菜籽饼粕在水产养殖中的研究进展

本文综述了菜籽饼粕在水产养殖中的应用、影响因素及改善措施,以期为其深入研究和合理应用提供理论依据。     

棉籽饼粕工业化脱毒生产技术

我国是棉花生产大国,每年棉花种植面积在５３３万公顷左右,可产棉籽１２００万吨,棉籽饼粕６００万吨,饼粕资源相当丰富。棉籽的主要营养成分有油脂类、糖类、蛋白质等。榨油后的棉籽饼粕含粗蛋白３４％～３８％,是很好的饲料蛋白源。然而,由于棉籽饼粕中含有对人和畜禽等单胃动物有毒害作用的棉酚,尽管我国饲料蛋白质资源短缺,但是棉籽饼粕一直没有得到充分有效的利用。目前,棉籽饼粕在我国除一小部分用作饲料外,其余部分当作肥料使用和通过外贸廉价出口日本等国,造成我国急需的蛋白质资源的浪费。因此,研究适应我国国情的工业…     

浅谈脱毒棉籽饼粕的生产方法及发展趋势

浅谈脱毒棉籽饼粕的生产方法及发展趋势武汉食品工业学院齐玉堂棉籽是我国的主要油料之一。棉籽约含１６％的油脂，４５％的仁粉，９％的棉绒和２６％的壳，棉籽经脱毒制取油脂后的饼粕含有丰富的蛋白质，其蛋白质含量可达４５％左右。棉籽蛋白类似于豆类蛋白，营养价值比...     

棉籽饼粕综述

棉籽饼粕是牛的植物性蛋白饲料,其来源广泛,营养丰富,价格较低,和豆饼的比价随地区不同而有差异,但大致是１５～３∶１。它主要分布在我国产棉区,以产棉大省山东、河南、河北、江苏、安徽及新疆等１３个省（区）为主。棉籽饼粕的营养成分以是否去壳及榨油工艺的不...     

棉籽饼（粕）生物脱毒适用工程技术

棉籽饼（粕）生物脱毒适用工程技术中国农业工程研究设计院李延云，白云龙，聂宇燕，朱杰蛋白质资源的短缺，将一直是我国饲养业发展的制约因素，预计到２０００年用于饲料的蛋白质缺口将在１１９０万吨。我国目前生产棉籽饼（粕）６００万吨，棉籽饼（粕）含粗蛋白３４％...     

棉籽饼粕在反刍动物上的应用研究进展

本文就棉籽饼粕的利用现状、营养特点、在反刍动物上应用存在的问题发展趋势几个方面进行综合阐述.     

棉籽饼粕的合理饲用

我国是产棉大国,棉籽饼粕的年产量在600×104t以上。棉籽饼粕是棉籽经脱壳或部分脱壳后再以压榨法提取油后的副产品,随着育种及浸油加工工艺的完善,棉籽饼粕已经成为畜禽常用的植物性蛋白质饲料。但因含有有毒物质,饲喂畜禽前应进行脱毒处理并正确使用,以防畜禽发生中毒。现将棉籽饼粕的合理饲用技术介绍如下:     

棉籽饼（粕）在畜禽饲料中的应用

棉籽饼（粕）是棉籽经脱壳取油后的副产品,是一种植物性蛋白饲料,来源广泛、营养丰富、价格低廉,棉籽饼粕的营养成分以是否去壳及榨油工艺的不同而有所区别。棉籽经压榨榨油处理后称为棉籽饼,溶剂浸提后称为棉籽粕。棉籽饼（粕）中的蛋白质是一种植物性蛋白质,其含量约占33.00%~45.00%,另外棉籽饼水解后,可得到17种氨基酸,是畜牧业生产中物美价廉的蛋白质来源。但是由于它含有棉酚,因而影响其饲用量,致使其在蛋白饲料原料中所占的比例并不是很高。最近几年,随着养殖业的迅猛发展,各种饲料原料的价格也大幅度飘升,尤其是蛋白饲料（如鱼粉）价格涨幅最大,这就迫使生产者采用价格相对较低的棉籽饼粕。只要明确了棉籽饼粕中有毒物质的毒害作用,并对症下药,作好预防措施,棉籽饼粕一定能够很好的满足动物的营养需要。     

Alimet和DL-蛋氨酸对饲喂玉米-豆粕-棉籽粕日粮的肉仔鸡生产性能影响的比较研究

试验比较了在玉米-豆粕-棉籽粕日粮中添加等摩尔数的Alimet[含88%的蛋氨酸羟基类似物(HMT鄄BA)]和DL-蛋氨酸[含99%DL-蛋氨酸(DLM)]对肉仔鸡生产性能的影响。选用420只体重相近的10日龄健康爱拨益加肉雏鸡,公母各半,随机分成14个处理,公母各7个处理,每个处理5个重复,每个重复6只鸡。采用2×4×2因子设计,主因子包括:2个蛋氨酸源(DL-蛋氨酸和Alimet)、4个蛋氨酸添加水平(以等摩尔数为基础:10～21d:0%、0.08%、0.16%和0.24%;22～42d和43～49d:0%、0.07%、0.14%和0.21%)和2种性别。试验表明:1)以等摩尔有效成分为基础,Alimet的促生长效果与DL-蛋氨酸没有显著差异;2)日粮添加蛋氨酸可显著提高21d和42d的体重(P<0.10)、10～21d和22～42d的日增重(P<0.10)、10～21d的日采食量(P<0.01),降低10～49d的料重比(P<0.10);3)与母鸡相比,公鸡增重快、采食量高、饲料利用率高。     

微生物发酵处理棉籽饼粕的研究进展

本文简述了棉籽饼粕的营养价值、抗营养因子及微生物固体发酵棉籽饼粕的研究进展。     

不同比例棉籽粕替代豆粕在樱桃谷鸭日粮中的应用

试验主要研究棉籽粕3%、6%、9%替代豆粕配制日粮对樱桃谷鸭生长及屠宰性能,心、肝、胰、脾指数及甲状腺激素含量的影响,评价棉籽粕的适宜替代比例。试验选320只14日龄樱桃谷鸭随机分成4组,对照组、3%、6%、9%组分别用0%、3%、6%、9%棉籽粕替代豆粕配制日粮。试验期为14～35日龄,共21d。试验结果表明:3%、6%组鸭的各项生长及屠宰指标,心、肝、胰、脾指数未见显著影响,T3含量均比对照组显著降低,T4含量均比对照组显著增加;9%组鸭35d平均体重比对照组降低7.17%(P<0.05),肝脏指数比对照组提高9.40%(P<0.05)。综合考虑试验结果及饲料成本,6%棉籽粕替代豆粕最好,3%次之,9%最差。     

Nutritional Value of electron beam irradiated cottonseed meal in broiler chickens

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of electron beam‐irradiated cottonseed meal on performance, carcass characteristics and some blood parameters of broiler chicks. Treatments were cottonseed meal (CSM) at levels of 12% and 24% (raw and irradiated at 30 kGy) and corn‐soya bean meal diet (as control, without CSM and without irradiation) that used with five dietary treatments, four replicates and 10 birds of each for 42 days in completely randomized design. Feed intake (FI) and body weight gain (BWG) were recorded weekly. At 42 days of age, two birds per pen were randomly selected for the determination of carcass characteristics and blood parameters. BWG decreased with increasing levels of dietary CSM during the experiment (p < 0.05). In addition, radiation had significant positive effect in broilers fed 12% compared with those fed 24% CSM. FI in chicks fed control and diet containing 24% CSM were increased significantly in starter period. But FI was significantly decreased in broilers consumed CSM compare to the control in grower and during the experiment. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) increased with increasing levels of CSM in the diets. Relative weights of liver, gastrointestinal tract (GI), pancreas, gizzard and abdominal fat were increased by increasing levels of CSM in the diet (p < 0.05). Glucose, cholesterol, HDL, triglyceride and phosphorous concentrations increased, and LDL concentration decreased as the dietary CSM levels increased (p < 0.05). But radiation had not significant effect on blood parameters. Electron irradiation seems to be a good procedure to improve the nutritional quality of CSM, but it seems higher dose of it was needed to improve performance of chickens.     

两种不同发酵工艺的棉籽粕营养价值的研究

利用现代固态发酵原理,研究两种不同发酵工艺对棉粕脱毒效果及其营养价值的影响。工艺一是使用本实验室保存的两株菌直接进行固态发酵,工艺二是在工艺一的基础上添加酶解液进行固态发酵。试验结果表明(以干物质计),棉籽粕发酵和发酵酶解产品中游离棉酚分别降低到197.68 mg/kg和202.35 mg/kg,粗蛋白质分别提高到59.64%和60.88%,小肽含量分别提高到19.41%和23.59%。来航蛋公鸡强饲代谢试验结果表明,发酵和发酵酶解棉籽粕的能量和营养物质消化率均高于未发酵棉粕。肉鸡饲养试验结果表明,发酵棉粕按50%、75%和发酵酶解棉粕按75%的比例替代基础日粮中的豆粕,不影响肉鸡的日采食量。国标二级高游离棉酚棉籽粕经过固态发酵处理后,外观蓬松变软,气味芳香,其营养价值得到显著改善。蛋公鸡的营养物质及能量消化率得到显著提高,同时益生菌及生物酶活性增加,在肉仔鸡日粮中的应用不影响日采食量。     

棉籽粕替代豆粕对肉鸭生产、屠宰性能及血液指标的影响

本试验选取480只21日龄健康、体重相近樱桃谷肉鸭,随机分为4组,每组设6个重复,各重复20只。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组饲喂在基础日粮中添加3%、6%、9%棉籽粕代替部分豆粕的日粮。试验期间记录各组体增重及耗料量等,试验结束后,测定各组肉鸭的生产性能、屠宰性能、靶器官比重及血清中尿素氮、总蛋白、谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶含量,研究3～5周龄肉鸭日粮中棉籽粕适宜添加比例。试验期14d。结果表明:三种替代比例对肉鸭体增重、料重比和屠宰性能无显著影响(P0.05);3%和6%添加量对肉鸭肝脏比重、血清尿素氮、总蛋白、谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶含量无显著影响(P0.05),日粮中添加9%棉籽粕,对肉鸭肝脏比重无显著影响(P0.05),但谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶显著增加(P0.05)。本试验条件下,日粮中添加6%棉籽粕,樱桃谷肉鸭生产、屠宰性能最理想,胴体品质也有一定改善,且对肝脏发育、血液生化指标无显著影响。     

Comparative efficacy of up to 50% partial fish meal replacement with fermented soybean meal or enzymatically prepared soybean meal on growth performance,nutrient digestibility and fecal microflora in weaned pigs

This study was conducted to determine the comparative efficacy of partial fish meal (FM) replacement (up to 50%) with fermented soybean meal (FSBM; SoELAB, PepSoyGen and Soytide) or enzymatically prepared SBM (HP 300) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and fecal microflora in weaned pigs. A total of 100 weaned pigs (body weight 6.59 ± 0.29 kg) were used in experimental feeding trials, lasting for up to 6 weeks, and were randomly allotted to five groups with four block replicates of five pigs per pen serving as one block. Dietary treatments were as follows: (i) 100% FM, (ii) 50% FM + 50% SoELAB‐54, (iii) 50% FM + 50% PepSoyGen, (iv) 50% FM + 50% Soytide and (v) 50% FM + 50% HP 300. Concerning growth performance, none of the treated SBM preparations demonstrated any significantly different effect compared with FM treatment. With respect to nutrient digestibility, SoELAB and HP 300 treatments demonstrated no significant difference compared with FM treatment. Lastly, none of the SBM preparations demonstrated any significant differences in animal fecal score and all of the differentially treated SBM increased fecal Lactobacillus counts, while maintaining similar Escherichia coli counts compared with FM treatment.     

复合菌固态发酵棉籽粕工艺的初步研究

文章以枯草芽孢杆菌属、酵母菌属和乳酸菌属的6株菌为出发菌株,通过单因素试验和正交试验,确定了6株菌复合培养的最佳培养基配方为:糖蜜40 g/l、蛋白胨10 g/l、葡萄糖1 g/l、磷酸氢二钾0.5 g/l;并对复合菌固态发酵棉籽粕工艺条件进行了研究,确定了复合菌固态发酵棉籽粕的最适工艺条件为:料水比1:0.8,接种量为3%,发酵温度为30℃p,H值自然,发酵时间为48 h。在以上条件下,棉籽粕经过复合菌固态发酵后,物料的pH值降低到4.5以下,有益菌总数达到6.2×108 cfu/g,粗蛋白含量提高了1.76%,游离棉酚含量从618.52 mg/kg降低到274.16 mg/kg,降低了55.7%。     

Determination and prediction of the apparent and standardized ileal amino acid digestibility in cottonseed meals fed to growing pigs

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the chemical composition and apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) in cottonseed meals (CSM) and to develop prediction equations for estimating AA digestibility for growing pigs based on the chemical composition and AA content of CSM. 10 CSM were collected from 10 provinces in China. 11 barrows (initial body weight: 34.4 ± 1.9 kg), fitted with an ileal T‐cannula, were allotted to 6 × 11 Youden square with 6 periods and 11 diets. The diets included one N‐free diet and 10 CSM test diets containing 40% CSM as the sole source of AA. The nitrogen‐free diet was used to measure the basal endogenous losses of CP and AA. The AID and SID for crude protein (CP), Lys, Met, Trp, and Thr among the 10 CSM differed (p < 0.05). With R² values exceeding 0.30, significant linear regression equations for CP, Lys, and Thr were obtained. The best fit equations for predicting the AID and SID of Lys were: AID of Lys = 82.94–0.65 neutral detergent fiber, with R² = 0.44, residual standard deviation (RSD) = 4.03 and p = 0.04; and SID of Lys = 135.34–1.01 neutral detergent fiber + 34.27 Thr – 58.06 Trp – 84.93 Met, with R² = 0.90, RSD = 1.42 and p = 0.01. In conclusion, the results of AID, SID and prediction equations could be used to evaluate the digestibility of CSM in growing pigs.