泌阳县肉牛饲料原料霉菌毒素污染状况调查分析

[目的]为了解掌握我省肉牛饲料中霉菌毒素污染情况,有针对性的指导养殖场户及饲料加工企业开展霉菌毒素防控,避免霉菌毒素污染对饲料品质和肉牛健康的危害,降低经济损失。[方法]本研究对来自河南省泌阳县8个养殖场户的22份肉牛饲料原料进行分析,采用ELISA方法测定了饲料原料中黄曲霉毒素B1(AFB1)、玉米赤霉烯酮(ZEN)、赭曲霉毒素A(OTA)、呕吐毒素(DON)及T-2毒素(T-2)的含量。[结果]结果表明,在所检测的22份饲料原料中都存在不同程度的霉菌毒素污染情况,其中,72.73%的饲料原料受到2种及以上霉菌毒素污染。AFB1是污染最为严重的毒素,检出率高达90.91%,超标率达59.1%,尤其是在麦秸、花生秧和玉米中的污染表现得更为突出。其次是T-2毒素,检出率为77.27%,在麦秸和青贮玉米中污染严重。DON、 ZEN及OTA毒素检出率为36.36%、 27.27%及27.27%,其中,DON毒素的最大检测值为5 830.3μg/kg。[结论]以上结果表明,泌阳县肉牛饲料原料中霉菌毒素污染现象普遍存在,霉菌毒素共存现象也较为严重。     

霉菌毒素对畜禽免疫机能的影响

据统计,世界上每年大约有25％的谷物被霉菌毒素所污染,因而造成人和动物健康的隐形损害以及很大的经济损失;我国一些地区的饲料霉变问题相当严重,对畜牧业生产造成了巨大的损失。近年来,由于全球气候温室效应日趋明显,饲料和饲料原料贸易的日益全球化增加了储存和运输的时间,霉菌及霉菌毒素的污染比以前更加严重。Wang等（2003）分析中国配合饲料样品,结果显示,超过90％的样品中含有黄曲霉毒素（Aflatoxin,AF）、（Oehratoxin,OT）、T-2毒素（T-2 Toxin）、烟曲霉毒素（Fumonisins）、呕吐毒素（Deoxyniralenol,DON）和玉米赤霉烯酮（Zeaya lenone,ZON）6种霉菌毒素。     

我国西南地区肉禽配合饲料中霉菌毒素的污染分布规律

本研究旨在了解我国西南地区肉禽配合饲料中霉菌毒素的污染分布规律。从西南地区(四川、重庆、贵州、广西和云南)不同规模饲料厂随机抽取100份肉禽(肉小鸭前期、肉仔鸡前期和肉仔鸡后期)配合饲料样品,用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)试剂盒初筛和高效液相色谱法复查测定样品中黄曲霉毒素B_1(AFB_1)、玉米赤霉烯酮(ZON)、呕吐毒素(DON)和伏马毒素(FB)的含量。结果表明,肉禽配合饲料中AFB_1、DON、ZON和FB的检出率分别为89%、96%、85%和94.74%,AFB_1和ZON的超标率分别为18%和5%,而DON和FB无超标样品;不同地区的肉禽配合饲料中AFB_1、DON和ZON的平均含量之间存在差异,其中,肉禽配合饲料中AFB_1含量最高的是重庆(11.76μg/kg),DON含量最高的是四川(1.23 mg/kg),ZON含量最高的是云南(0.26 mg/kg);不同品种的肉禽配合饲料中AFB_1含量由高到底依次是肉小鸭前期、肉仔鸡后期和肉仔鸡前期配合饲料,DON和FB含量最高的是肉仔鸡前期配合饲料,而ZON含量最高的是肉仔鸡后期配合饲料,不同品种肉禽配合饲料中4种霉菌毒素含量均差异不显著(P0.05);从不同规模饲料厂来看,大规模饲料厂(年产量10万t)的饲料产品的污染水平比小规模饲料厂(年产量2万~5万t)低,但是不同规模饲料厂肉禽配合饲料中4种霉菌毒素的含量均差异不显著(P0.05)。由此可见,我国西南地区肉禽配合饲料普遍受到AFB_1、DON、ZON和FB的污染,其中AFB_1的超标率较高,4种霉菌毒素在不同地区、不同品种和不同饲料厂规模的饲料产品中的含量之间存在差异。     

亚洲饲料中的霉菌毒素

百奥明新加坡实验室在2003年10月-2005年9月对亚洲饲料中所含霉菌毒素进行调查，其中所涉及区域包括北亚（中国、韩国和台湾）、东南亚（马来西亚、菲律宾、泰国和越南）、南亚（印度、孟加拉和巴基斯坦）以及大洋洲（澳大利亚、新西兰），选取的样品共970个，包括饲料原料（如玉米、豆粕、小麦、稻米和花生粕等）以及饲料，主要分析的霉菌毒素包括：黄曲霉毒素B1（Afla）、玉米赤霉烯酮（ZON）、呕吐毒素（DON）、烟曲霉毒素（FUM）、T-2毒素和赭曲霉毒素（OTA）等。     

2021年国内饲料和饲料原料中霉菌毒素污染状况调查

为了解2021年国内配合饲料及玉米、小麦、杂粕等饲料原料霉菌毒素污染状况,采用免疫亲和柱-高效液相色谱荧光检测法分析了1 025个样品中黄曲霉毒素B1(AFB1)、呕吐毒素（DON）和玉米赤霉烯酮（ZEN）的含量。结果表明：各类饲料和饲料原料不同程度地受3种毒素的污染,其中玉米、玉米副产物中AFB1含量最高,小麦及小麦麸中DON含量最高,玉米副产物中ZEN含量最高。总体来看,2021年饲料和饲料原料霉菌毒素污染情况不容乐观,饲料生产过程中应重点关注玉米、小麦等谷物及其副产物的霉菌毒素污染问题。     

新疆部分地区规模化鸡场饲料中霉菌毒素污染状况检测与分析

为了解新疆部分地区规模化鸡场饲料中霉菌毒素污染情况,从新疆部分地区规模化鸡场采集豆粕(78份)、玉米(72份)、麦麸(60份)及全价配合饲料样品(80份)共计290份,采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测290份饲料样品中黄曲霉毒素B1(AFB1)、玉米赤霉烯酮(ZEN)、呕吐毒素(DON)和T-2毒素(T-2)含量。结果表明,豆粕、玉米、麦麸及全价配合饲料样品中4种霉菌毒素检出率在52.7%～100.0%之间,豆粕中AFB1和ZEN超标率分别为9.2%和6.2%,玉米中AFB1和ZEN超标率分别为16.2%和8.4%,全价配合饲料中AFB1和T-2超标率分别为19.8%和12.6%。说明该地区规模化鸡场中豆粕、玉米、麦麸及全价配合饲料存在AFB1、ZEN及T-2等3种霉菌毒素污染,应引起重视。     

2020年底各地新玉米霉菌毒素风险分析

为了解呕吐毒素（DON）、玉米赤霉烯酮（ZEN）和黄曲霉毒素B1（AFB1）在2020年底新玉米中的污染情况,指导饲料生产企业和养殖场（户）开展霉菌毒素防控,降低霉菌毒素对饲料质量安全及养殖动物的影响,避免经济受损的风险。2020年12月在市场上采集新玉米样本225份,采用胶体金免疫层析法或上转发光免疫分析法对其霉菌毒素污染情况进行检测,依据安佑集团相关企业标准标和GB 13078-2017《饲料卫生标准》进行判定分析。结果表明：新玉米中霉菌毒素检出率为96.0%,其中DON、ZEN和AFB1的检出率分别为85.8%、87.1%和86.7%|DON、ZEN和AFB1在新玉米中的污染状况差别较大,按《饲料卫生标准》判定的超标率分别为0.0%、0.4%和11.6%|最大检测值分别为2500、534 μg/kg和＞100 μg/kg。就产地而言,山西、内蒙古、东北、安徽、山东、河南、云南、陕西等地霉菌毒素污染较重。综上,与2019年及2020年玉米霉菌毒素污染调查数据相比,2020年底新玉米污染程度较重。 [关键词] 玉米|霉菌毒素|胶体金免疫层析法|上转发光免疫分析法|污染规律     

2018年山东省饲料原料及配合饲料霉菌毒素污染状况调查

为了解山东省饲料原料及配合饲料中霉菌毒素含量及污染状况,随机采集于山东各地饲料原料2 237份,配合饲料1 432份,利用上转发光竞争抑制免疫层析法分别测定了黄曲霉毒素B1(AFB_1)、玉米赤霉烯酮(ZEN)和呕吐毒素(DON)含量。结果表明:饲料原料中AFB_1污染率为39.20%,超标率为7.18%;ZEN污染率为43.23%,超标率为12.82%;DON污染率为62.58%,超标率为1.79%。玉米及副产物应重点关注3种毒素的污染,小麦及副产物和米糠重点关注DON污染,花生饼粕重点关注AFB_1的污染;配合饲料中AFB_1污染率为45.88%,超标率为2.74%;ZEN污染率为57.05%,超标率为4.04%;DON污染率为77.37%,超标率为0.81%。配合饲料应关注鸭饲料及猪饲料3种毒素的污染,雏鸡饲料应关注AFB_1污染,生长及产蛋鸡饲料应关注ZEN含量,奶牛精料补充料应关注DON和AFB_1的污染。     

复合益生菌和霉菌毒素降解酶对黄曲霉毒素B1、玉米赤霉烯酮和呕吐毒素的同步降解

面对多种霉菌毒素的危害，依据本实验室建立的黄曲霉毒素B1（AFB1）、玉米赤霉烯酮（ZEA）和呕吐毒素（DON）联合导致的细胞毒性模型，通过复合益生菌、霉菌毒素降解酶及其配伍来降解这三种霉菌毒素。本研究首先选用拉丁方试验设计获得枯草芽孢杆菌、酿酒酵母菌和丁酸梭菌的最佳组合，然后再与霉菌毒素降解酶配伍。结果表明：当枯草芽孢杆菌、酿酒酵母菌和丁酸梭菌的活菌数皆为1×105 cfu/mL时，对AFB1、ZEA和DON的联合降解效果最好。高含量霉菌毒素组AFB1、ZEA和DON的降解率分别为40.55%、56.05%和47.22%（P < 0.05），低含量霉菌毒素组AFB1、ZEA和DON的降解率分别为43.05%、38.26%和80.49%（P < 0.05）。复合益生菌与霉菌毒素降解酶的配伍试验结果表明，在高剂量霉菌毒素的降解试验中，单一复合益生菌、单一霉菌毒素降解酶及两者的配比为30:1时，对三种霉菌毒素的总降解率最高，分别到达了190.08%、175.10%和184.44%，显著高于其他组（P < 0.05）|在低剂量霉菌毒素的降解试验中，单一霉菌毒素降解酶对三种霉菌毒素的总降解率最高，达到了219.23%（P < 0.05）|其次为单一复合益生菌及两者的配伍比例为30:1和3:2时，对三种霉菌毒素的总降解率较高，分别达到了178.07%、181.84%和170.33%，显著高于其他组（P < 0.05）。综上所述，复合益生菌、霉菌毒素降解酶及其两者适宜配伍，可同步降解AFB1、ZEA和DON三种霉菌毒素，为多种霉菌毒素的同步降解奠定了基础。 [关键词] 复合益生菌|霉菌毒素降解酶|黄曲霉毒素B1|玉米赤霉烯酮|呕吐毒素|同步降解     

山东省常用羊饲料霉菌毒素污染状况调查

利用酶联免疫吸附法测定了采集于山东省规模化羊场常用羊饲料中黄曲霉毒素B1(AFB1)、玉米赤霉烯酮(ZEN)、呕吐毒素(DON)、赭曲霉毒素A(OTA)4种霉菌毒素含量。结果表明,被检样品中4种毒素污染较为严重的为呕吐毒素,其中玉米及副产品、玉米秸、米糠、酒糟、豆饼、豆渣中含量较高,其次为玉米赤霉烯酮,其中玉米秸、苜蓿、混合饲料和全价料中含量较高。赭曲霉毒素A主要污染棉粕,黄曲霉毒素B1污染较轻。     

昆明市奶牛部分饲料霉菌毒素污染状况调查

[目的]为掌握昆明市部分奶牛饲料霉菌毒素污染状况,采集了昆明市部分奶牛场（养殖小区）的饲用玉米面、全株玉米青贮,全混合日粮（TMR）共80 批次进行分析。[方法]采用酶联免疫吸附试剂盒测定80 批饲料中黄曲霉毒素B₁（AFB₁）、赭曲霉毒素A（OTA）,玉米赤霉烯酮（ZEN）、伏马毒素（FB₁+FB₂）、T-2毒素、呕吐毒素（DON）6 种霉菌毒素含量,超标情况按照《GB 13078—2017 饲料卫生标准》判定。[结果]玉米面中ZEN检出率88.2%,平均值为（1 047.2±935.5）μg/kg,超标率达到76.4%; DON检出率82.3%,平均值为（1 375.2±635.2）μg/kg,FB₁+FB₂+FB₃检出率35.3%,平均值为（277.4±490.9）μg/kg,AFB₁检出率为35.3%,平均值为（8.6±2.9）μg/kg;OTA、T-2毒素均未检出。TMR中DON检出率25%,平均值为（1 047.2±935.5）μg/kg,AFB₁检出率为16.7%,平均值为（2.3±1.2）μg/kg,ZEN检出率16.7%,平均值（120.1±112.6）μg/kg,均未超标;OTA、T-2毒素、FB₁+FB₂+FB₃均未检出。全株玉米青贮饲料中DON检出率47.1%,平均值为（1 375.2±635.2）μg/kg,ZEN检出率为29.4%,平均值为（142.5±191.1）μg/kg,均未超标;AFB₁、OTA、T-2毒素、FB₁+FB₂+FB₃均未检出。[结论]霉菌毒素检出率：DON>ZEN>AFB1>FB₁+FB₂+FB₃ >T-2毒素和OTA;污染程度：玉米面>全株玉米青贮>TMR。三类饲料中霉菌毒素都有不同程度的污染,其中玉米面霉菌毒素污染风险最大,在运输、存储、使用时要予以高度关注,避免造成经济损失。     

Mycobiota and mycotoxins contamination in raw materials and finished feed intended for fattening pigs production in eastern Argentina

The aim of the present study was to determine the mycobiota and natural levels of mycotoxins such as zearalenone, fumonisin B₁, aflatoxin B₁ and ochratoxin A present in raw materials and finished fattening pig feed. Samples were examined for total fungi and genera distribution. Zearalenone, FB₁, AFB₁ and OTA contamination were determined using high pressure liquid chromatography and thin layer chromatography. Milled maize and finished feed samples showed fungal contamination over than 1 × 10⁴ CFU/g. All samples contained at least one of the main mycotoxigenic genera Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium. A. flavus and F. verticillioides were the most prevalent species. Only some Aspergillus section Nigri strains from suckling pig to growing pig samples were able to produce OTA. A. flavus strains from milled maize, wheat bran, suckling pig to growing pig samples were able to produce AFB₁. All samples were positive for FB₁. Sucking pig, piglet, growing and boar feed samples showed ZEA natural contamination. AFB₁ and OTA contamination were not detected. There was a 100% correlation between FB₁ and ZEA contamination in sucking pig, piglet, growing and boar feed samples; 50% piglet samples and 67% suckling pig samples showed ZEA levels over the recommended limits. The present study has shown the occurrence of two mycotoxins, FB₁ and ZEA in feed intended for fattening pig consumption. In animal production, the simultaneous presence of toxicogenic fungi and low dietary levels of mycotoxins in field conditions can cause possible health impacts and lost performance in pigs from feeding spoiled feeds.     

The Fusarium toxins deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZON) in animal feeding

The contamination of cereal grains with toxic secondary metabolites of fungi, mycotoxins, is a permanent challenge in animal nutrition as health and performance of the animals may be compromised as well as the quality of animal derived food. Therefore the present article reviews the issue of mycotoxins in animal nutrition. As the Fusarium toxins deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZON) are of particular importance under the production conditions in central Europe and Germany, with respect to their frequent occurrence in toxicologically relevant concentrations, special emphasis is layed on those mycotoxins. The effects of DON and ZON on susceptible animals as well as management strategies to cope with the contamination of grain with those toxins are reviewed.     

Effects of Fusarium toxins on growth, humoral immune response and internal organs in weaner pigs, and the efficacy of apple pomace as an antidote

A feeding trial using 220 weaner pigs which comprised two experimental series was conducted to investigate the effects of diets contaminated with the Fusarium toxins deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZON) and to test the hypothesis that apple pomace acts as an antidote to these mycotoxins. Two diets without contaminated wheat, containing either no pomace or 8% pomace, and two diets with naturally contaminated wheat (3.2 mg DON and 0.06 mg ZON, and 2.1 mg DON and 0.25 mg ZON per kg diet in series 1 and 2 respectively), containing either no pomace or 8% pomace were fed ad libitum for 5 weeks. Mycotoxin exposure lowered feed intake (p < 0.01) and growth (p = 0.05), and tended to decrease the energy conversion ratio (p = 0.06). Although the intake of apple pomace did not increase feed intake, it increased the growth rate (p = 0.04), mainly by restoring growth in the presence of mycotoxins (p = 0.08 for the interaction mycotoxin x pomace). In the first experimental series, the animals were immunized with a parvovirus vaccine. The percentage of seroconverting animals did not differ between the treatments (p = 0.56), which indicates that DON did not affect the humoral immune response. In the second experimental series, female piglets fed the contaminated diets had heavier uteri than piglets fed the uncontaminated diets (p < 0.01), regardless of pomace supplementation. The results show that pomace may alleviate the negative effect of DON on growth but does not counteract the hormonal effects of ZON.     

Simultaneous detection of multiple mycotoxins in broiler feeds using a liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry

Mycotoxins are secondary fungal metabolites that are typically present in grain and feed ingredients used for animal feeds. An analytical method using LC-ESI-MS/MS was developed to quantify nine mycotoxins, consisting of aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁), AFB₂, AFG₁, AFG₂, T-2 toxin, deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV), zearalenone (ZEA) and ochratoxin A (OTA) in broiler feeds. In total, 100 samples of broiler feeds were collected from poultry farms in Central Thailand. The survey found that AFB₁ and ZEA were the most prevalent mycotoxins in the feed samples at percentages of 93% and 63%, respectively. The limit of detections (LODs) of investigated mycotoxins was 0.20–0.78 ng/g. AFB₂, DON, AFG₁, NIV and T-2 toxin were also detectable at low contamination levels with percentages of 20%, 9%, 7%, 5% and 1%, respectively, whereas OTA and AFG₂ were not detected in any of the feed samples. These results suggest that there is a very low level of risk of the exposure to mycotoxins in feeds obtained from broiler farms in Central Thailand.     

奶牛养殖中霉菌毒素的危害和脱毒技术

霉菌毒素是真菌产生的有毒的二级代谢产物,经常在奶牛饲料及其原料中发现。最常见的霉菌毒素是黄曲霉毒素（AF）、伏马菌素（FB）、玉米赤霉烯酮（ZEN）、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（DON）、T-2毒素和赭曲霉毒素A（OTA）。当饲料中霉菌毒素的浓度超过一定水平时,会导致奶牛发生免疫抑制、肝肾毒性、繁殖障碍等诸多健康问题。奶牛饲料原料在生长、收获、加工和储藏过程中不可避免受到霉菌毒素的污染,应用脱毒方法是预防霉菌毒素危害奶牛健康的关键控制点。物理、化学和生物脱毒是实现霉菌毒素脱毒的常见技术措施。其中,物理吸附和生物降解脱毒具有安全、绿色、去除率高、不破坏饲料营养物质等诸多优势,是国内外研究的重点和方向。本文主要介绍了奶牛饲料中常见霉菌毒素的生物特性、致病机理及其对奶牛的危害和物理、化学、生物脱毒方法,为防控霉菌毒素污染,实现健康养殖提供参考。     

Occurrence of mycotoxins in feed ingredients and complete feeds obtained from the Beijing region of China

Background

The current study was carried out to provide a reference for the control of mycotoxin contamination in feed ingredients and complete feeds for swine.

Methods

A total of 55 feed ingredients, including 14 corn, 13 wheat bran, 11 soybean meal and 17 dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) as well as 76 complete swine feeds including 7 creep feeds, 14 starter feeds, 14 grower feeds, 18 grower-finisher feeds, 10 gestating sow feeds, and 13 lactating sow feeds were randomly collected from 15 swine farms located in the Beijing region of China from July to August 2011. Immunoaffinity clean-up, using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) in combination with UV or Fluorescence Detection, was used for quantitative analysis of aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁), deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEA) and ochratoxin A (OTA) in the ingredients and complete feeds.

Results

DON and ZEA were the most prevalent mycotoxins found. DON was detected at percentages of 93, 92, 54, 100 and 97% with a mean level of 1.01, 0.44, 0.05, 1.36 and 0.65 ppm in the samples of corn, wheat bran, soybean meal, DDGS and complete feeds, respectively. The detected percentages of ZEA were 100, 100, 54, 100 and 100 with mean levels of 109.1, 14.9, 9.2, 882.7 and 58.9 ppb in the same samples. In the wheat bran and soybean meal samples, the content of all four mycotoxins were below the maximum limits set by Chinese regulations while the percentage of samples that exceeded regulatory limits were 7, 57 and 7% for corn, and 7, 14 and 3% for the complete feeds for AFB₁, DON and OTA respectively. DDGS showed the most serious mycotoxin contamination and the percentage of samples that exceeded regulatory limits were 6, 88 and 41%, for AFB₁, DON and ZEA, respectively.

Conclusions

This paper is the first to present data on the natural occurrence of AFB₁, DON, ZEA and OTA in ingredients and complete feeds obtained from swine farms in China’s Beijing region. The data shows that feed ingredients and complete swine feeds obtained from these farms are most often contaminated with DON followed by contamination with AFB₁ and ZEA.