Determination of Chilling and Heat Requirements of Pistachio （Pistacia vera L.） Cultivars

Determination of chilling and heat requirements of pistachio （Pistacia vera L.） cultivars is important for satisfactory growth and development, particularly when large-scale commercial production is desired. This experiment was conducted to determine chilling requirement inducing vegetative and flower buds of Kalle-Ghuchi, Owhadi, Ahmad-Ahgaei, and Akbari pistachio. Shoots with enough vegetative and flower buds were taken from pistachio trees during autumn 2007 and 2008 when temperature reached to 15°C. Cuttings with flower buds were kept under （5 ± 1）°C for 0, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950, 1 000, 1 050, 1 100, 1 150, 1 200, 1 250, and 1 300 h, respectively, and cuttings with vegetative buds were kept at 51°C until 1 500 h. The results indicated that pistachio cultivars requite chilling time between 750-1 400 h and heat requirements between 8 852-15 420 growing degree hours （GDH）. Consequently, Kalle-Ghuchi had the lowest chilling （750-950 h）, and heat （8 852-9 768 GDH） requirements, Ahmad-Aghaei and Owhadi had intermediate （1 000-1 250 h, 10 656- 13 320 GDH） and Akbari had the highest chilling （1 200-1 400 h） and heat （11 863-15 420 GDH） requirement.     

Establishment and Optimization of the Regeneration System of Mature Embryos of Maize （Zea mays L.）

A reliable system was developed for regeneration from mature embryos derived from callus of four maize inbred lines （Liao 7980, Dan 9818, Dan 340, and Dan 5026）. The protocol was mainly based on a series of experiments involving the composition of culture medium. We found that 9 pM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in MS medium was optimum for the induction of callus. The induction frequency of primary calli was over 85% for four inbred lines tested. The addition of L- proline （12 mM） in subculture medium significantly promoted the formation of embryogenic callus but it did not significantly enhance growth rate of callus. Efficient shoot regeneration was obtained on regeneration medium containing 2.22 μM 6- benzylaminopurine in combinations with 4.64 μM Kinetin. Regenerated shoots were rooted on half-strength MS medium containing 2.85 μM indole-3-butyric acid. This plant regeneration system provides a foundation for genetic transformation of maize.     

Effect of Plant Density on Yield and Yield Components of Chickpea （Cicer arietinum L.） Grown under Environmental Condition of Golestan,Iran

Chickpea is a major food crop and the world＇s third most widely-grown legume after bean （phaseolus vulgaris L.） and pea （pisum sativam L.）. The yield of chickpea can be improved by planting of optimum density of chickpea cultivars. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of plant density on yield and some characteristics of chickpea （Cicer arietinum L. var. Philips）. A field experiment was conducted on research farm of, Gonbad High Education Center, Iran. The study was laid out factorial in randomized block design with four replications. The treatments were factorial row spacing （A1=35 cm, A2=45 cm and A3=55 cm） and plant spacing in the row （Plant-within-spacing row） （B1=5 cm, B2=7.5 cm and B3=10 cm）. AIBI=（35×5）=57.14, AIB2= （35×7.5）=38.09, A1B3=（35×10）=28.57, A2B1=（45×7）=44.44, A2B2=（45×7.5）=29.26, A2B3=（45× 10）=22.23, A3B1=（55×5）=36.36, A3B2=（55 ×.5）=24.24, A3B3=（55 × 10）=18.18 plant.m^-2. At the harvest time, 5 plants of each plot were selected randomly and used for determination of pods per plant, unfilled pod per plant, height and number of branches. Result showed the yield was not affected by density. The maximum yield obtained in row spacing 55 cm and plant spacing in the row 7.5 cm which was equal 1802.87 kg·ha^-1. Row spacing had statistically significant effect on the pod number per plant, branches number per plant and plant height.     

Advanced Backcross QTL Analysis for the Whole Plant Growth Duration Salt Tolerance in Rice（Oryza sativa L.）

Salinity is a major factor limiting rice yield in coastal areas of Asia. To facilitate breeding salt tolerant rice varieties, the wholeplant growth duration salt tolerance（ST） was genetically dissected by phenotyping two sets of BC2F5 introgression lines（ILs） for four yield traits under severe natural salt stress and non-stress filed conditions using SSR markers and the methods of advanced backcross QTL（AB-QTL） analysis and selective introgression. Many QTLs affecting four yield traits under salt stress and nonstress conditions were identified, most（〉90%） of which were clustered in 13 genomic regions of the rice genome and involved in complex epistasis. Most QTLs affecting yield traits were differentially expressed under salt stress and non-stress conditions. Our results suggested that genetics complementarily provides an adequate explanation for the hidden genetic diversity for ST observed in both IL populations. Some promising Huanghuazhan（HHZ） ILs with favorable donor alleles at multiple QTLs and significantly improved yield traits under salt stress and non-stress conditions were identified, providing excellent materials and relevant genetic information for improving rice ST by marker-assisted selection（MAS） or genome selection.     

Biodiversity of Entomophagous Fauna of Spilarctia obfiqua （Walker） and Their Potential for Biological Control

Investigations on the biodiversity of entomophagous fauna of Spilarctia obiqua revealed the occurrence of twelve different natural enemies, out of which five Hymenoptera, four Dipterous parasitoids and three predators viz., two Hemiptera and one Neuroptera were found attacking different stages of the host. Biological notes on four parasitoids viz. Cotesia obliqua, Goniophthalmus halli, Meteorus sp. and Cotesia （glomeratus group） were also made. Estimation of field parasitization of the three species of entomophagous insect viz. C. obliqua, G. halli, and Meteorus sp. revealed that the C. obliqua was the most dominant parasitoid and maximum 21.6 per cent parasitization was observed during the month of October followed by 16% of by Meteorus and 14% by G. halli during February. Conservation of the biodiversity of these entomophagous fauna is advocated for BIPM programme.     

Utilizing the γ-Irradiated Sodium Alginate as a Plant Growth Promoter for Enhancing the Growth, Physiological Activities, and Alkaloids Production in Catharanthus roseus L.

Sodium alginate is a polysaccharide that is largely obtained from the brown algae (Sargassum sp.).It has been used as a wonderful growth promoting substance in its depolymerized form for various plants.The aim of this study was to find out the effects of various concentrations of γ-irradiated sodium alginate (ISA),viz.,deionized water (control,T0),20 (T1),40 (T2),60 (T3),80 (T4),and 100 ppm (T5) on the agricultural performance of Catharanthus roseus L.(Rosea) in terms of growth attributes,photosynthesis,physiological activities,and alkaloid production.The present work revealed that ISA applied as leaf-sprays at concentrations from 20 to 100 ppm might improve growth,photosynthesis,physiological activities,and alkaloid production in C.roseus L.significantly.Of the various ISA concentrations,80 ppm proved to be the best one compared to other concentrations applied.     

Analysis of QTLs for the Trichome Density on the Upper and Downer Surface of Leaf Blade in Soybean [Glycine max （L.） Merr.]

Trichomes （plant hairs） are present on nearly all land plants and are known to play important roles in plant protection, specifically against insect herbivory, drought, and UV radiation. The identification of quantitative trait loci （QTL） associated with trichome density should help to interpret the molecular genetic mechanism of soybean trichome density. 184 recombinant inbred lines （RILs）, derived from a cross between soybean cultivars Kefeng 1 and Nannong 1138-2 were used as segregating population for evaluation of TDU （trichome density on the upper surface of leaf blade） and TDD （trichome density on the downer surface of leaf blade）. A total of 15 QTL were detected on molecular linkage groups （MLG） A2, Dla, Dlb, E and H by composite interval mapping （CIM） and among all the QTL, qtuA2-1, qtuD 1 a-1, qtuD lb-2, qtuH-2 qtuE-1, qtdDlb-2, and qtdH- 2 were affirmed by multiple interval mapping （MIM）. The contribution ofphenotypic variance of qtuH-2 was 31.81 and 29.4% by CIM and MIM, respectively, suggesting it might be major gene Ps loci. Only 10 pairs of main QTL interactions for TDU were detected, explained a range of 0.2-5.1% of phenotypic variations for each pair for a total of 22.8%. The QTL on MLG Dlb affecting trichome density were mapped near to Rsc-7 conditioning resistance to SMV （soybean mosaic virus）. This study showed that the genetic mechanism of trichome density was the mixed major gene and polygene inheritance, and also suggested that the causal nature between trichome density and other agronomic traits.     

植物新品种保护与DUS测试在我国的发展现状

本文介绍了植物新品种保护的概念和国内外植物新品种保护发展的概况和DUS测试指南研制及测试技术研究现状,并重点阐述了分子标记技术在DUS测试中的应用.论述了我国植物新品种保护体系的建立与发展,分析了我国植物新品种申请授权的情况,并提出我国植物新品种保护和DUS测试的发展的建议.     

我国建立实质性派生品种制度的必要性讨论

近年来,如何保护实质性派生品种已经成为全世界普遍关注的理论问题和各国植物新品种保护实践中面临的重要现实问题。文章分析了实质性派生品种制度缺失是影响我国作物育种科技创新,造成突破性品种匮乏和植物品种权纠纷增多的重要因素,讨论了我国建立实质性派生品种制度的必要性和重要性,从国家知识产权战略角度提出了我国建立实质性派生品种制度的对策。     

我国植物新品种权保护的缺陷及其完善

对植物新品种权的保护有利于育成和推广更多的植物新品种,鼓励更多的组织和个人向植物育种领域投资,从而推动我国的种子工程建设,促进农林两业生产的不断发展.通过对我国植物新品种权保护现状的分析,对比国际植物新品种保护公约1991年文本,总结出我国植物新品种权保护在法律位阶、保护范围、权利内容、保护期限、权利限制和禁止性规定等方面存在主要缺陷;并在此基础上,提出我国应加入国际植物新品种保护公约1991年文本,制定《植物新品种保护法》,从立法目的、扩大保护范围、拓展权利内容、延长保护时间、明确农民“自繁自用”含义,以及保持与其他相关法律、法规的协调统一等方面,提升植物新品种保护条例的法律位阶,全面加强对我国植物新品种权的保护.     

‘古茶2号’茶薪菇新品种的配套栽培技术研究

为了解决‘古茶2号’茶薪菇新品种的配套技术问题,以赤霉素(GA3)、三十烷醇(triacontanol)、α-萘乙酸(α-naphthal eneacetic acid)为试验材料,对茶薪菇的幼菇及培养基进行处理。结果表明,用5.0 mg/L的赤霉素溶液、0.5 mg/L的三十烷醇、15 mg/L的α-萘乙酸溶液处理茶薪菇‘古茶2号’后,产量分别比对照组(CK)提高了23.3%、18.6%和18.2%,全部为P>0.05,说明它们与对照组间的差异显著。结果表明,用上述浓度的赤霉素、三十烷醇、α-萘乙酸溶液,处理茶薪菇‘古茶2号’能显著提高产量,其中赤霉素的效果最好。     

浦东新区外环绿带病虫害发生种类及危害

经过2 年多时间的调查,在建成的林带内共记载病害57 种,虫害89 种,有些为上海新记录。其中多种病虫对林带构成较大威胁。并对林带病虫发生与危害特点作了初步分析。     

纸上意趣——民国时期报刊茶叶广告探析

民国时期(1912~1949)报刊中充斥着大量广告,其研究价值已为学界广泛承认。茶叶广告作为一种商品广告,在传播形式上具有图文并茂的特点,此外还有系列广告的运用。在创意理念上,茶叶广告以送礼、国货、卫生、科学、品牌等为主题,力求契合顾客的情感诉求或需要。民国报刊中的茶叶广告不仅具有审美价值,也包含鲜明的时代特征。     

苏铁的一种新害虫——曲纹紫灰蝶及其防治对策研究

曲纹紫灰蝶是苏铁上一种新害虫。经过多年的系统调查研究,明确了曲纹紫灰蝶的形态特征、生物学特性、寄主、发生为害特点和有效的防治农药,并提出相关防治对策。     

适制绿茶与红绿茶兼宜品种挥发性香气组分及其相对含量差异研究

以31个适制绿茶品种和红绿茶兼宜品种为研究对象,采用同时蒸馏萃取(SDE)技术并结合气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS)测定茶鲜叶固样挥发性香气组分及其相对含量。结果表明:31个样品中共检测出8类148种香气组分。由主成分分析可知,醛类、脂肪酸类为其主要香气组分类别。红绿茶兼宜品种的挥发性香气组分组成复杂,棕榈酸和香叶醇相对含量较高;适制绿茶品种中α-甲基-α-[4-甲基-3-戊烯基]环氧乙烷甲醇和己醛相对含量较高。此外,适制绿茶和红茶另含共有香气组分4种和9种。这些芳香物质对同茶类适制性品种的特征香气贡献较大。该研究结果可为高香型适制绿茶品种和红绿茶兼宜品种的选育提供理论依据。     

基于将大西洋蓝鳍金枪鱼列入CITES附录Ⅰ提案的国际渔业管理分析

受国际市场对大西洋蓝鳍金枪鱼产品需求的驱动,非法、不报告、不管制捕捞和捕捞能力过剩等现象频频发生,造成该鱼类资源的数量持续下降。瑞典、摩纳哥先后向濒危野生动植物种国际贸易委员会提议将大西洋蓝鳍金枪鱼列入《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》附录,禁止捕捞和国际贸易该鱼种,引起了广泛关注和激烈争论。为此,通过分析ICCAT对大西洋蓝鳍金枪鱼的管理、相关国家或地区组织的不同意见,研究该提案可能对国际渔业管理及我国带来的影响。一旦该鱼种列入CITES附录,可能导致更多商业开发的水生生物被提到CITES框架上来,从而影响世界渔业的管理格局。对此,中国应采取行动,积极参加国际组织会议,参与规则制定,反映中国关注问题与主张。而作为联合国海洋法公约和ICCAT的一员,我国也有义务与其他国家合作执行ICCAT的养护和管理措施,为提高履约能力,规范国内远洋企业的管理,如按照相关要求及时、准确报送数据等,从而配合国家履行国际义务。     

读《四民月令》札记两则

《四民月令》是中国第一部月令体农书,然而书中却并无具体的农业技术说明,主要是由于汉代已经广泛流传着《氾胜之书》这样一部优秀的农书,《四民月令》的任务就是在此基础上合理安排各种事务,实现田庄在自给自足基础上的生产收获最大化。《四民月令》中的农业商品贸易,并不是单纯的追逐暴利,而是自给自足经济的一种补充,也是崔寔务本思想的反映。从这两个问题中,我们都可以加深对《四民月令》性质的认识。