处理。不施磷处理下,高秆大麦的秸秆磷含量及磷积累量整体小于矮秆大麦,而其籽粒磷积累量整体大于矮秆大麦,最大高出矮秆大麦89.87%。施磷处理下大麦的根系、秸秆及籽粒磷素利用效率小于不施磷处理,秸秆磷素利用效率变化最大,施磷为不施磷的25%～68%,其中高秆大麦变化幅度大于矮秆大麦。经相关性分析,大麦单株产量与籽粒磷积累量呈显著正相关,与根系磷积累量呈极显著或显著负相关;穗长与秸秆磷利用效率、株高与磷收获指数以及芒长与磷收获指数在施磷和不施磷处理下分别呈显著负相关和正相关。相较于矮秆大麦,高秆大麦在低磷环境下具有更高的收获指数及磷收获指数,说明高秆大麦具有更高的耐低磷特性。因此,在缺磷土壤中选择株高较高的大麦能获得更好的经济效益。     

湖北省油菜磷肥施用效果 与土壤速效磷分级标准研究

近两年在湖北省油菜主产区布置27个油菜大田施磷试验。试验统计结果表明,油菜施用磷肥具有明显 的增产和增收效果, 25 个试验施磷增产效果在5%以上,施磷增产油菜籽产量15 ～1 783kg/hm2 ,平均增产量 558kg/hm2 ,平均增产率为53. 0% ,每千克P2O5 平均增收油菜籽6. 2kg;施磷的纯利润平均为831. 6元/hm2 ,产投比 平均为3. 10。油菜施磷增产幅度与土壤速效磷含量呈极显著负相关。按照不施磷对照处理产量占施磷处理产量 的50%、75%和90%作为判断土壤缺磷标准,则土壤速效磷极度缺乏、严重缺乏和缺乏的指标分别为9. 9mg/kg、 14. 3mg/kg和20. 2mg/kg;以施磷产投比2. 0和1. 0作为土壤缺磷标准时,土壤速效磷严重缺乏和缺乏的指标分别 为16. 2mg/kg和20. 2mg/kg。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).