猕猴桃籽油微胶囊化技术研究

猕猴桃籽油中不饱和脂肪酸含量较高,特别是亚麻酸含量高达63.99%.为防止猕猴桃籽油的氧化,采用喷雾干燥法对猕猴桃籽油进行微胶囊化研究,并对产品进行了电镜观察和氧化试验.结果表明:壁材采用1∶1的大豆分离蛋白与麦芽糊精,芯材与壁材的配比为1∶1.5,料液总固形物含量为25%,在30～35 MPa压力下均质处理,喷雾干燥进风温度180℃,出风温度80℃,制得的微胶囊结构理想,抗氧化性较好.     

高活性益生菌酵素粉的制备及工艺优化

为了提高酵素粉中益生菌的存活率以及产品的活性,该研究以植物乳杆菌Lactobacillus plantarum 1-33(Lp 1-33)为发酵菌株,高密度培养后对发酵上清液进行喷雾干燥;通过内源乳化法对菌体进行微胶囊包埋,再对微胶囊进行真空冷冻干燥,最后2部分产物经混匀造粒制得益生菌酵素粉;以包埋率、胃肠道存活率、释放率等为指标,考察多重保护技术对其活性的保护效果。结果表明:采用内源乳化法,乙二胺四乙酸钙为钙载体,质量分数1.5%海藻酸钠为壁材,质量分数0.3%壳聚糖-三聚磷酸钠为涂层材料效果最佳;此条件下制备的微胶囊包埋率≥80%,经模拟胃液处理2 h后其菌体存活率≥50%,模拟肠液处理2 h后释放率≥90%;最佳冷冻保护剂配方为质量分数10%脱脂奶粉、质量分数8%乳糖、质量分数1%抗坏血酸钠、质量分数1%谷氨酸钠,酵素粉与保护剂比例1:10;制备的酵素粉30℃保存3个月,活菌数仍≥9.5lg(CFU/g);与发酵前果汁相比,其清除自由基能力提高了近20%。通过上述多重活性保护技术,提高了菌体的存活率和抗逆境能力,获得高密度、高活性的益生菌酵素粉,为后续产业化的生产提供技术支撑。     

黑莓籽油的超临界萃取及脂肪酸成分分析

为了获得高品质保健油脂,采用超临界CO2萃取黑莓籽油,以气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）对黑莓籽油脂肪酸成分进行分析。样品最佳粉碎粒度60目,超临界CO2萃取适宜工艺条件为：萃取压力20 MPa,分离罐压力10 MPa,萃取罐温度45℃,萃取时间30 min,萃取得率为(17.73±0.19)%。GC-MS检测结果显示黑莓籽油中含有丰富的不饱和脂肪酸,尤其是亚油酸、油酸、亚麻酸,质量分数分别为58.04%、11.76%、8.38%,占总脂肪酸的78.18%。研究结果为黑莓籽的综合开发加工利用提供了参考。     

杏仁油微胶囊制备工艺的优化

杏仁油中不饱和脂肪酸含量较高,为防止杏仁油的氧化,扩大杏仁油的用途,以麦芽糊精和牛乳分离蛋白为壁材,大豆卵磷脂为乳化剂,采用喷雾干燥法对超临界CO<,2>萃取的杏仁油进行了微胶囊化研究,采用响应面分析法研究了微胶囊的最佳配方,正交法确定了喷雾干燥的最佳工艺参数.结果表明:杏仁油微胶囊包埋最佳配方为杏仁油质量分数25%、牛乳分离蛋白质量分数25%、大豆卵磷脂质量分数2%和麦芽糊精质量分数48%,在20 MPa压力下均质处理;喷雾干燥适宜的工艺参数为进风温度180℃,出风温度80℃,进料温度50℃.在上述优化条件下可制得高质量高包埋率的杏仁油微胶囊产品,包埋率达94.7%.     

不同提取方法对甘肃紫斑牡丹籽油品质的影响

为了对比冷榨法、溶剂浸出法、超临界CO₂萃取法3种提取方法所得紫斑牡丹籽油的品质,以甘肃紫斑牡丹籽为研究对象,从外观品质、出油率、理化特性及抗氧化能力方对3种方法提取的牡丹籽油品质进行观测。结果表明,采用溶剂浸提法提取的牡丹籽油得率最高,为27.27%;其次是超临界CO₂萃取法,为22.80%;冷榨法最低,为20.17%。采用超临界CO₂萃取法提取的牡丹籽油酸值和过氧化值低,抗氧化性能强,油品质量最高。采用冷榨法提取的牡丹籽油酸值低,品质较好,方法操作简单。3种提取方法各有特点,生产中可根据具体需求选择适用。     

核桃油微胶囊化工艺的研究

为了防止核桃油的氧化，扩大核桃油的用途，用分子络合、乳化包埋、复凝聚等方法对超临界CO₂流体萃取的核桃油进行了微胶囊化研究，以确定产品的最佳生产工艺条件。试验结果表明：采用喷雾干燥法，以大豆分离蛋白和麦芽糊精、β-环状糊精和阿拉伯胶、明胶和阿拉伯胶为壁材，均可制得高质量高包埋率的核桃油微胶囊产品；喷雾干燥法制备核桃油微胶囊适宜的工艺参数为：进料浓度20%～30%，进料温度50～60℃，进风温度160～180℃，出风温度70～80℃。     

魔芋生物碱的微胶囊化工艺及生防效果试验

为研究生物碱微胶囊及其生物防治效果，对魔芋生物碱进行提取分离，并以其为芯材，以海藻酸钠和魔芋胶为壁材，用锐孔-凝固法研究魔芋生物碱微胶囊的工艺条件。探讨了壁材组成、氯化钙浓度、固化时间及下滴速度和高度对微胶囊效果的影响。结果表明，飞粉与乙醇配比以1∶3，常温下机械桨叶高速搅拌48 h为佳。干柱层析时以甲醇为展开剂，且展开剂与被展开溶液之间配比以3 mL∶3 mL效果最好。正交试验结果表明，海藻酸钠和魔芋胶的最佳配比为10∶1，氯化钙浓度为0.25 mol/L，固化最佳时间为10 min，下滴速度和高度分别以120～180滴/min和10～15 cm为宜；将所制得的生物碱微胶囊经过虫效的生防试验，探讨其引诱和忌避的效果。     

菟丝子黄酮的微胶囊化及释放性能研究

该试验采用微胶囊技术,选用β-环糊精、阿拉伯胶、乙基纤维素作为复合壁材,对菟丝子黄酮进行微胶囊化,旨在提高菟丝子黄酮的稳定性,掩盖来自提取原料的不良风味,改善其油溶性,扩大其应用范围。结果表明：芯壁材比为10∶90,3种壁材配比为19.82∶31.51∶48.67,单甘酯加入量为芯材的0.4%,产品包埋率可达88.31%。微胶囊化产品芯材在不同极性的介质中均有释放的特性,在油溶性介质中的持续释放时间最长。说明该微胶囊化产品作为天然抗氧化剂可用于油溶性介质,通过控制释放发挥其抗氧化作用。     

稳定农作物生长环境温度的相变储能材料制备与性能

为了稳定农作物适宜生长的环境温度,该研究从微封装角度开发适用于农业应用的相变微胶囊储能材料,以农作物适宜生长温度（30 ℃左右）为基础制备TiO₂@正十八烷微胶囊（相变温度25～33 ℃）,并通过氧化石墨烯（GO）对微胶囊的热性能进行修饰优化处理获得GO/TiO₂@正十八烷微胶囊。在此基础上,针对所制备的GO/TiO₂@正十八烷微胶囊测定了其样品的形貌、化学组成,最后对样品的热物性进行了检测分析。结果表明：所制备的微胶囊在扫描电镜观测下呈球形,平均直径1～3μm,颗粒均匀,且具有完整的核壳结构,还可观察到纳米GO片附着在微胶囊表面;红外测试结果表明GO与微胶囊并未发生化学反应,两者属于物理结合;试验所制备的储能微胶囊的包封率约为52.9 %,利用质量分数为1 %、2 %、3 %GO修饰后微胶囊包封率分别为43.3 %、41.2 %、37.6 %,差示扫描量热仪测试数据表明TiO₂@正十八烷微胶囊的熔融焓和结晶焓分别为120、116 J/g;采用质量分数为1 %、2 %、3 %的GO对所制备的TiO₂@正十八烷微胶囊进行修饰后,其热导率相比未经GO修饰微胶囊分别提升了57.5 %、86.3 %、104.2 %。最后,综合差示扫描量热(Differential scanning calorimetry)测试和热重分析测试数据可知该研究方法所制备的GO/TiO₂@正十八烷微胶囊具有较为理想的相变潜热和高导热性能的特性,同时其具有良好的热稳定性和使用寿命,应用前景广泛,可为低温能源的二次利用提供一种新的参考方案。     

鱼油微胶囊射流空化制备工艺优化及理化性质研究

研究目的是以大豆分离蛋白为壁材,对射流空化制备鱼油微胶囊的工艺进行优化。采用喷雾干燥法,研究壁材添加量、乳化剂添加量、芯材添加量及射流空化处理时间对乳液稳定性和鱼油微胶囊包埋率的影响,通过响应面试验分析各因素,得到最优微胶囊制备工艺,并对制备的微胶囊产品同市售产品的结构、理化特性及稳定性进行对比分析。结果表明:在壁材添加量3.21%、乳化剂添加量0.21%、芯材添加量19.70%、射流空化处理时间11.25 min工艺条件下得到的乳液稳定性较好,鱼油微胶囊的包埋率达到94.14%。微胶囊产品微观结构呈球形颗粒,结构致密,颗粒形态完整,粒径小,表面含油率较低,包埋效果好;水分含量为3.07%,溶解度为96.30%,休止角为40.39?,溶解性较好;差示扫描量热分析结果显示,微胶囊热溶解温度较高,可用于常温贮藏。包埋后的鱼油经加速贮藏试验表明微胶囊化可以提高鱼油的氧化稳定性,延长鱼油贮藏期。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

Responses of native legume desert trees used for reforestation in the Sonoran Desert to plant growth-promoting microorganisms in screen house

Three slow-growing legume trees used for desert reforestation and urban gardening in the Sonoran Desert of Northwestern Mexico and the Southwestern USA were evaluated whether their growth can be promoted by inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria (Azospirillum brasilense and Bacillus pumilus), unidentified arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (mainly Glomus sp.), and supplementation with common compost under regular screenhouse cultivation common to these trees in nurseries. Mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata) and yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla) had different positive responses to several of the parameters tested while blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida) did not respond. Survival of all tree species was over 80% and survival of mesquite was almost 100% after 10 months of cultivation. Inoculation with growth-promoting microorganisms induced significant effects on the leaf gas exchange of these trees, measured as transpiration and diffusive resistance, when these trees were cultivated without water restrictions.