福建赤红壤旱地与红土壤旱地水分特性的比较

释放80％的有效水时赤红壤旱地的t值（当释放的土壤有效水占有效水库容的比率为80％时的土壤水吸力值）较小，表明赤红壤旱地持水性较红壤旱地更差，植物更容易受到干旱的协迫。赤红壤旱地贮水库容比红壤旱地少，赤红壤旱地的比水容量达到10^-2数量级（难效水）在－19kPa～-30kPa就开始出现，而红壤旱地出现在－30kPa以下，表明赤红壤旱地的失水速度愉，保水供水性能弱于红壤旱地。最后，讨论了影响旱地土壤水分性质的因素。     

南亚热带丘陵土壤水分循环及其有效性的研究：I.赤红壤水 …

阐述了南亚热带低山,丘陵,台地赤红壤总库容,贮水库容,通透库容的占有情况,探讨了水库容的有效性以及不同利用方式的赤红壤有效水库容与无效库容的差异,并对影响赤红壤水分有效性的因素作了分析。结果表明,赤红壤贮水库容小,尤其是有效水库容小,赤红壤水分有效性主要与土壤有机质相关。     

赤红壤水问题及其管理——以闽南漳浦县为例

本文叙述了闽南低丘台地上赤红壤水问题及其有效管理。指出了该区年降雨量虽然丰沛,但仍小于年蒸发量,季节性干旱和土壤高温非常严重,成为影响该区农业生产的主要障碍。而赤红壤的总库容、贮水库容和有效水库容都较小,进一步促进了旱情的发展,在气候、土壤、植被、水文、地形等因素综合作用下,赤红壤旱地水分问题显得特别突出,其上作物易遭受干旱的胁迫。完善灌溉设施,有计划发展喷灌、滴灌以及进行地表覆盖,能有效提高水资源的利用率。     

福建赤红壤、红壤旱地土壤水库容状况及水分问题研究

本文采取点面结合 ,运用区域对比方法 ,剖析了福建赤红壤、红壤旱地土壤水总库容、贮水库容、有效水库容和通透库容的差异 ,指出了其目前存在的水分问题     

典型旱地红壤水力学特性及其影响因素研究

为了更系统地了解旱地红壤供水与贮水能力、有效水含量及其变化范围,按自然发生层采集旱地红壤原状土样,对其进行了水力学特性和影响因素研究.结果表明,旱地红壤原状土饱和导水率变化范围为1.44×10-3～3.45×10 3 cm/s,并呈现自上而下减小的趋势.从旱地红壤水分特征曲线得出剖面各层土壤的饱和含水量、田间持水量、萎蔫含水量和有效水含量,其中有效水含量变化区间为0.083～0.124cm3/cm3,耕作层最高.在旱地红壤水力学特性的影响因素研究中,容重、质地、有机质含量和结构系数均与水力学特性呈一定的相关性,其中容重和孔隙度为旱地红壤水力学特性的主要影响因素.     

红壤水问题及其管理

本文叙述了华中丘陵地区红壤水问题及其有效管理。指出了这一地区虽然年降雨量较多，但由于其分配极不均匀，伏旱秋旱非常严重，成为影响该地区农业生产的主要障碍因子之一。而红壤的贮水库容，特别是贮有效水的库容较低，土壤的有效含水量有限，更促进了伏秋旱的进一步发展。有计划的发展微喷灌溉，进行覆盖以及间或轮种深根植物利用深层贮水，能在相当程度上，提高红壤水资源的利用。     

南亚热带丘陵土壤水分循环及其有效性研究

根据对丘陵缓坡地和低丘梯地的系统观测资料 ,阐明了赤红壤贮水库容、有效贮水库容较小 ,而通透库容较大 ;降雨集中 ,地表径流明显 ;赤红壤贮水量季节性变化明显 ,有效贮水量低等特征 ;同时对SPAC连续体系中的水分势能和水流阻力的分布规律进行了分析 .     

红壤地区典型农田土壤水力学特性及土壤水库容研究

针对红壤地区普遍存在的季节性干旱问题,研究了红壤的水力学特性及土壤库容状况,结果如下:红壤旱地土壤各层的有效水含量变化不大,变化区间为61.00gkg-1～73.77gkg-1,作物可利用的有效水区间较小,不利于作物生长;水田中土壤剖面有效水含量变化明显,变化区间为75.27gkg-1～170.80gkg-1,其中表层和犁底层的有效水含量远大于其它各层次。土壤的饱和含水量主要受容重的影响,粘粒含量主要影响高吸力下的水田土壤含水量。旱地红壤表层总库容和死水库容较高,有效水库容较低,为17.71mm;水田土壤表层死水库容较小,有效水库较高,达到30.74mm。红壤季节性干旱的主要原因是土壤本身理化性质导致的有效水含量较低,难以被作物吸收利用。     

黑河中游绿洲农田防护林发展问题探讨

南亚热带丘陵赤红壤地区水热资源丰富,可大力发展荔枝、龙跟、香蕉、芒果等岭南佳果基地和高效益的蔬菜基地,是广东省以至全国的一块得天独厚的宝地。分析了南亚热带的自然概况、广东南亚热带地区的资源优势及丘陵赤红壤的特征。研究了广东省南亚热带丘陵赤红壤受气候因素的制约,土壤贮水库容和有效库容小,下层非饱和导水率及土壤水力扩散度低等水分特性及问题。提出了改善生态环境,利用生物或工程措施截流降雨、减少地表径流,提高降雨入流率从而增加土壤贮水量和有效贮水量。通过改良土壤,提高土壤保水性能和土壤供水能力,采取防止或减缓土壤水分蒸发措施,发展节水灌溉技术等土壤水分调控与管理技术措施。     

旱地赤红壤钾素的Q／I特性

对１２种旱地赤红壤与１种参比水稻土的钾素Ｑ／Ｉ特性进行比较,结果表明,旱地由于土壤粘粒少,有机质质量分数低等因素的影响,其易释放钾库及供钾能力均小,钾位的缓冲性能很差,阳离子交换量较低;如不施钾肥或施肥不当,会造成作物减产或缺素损失。而由不同母质发育的旱地赤红壤,Ｑ／Ｉ特性差别不大。     

Accumulation of copper in soils and leaves of tomato plants in greenhouses in Turkey

Copper (Cu)‐containing fertilizers, fungicides, and bactericides has been used extensively in the greenhouses in the Antalya province in recent decades with the use of such materials tending to increase year by year. The level of DTPA‐extractable Cu was determined in 210 soils (0–20 and 20–40 cm depth) and 105 leaf samples obtained from 105 tomato greenhouses. The DTPA‐extractable Cu contents of the soils taken from the 0–20 depth ranged between 0.76 and 88.03 mg kg^‐1 (mean 7.79 mg kg^‐1). The percentage of soils containing DTPA‐extractable Cu greater than the critical toxicity level (20 mg kg^‐1) was 8.1. The Cu content of tomato leaf samples ranged between 2.4 and 1,490 mg kg^‐1 (mean 166.5 mg kg^‐1). The Cu concentration in leaf samples was very high due to the intensive use of foliar applied Cu‐containing chemicals. As a consequence, 24.8% of the leaf tomato samples analyzed contained over 200 mg Cu kg^‐1, the maximum accepted tolerance level. Therefore, it may be necessary to reduce the use of Cu‐containing pesticides and fertilizers, or at least reduce the amount of Cu‐containing fertilizers being used in those greenhouses where Cu‐containing pesticides have been or are being used.     

Role of selenium in mitigation of cadmium toxicity in pepper grown in hydroponic condition

Selenium (Se) is an essential element for humans but is not considered as essential for plants. However, its beneficial role in improving plant growth and stress tolerances is well established. In order to study the role of Se in cadmium (Cd) toxicity in pepper (Capsicum frutescens cv. Suryankhi Cluster), this experiment was carried out in greenhouse conditions. Treatments comprised Cd [0, 0.25, and 0.5 mM cadmium chloride (CdCl₂)] and Se [0, 3, and 7 µM sodium selenite (Na₂SeO₃)] with three replications. The result showed that Cd decreased chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids, whereas Se supplementation diminished Cd toxicity on photosynthetic pigment. Selenium at 7 µM significantly increased the leaf area in the plants grown at 0.25 mM Cd. The application of Se at 3 µM with 0.25 mM Cd and Se at 3 µM and Se at 7 µM with 0.5 mM Cd increased the activity of catalase (CAT). Selenium at 7 µM decreased the proline content of pepper leaves exposed to Cd at 0.5 mM (30%). Selenium significantly enhanced the antioxidant activity of leaves, which was diminished by Cd toxicity. In general, Se has a beneficial effect on plant growth and is an antioxidant enzyme of pepper cv. Suryankhi Cluster under Cd stress and non-stress conditions.     

红壤区不同肥力水稻土根际硝化作用特征

通过根际培养箱(三室)——速冻切片技术研究了红壤地区高、低两种肥力下水稻苗期根表、根际和土体土壤矿质态氮含量和硝化强度,以及水稻生长、氮素积累的差异。结果表明,肥力水平对水稻根表和根际土壤铵态氮(NH4+-N)含量无显著影响,但高肥力显著提高土体土壤NH4+-N含量,以及根表、根际和土体土壤硝态氮(NO3--N)含量及硝化强度。两种肥力水稻土硝化强度最大值均出现在距根表2 mm处,分别为0.20和0.31μmol kg-1 h-1。土体土壤硝化强度随距根表距离增加而降低,低肥力土壤在距根表10～40mm处时硝化强度接近本底值,而高肥力土壤在距根表20～40 mm处时接近本底值。与不种水稻的CK相比,种植水稻显著提高根际土壤硝化强度。高肥力能显著改善水稻生长,增加植株氮素积累量,尤其显著促进根系生长及通气组织发育。由于红壤稻田肥力水平的差异造成水稻根际硝化强度以及水稻吸收NO3-的差异,导致高肥条件下水稻显示出更强的生长势和氮素吸收利用能力。因此,合理提高红壤稻田肥力水平对改善红壤区水稻根际土壤硝化作用及水稻氮素营养具有重要意义。     

自由基在鸡肾病发生中的作用研究

肾病即急性肾小管坏死.鸡肾病在养鸡生产中极为常见,尤其近年来,鸡肾病的发生日益增多,由于其发生机制不清楚,临床治疗鸡肾病的依据不足,致使治疗效果不佳,为此,提出本研究以探讨鸡肾病的发生机制,为本病防治提供理论依据.     

Occurrence of Sexual Hormones in Sediments of Mangrove in Brazil

The presence of sexual hormones (female estrogens) was assessed in sediments of a mangrove located in the urban region of southern Brazil. The estrogens are involved in human sexual reproduction. They act as the chemical messengers, and they are classified as natural and synthetic. The estrogens inputs in the environment are from treated and untreated sewage. The presence of estrogens in sewage is excretion from the female due to natural production and use of contraceptives (synthetic estrogens). With the indiscriminate release of sewage into the environment, estrogens can be found in rivers, lakes, and even in oceans. In this work, the presence of estrone (E1), 17-??-estradiol (E2), and 17-??-ethynilestradiol (EE2) in eight sedimentary stations in Itacorubi mangrove located on Santa Catarina Island, south Brazil, was investigated. Historically, the Itacorubi mangrove has been impacted by anthropogenic activities because the mangrove is inserted in the urban area of the Florianopolis. The estrogen EE2, used as contraceptive, had the highest concentration in mangrove sediment, 129.75?±?3.89 ng/g. E2 was also found, with its concentration ranging from 0.90?±?0.03 to 39.77?±?1.19 ng/g. Following the mechanism, under aerobic or anaerobic conditions, E2 will first be oxidized to E1, which is further oxidized to unknown metabolites and finally to CO₂ and water (mineralized). EE2 is oxidized to unknown metabolites and also finally mineralized. Theoretically, under anaerobic conditions, EE2 can be reduced to E1 even in environments such as mangrove which is essentially anaerobic.     

Meta-analysis in the Selection of Groups in Varieties of Citrus

Brazil is the largest producer of oranges (Citrus sinensis) in the world. The nutrient management of tree orchards is designed from experiments with a limited number of varieties. This knowledge is transferred to other varieties by diagnosing tissue nutrient composition and tree demand. Compositional data analysis has been first applied to tissue analysis of agricultural crops using centered log ratios with compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND-clr). The isometric log ratio (ilr) transformation is a new approach based on binary nutrient ratios and the principle of orthogonality (CND-ilr). We analyzed eleven nutrients: nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), boron (B), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and iron (Fe) in leaf tissue samples across 108 commercial plots (thirty-one grow Valencia, twenty-two Hamlim, twenty Pera, and thirty-five Natal). Nutrients were partitioned between macro- and micronutrients as well as anionic and cationic species. The effect size of varieties over Valencia was quantified by the mean and standard deviation of ilr values across ilr coordinates. Specific varietal nutrient profiles and ilr norms were defined. The nutrient profile of orange varieties could be classified into homogeneous groups to take advantage of fertilizer trials conducted on varieties of the same group. The Aitchison distance and a perturbation vector could be instrumental for diagnostic purposes and nutrient management.     

Effect of iron-quercetin complex on reduction of nitrite in in vitro and in vivo systems

This study investigated whether reducing agents such as quercetin and iron(II) facilitate formation of nitric oxide (NO) gas from orally ingested nitrite in an vivo study. When 3 mg/kg Na (15)NO2 was orally administered to rats with or without iron(II) or quercetin, Hb (15)NO, which is indicative of systemic (15)NO, was detected in the blood, with the maximum blood concentration of Hb (15)NO at 15 min after nitrite or nitrite plus quercetin treatment, whereas after administration of nitrite plus iron(II) or nitrite plus iron(II) and quercetin, the time was shortened to 10 min. Interestingly, iron(II), quercetin, or iron(II) plus quercetin did not affect the total amount of Hb (15)NO generated from orally administered Na (15)NO2. However, the systemic nitrite concentration was significantly decreased in the presence of iron(II) or iron(II) plus quercetin. These results may indicate that iron(II) is critical to the generation of NO gas from nitrite, whereas quercetin contributed little under the in vivo experimental conditions.     

旱地果园水肥管理模式研究进展

分析了旱地果园水肥管理模式的研究进展和存在问题,指出水肥胁迫尤其是水钾已成为旱区果树高产稳产优质化的主要限制因子。在系统探讨旱地果园水分管理、养分管理、综合管理以及果树叶营养综合诊断施肥标准的基础上,提出了旱地果园的高效水肥管理模式。     

Role of aldehyde oxidase in the hepatic in vitro metabolism of 3-methylindole in pigs

The metabolism of 3-hydroxy-3-methylindolenine (HMI), a recently discovered metabolite of 3-methylindole (3MI, skatole) produced by porcine liver microsomes, was investigated in vitro using porcine liver cytosol. HMI was rapidly metabolized to a single product, 3-hydroxy-3-methyloxindole (HMOI), by porcine cytosol. By the use of the selective inhibitors menadione and quinacrine, it was shown that the enzyme responsible for the oxidation of HMI into HMOI was aldehyde oxidase (AO; aldehyde:oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.2.3.1). The activity of AO in the conversion of HMI to HMOI was measured in a population of pigs (n = 30) with a wide range of 3MI levels in back fat (0.07-0.30 mg/kg). AO activity was found to be negatively correlated (r = -0.70; P < 0.001) with the level of 3MI in fat. The results of the present study suggest that AO plays an important role in the metabolism of 3MI in the pig and that its catalytic activity is related to an adequate 3MI clearance.     

东北黑土土壤磷的纬向分异

以中国东北的中纬度黑土区为样带,研究了有机磷浓度与有机质、全氮浓度的关系;全磷、有机磷、无机磷及有机磷和无机磷的比率与纬度分布的关系。结果表明,有机磷和有机质、全氮浓度具有良好的相关性,它们之间的相关系数分别为0.90和0.92,呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。全磷、有机磷、无机磷、P_o/P_i在纬度上都存在不同程度的分异规律,即随着纬度的升高,其浓度或比率均有逐渐升高的趋势;其相关系数分别为0.68、0.77、0.26和0.60,相关分析表明,这些纬向分异规律都达极显著水平(P<0.01)。除了无机磷的纬向分异原因尚不明确之外,其他纬向分异的原因可能是由于黑土南北样带气候热量上的差异和人类活动的影响所致,从而造成南北样带之间有机质的矿化程度和速率产生差异。